API 510 Pressure Vessel

Inspector Certification
Course.

Venezuela October 2007.

Review ASME Section IX

INTRODUCTION …

The main key is:

“Keep separate variables for

Procedure and Performance”

1
INTRODUCTION …

Section IX Relates To :

Qualification Of:
¾ Welders
¾ Welding Operators
¾ Brazers
¾ Welding/Brazing Procedures
Who Are Employed In Welding & Brazing In Accordance
With ASME BOILER & Pressure Vessel Code / API Code
and Standards.

INTRODUCTION …

The Section Is Divided Into Two Parts:

Welding Identified As QW
Brazing Identified As QB (no in the BOK)
What Does The Q Signify ?
The Two Parts Are Further Divided Into Four Articles
¾ General Requirements
¾ Procedure Qualification
¾ Performance Qualification
¾ Data

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INTRODUCTION …

Weld Deposit Material Properties Are Controlled

Through – Procedure Qualification.

Welder Skill Is Controlled Through – Performance

Qualification.

An Understanding of Essential, Non-Essential And

Supplementary Essential Variables Is Required.

INTRODUCTION …

INTENTIONALLY Essentials, non-

Essentials and Essentials
Supplementary variables are not
discussed now, but we will need talk
about it forward…

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INTRODUCTION …

WELDING PROCESS …

INTRODUCTION …

SMAW – SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING

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INTRODUCTION …

GMAW – GAS METAL ARC WELDING

INTRODUCTION …

GTAW – GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING

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INTRODUCTION …

SAW – SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

INTRODUCTION …

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ARTICLE I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS …

PART QW WELDING

ARTICLE I - WELDING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

QW-100.1 A welding procedure is a written document that provides direction to the welder or welding operator for
making production welds.

When prepared by the manufacturer or contractor, it must address, as a minimum, the specific variables,
both essential and nonessential, as provided in Article II. When notch toughness is required the applicable
supplementary essential variables must be addressed in the WPS.

The Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) documents what occurred during welding of the test coupon
and the results of testing of the coupon:

As a minimum the PQR shall document the essential variables and other specific information identified in
Article II. When notch toughness is required the applicable supplementary essential variables shall be
recorded.

WPS's, PQR's and WPQ's made in accordance with the 1962 Edition or any later edition may be used in
any construction built to the ASME B&PV Code or the ASME 831 Code for Pressure Piping.

WPS's, PQR's and WPQ's made in accordance with Editions prior to 1962 may be used if all the
requirements of the 1962 Edition or later Editions are met.

WPS's and WPQ's meeting the above requirements do not need to be amended to include any variables
required by later 'Editions or Addenda.

Qualification of new WPS's or WPQ's and requalification of existing WPS's and WPQ's shall be in
accordance with the current Edition and Addenda of Section IX.

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ARTICLE I. RESPONSIBILITY …

Important Points QW-103

Manufacturer/Contractor Is Responsible For Welding
He MUST Conduct Tests To Qualify Welding Procedure And
Welders/Welding Operators.
Test Results MUST be kept by Manufacturer/Contractor
MUST Be Certified By Manufacturer/Contractor

What Constitutes Certification ?

“READ 04 EDT & ADD-05 - 06”

ARTICLE I. WELDING POSITIONS …

QW-120 To QW-132 WITH GRAPHICS IN QW-461 REFER.

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 IF YOU QUALIFY ON GROOVES DO YOU STILL HAVE
TO QUALIFY ON FILLETS ?

DOES THE REVERSE APPLY ?. (see table QW-451.4)

THEN IS BAD IDEA QUALIFY USING FILLETS

ARTICLE I. QW-140 TYPES & PURPOSE OF TEST …

¾ Mechanical Tests (Destructive)

¾ Tension Tests:

¾ Guided Bend Tests:

¾ Fillet Weld Tests:

¾ Notch Toughness Tests:

¾ Stud Weld Tests:

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ARTICLE I. TENSILE TESTS …

Specimen Ruptured Under Tensile Load

ARTICLE I. “DOG BONE SAMPLES” (HUESO DE PERRO) …

Maximum Load
Tensile Strength =
Minimum Cross Sectional Area

Width x Thickness = Cross Sectional Area

i.e. 0.500” Wide x 0.265” Thick

Locate Dimensions Of A Sample – QW 462.1 (a)

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ARTICLE I. TURNED SAMPLES …

Cross Sectional Area Is

πr2 Where
r = Radius Of Specimen

Be Cautious Code Sets Tolerance On

Machined Specimens – QW-462.1 (d)

ARTICLE I. TENSION TEST ACCEPTANCE …

QW153.1

Minimum Of Weakest Base Metal

Can Be 5% Under If Breaks In Base Metal.

Tensile Strength Is Laid Out In Code.

Where Find Now: QW 422

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ARTICLE I. P. NUMBERS …

Contained In Tables Under QW/QB-422

Base Metals Are Grouped Based On Characteristics,

Composition, Weldability, Mechanical Properties.

Additionally Group Numbers Are Assigned Where Notch

Toughness Is Required.

This Saves A Large Number Of PQR Tests.

ARTICLE I. SOLVE …

T1= 0.285 x 0.748 What Is CSA?

If It Fails At 17821 Lbs What is Tensile Strength?

If It Fails In Weld Metal And Material Is A-139
Gr.A Has It Passed?

If the Failure Is In The Base Metal Has It Passed?

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ARTICLE I. SOLVE …

T1= 0.495” Diameter What Is CSA?

If It Fails At 20921 Lbs What is Tensile Strength?

If It Fails In Weld Metal And Material Is
SA-182 Gr.F55 Has It Passed?

If the Failure Is In The Base Metal Has It Passed?

ARTICLE I. GUIDED BEND TEST …

Dimensions As Code QW-160 refer to QW-466.X:

Caution – Type Of Tests Based On Thickness Of Sample.
Multiple Samples For Thick Sections.
Bent through 180 Degrees On Jig As Per Code

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ARTICLE I. GUIDED BEND TEST …

Acceptance Criteria (QW-163):

The Weld & Heat Affected Zone Must Be Within The Bent Area.

No Open Defects In Weld Or HAZ Exceeding 1/8” In Any

Direction.

Open Defects At Edge Shall Be Discarded Unless There Is Clear

Evidence Of Welding Defect.

For Corrosion Resistant Cladding No Defect Exceeding 1/8” On

Bond Line Or 1/16” Elsewhere.

ARTICLE I. QW-170. NOTCH TOUGHNESS TESTS

Charpy V Notch Test In Accordance With SA-370

Acceptance Standards Are Complex And Will Be Covered

Under ASME Section VIII / API-653, ETC.

Drop Weight Tests May be Required By Other Sections

10 mm

50 mm

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ARTICLE I. OTHER MECHANICAL TESTS …

Be Aware That There Are Requirements For:

Fillet Weld Bends & Fracture Tests
Macro Etch Examinations

ARTICLE I. QW-190 …

QW-190 OTHER TESTS AND EXAMINATIONS

Radiographic Examination
Requirements of Article 2, Section V to be used. Written procedure not required nor is personnel
qualification required.

Radiographic Acceptance Criteria

Acceptance criteria for welders and welding operators performance tests of welds in test assemblies.

QW-191 READ THE CODE BOOK NOW

QW-191.2.3 Production Welds

The acceptance standard for welding operators who qualify on production welds shall be that specified
in the referencing Code Section.

The acceptance standard for welders who qualify on production welds shall be per QW-191.2.2.

QW-194 Visual Examination – Performance

Performance coupons shall show complete joint penetration with complete fusion of weld metal and
base metal.

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ARTICLE I. QW-192 STUD WELD TEST…

QW-192 TEN TESTS PER PROCEDURE

FIVE HAMMERED FLAT - 1/4 OF LENGTH OR 15%
ANGLE AND STRAIGHTENED
FIVE TORQUE TESTED OR TENSILE TESTED
TORQUE AS PER QW-192.3
TENSILE MUST MEET 35000 - 30000 PSI
FOR PERFORMANCE FIVE STUDS HAMMERED FLAT
MUST SHOW NOR CRACKING OR LACK OF FUSION.

ARTICLE I. THREE CRITICAL DOCUMENTS …

PQR – Procedure Qualification Record

WPS – Welding Procedure Specification

WPQ – Welder Performance Qualification Record

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 ARTICLE II. WELDING PROCEDURE
QUALIFICATIONS…

ARTICLE II. QW-201 WPS. WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION…

QW-200-1 WPS WELDING PROCEDURE

SPECIFICATION

Written Directions For The Welder/Welding Operator

Making Production Welds Describing All Variables Involved.

Describes All Essential, Non Essential And When Required

Supplementary Variables Listed In QW-250 Thru. QW-280

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ARTICLE II. QW-201 WPS. VARIABLES…

Essential Variable - Change Affecting Mechanical

Properties -Requires Specification Re-qualification

Supplementary Essential Variable - Change Affecting

Notch Toughness Properties - Requires Specification
Re-qualification

Non Essential Variable - Does Not Affect Mechanical

or Notch Toughness- Re-qualification Not Required.

ARTICLE II. QW-201 WPS. VARIABLES…

Essential Variable For One Process May Be Non Essential

For Another - Work The Tables.
Non Essential Variable Can Be Changed Without Re-
qualification But Must Be Recorded On A New Or
Amended WPS Form.
WPS form May Be In Any Format As Long As All
Information is Covered.
WPS Must Be Available For Reference And Review By
The AI.

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ARTICLE II. QW-202 PQR. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORD…

A Record Of What Actually Occurred During Welding And

The Subsequent Mechanical Tests.
Intent Is To Determine That the Required Mechanical
Properties Can Be Achieved.
All Variables In the WPS MUST Be Followed.
Base Metal Used In The Test Can Be In Any Form -
Qualification Is Transferable Between Plate & Pipe.
All Essential And Supplementary Essential Variables Must Be
Recorded.
Any Non Essential Variables Can be Recorded At A Later
Date.

ARTICLE II. QW-202 PQR. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORD…

Any Variables Recorded MUST Be The Actual Variable.

Variables Not Recorded MUST NOT Be Recorded.
If More Than One Process Or Filler Metal Is Employed
RECORD The Approximate Deposit Thickness.

CHANGES
Are Not Allowed Except For Editorial Mistakes And Then
Must Be Certified.
PQR MUST Be Certified Accurate By
Manufacturer/Contractor.

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ARTICLE II. QW-202 PQR. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORD…

QW-201 Manufacturer's or Contractor's Responsibility

Each manufacturer or contractor shall qualify the WPS by the welding of test coupons
and the testing of specimens and, the recording of the welding data and test results in
a document known as a PQR.

The welders or welding operators used to produce weldments to be tested for

qualification of procedures shall be under the full supervision and control of the
manufacturer or contractor during the production of these test weldments.

The weldments to be tested for qualification of procedures shall be welded either by

direct employees or by individuals engaged by contract for their services as welders
or welding operators under the full supervision and control of the manufacturer or
contractor.

FROM QW-202.2 (b) PQR MUST Be Certified Accurate By Manufacturer/Contractor.

WHAT HAPPEN WITH AWS-CWI?

ARTICLE II. QW-202 PQR. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORD…

Format May Be Any As Long As Required Information Is

Present.
PQR Must Be Available To The AI But Does Not Have To
Be Available To The Welders.
More Than One WPS Can Be Prepared From The Same
PQR.
One WPS May Cover Multiple Essential Variable Changes
Providing The PQR Exists For All Essential &
Supplementary Variables.
More Than One PQR Can Be Used to Prepare The Same
WPS.
See example for WPS’s from one PQR

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ARTICLE II. QW-211. BASE METALS…

QW-211 Base Metal

The base metals may consist of either plate, pipe, or other product forms. Qualification
in plate also qualifies for pipe welding and vice versa.

Read now from codebook…

ARTICLE II. QW-250. VARIABLES PER EACH PROCESS…

Source Of Guidance On Which Variable Apply To Which

Process.
Which Are Essential, Non Essential & Supplementary
Essential.

Know How To Find And Use These Tables :-

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ARTICLE II. QW-250. VARIABLES PER EACH PROCESS…

QW-250 WELDING VARIABLES

QW-250.2 Essential Variables

Essential variables are those in which a change, as described in the specific variables, is considered
to affect the mechanical properties of the weldment, and shall require requalification of the WPS.
QW-251.3

QW-250.3 Nonessential Variables

Nonessential variables are those in which a change as described in specific variables, may be made in
the WPS without requalification.

WELDING VARIABLES PROCEDURE SPECIFICATIONS (WPS)

QW-253 Shielded Metal-Arc (SMAW)

QW-254 Submerged-Arc Welding (SAW)

QW-255 Gas Metal-Arc Welding (GMAW and FCAW)

QW-256 Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding (GTAW)

ARTICLE III. WELDING PERFORMANCE

QUALIFICATIONS…

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ARTICLE III. Welding Performance Qualifications…

Qualification Of The Man.

Limited By Essential Variable For Each
Process – Different From Procedure
Qualification – QW-352 Onwards
Visual Examination Always Required.
Qualification By:
¾ Guided Bend Tests Of Test Coupon
¾ Radiography Of – Test Coupon or
First Production Weld

ARTICLE III. Welding Performance Qualifications…

ARTICLE III

WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATIONS

QW- 300 GENERAL

QW-301.1 A welder or welding operator may be qualified by radiography of a test coupon, radiography
of his initial production welding, or by bend tests taken from a test coupon except as stated in QW-304 and
QW-305.

QW-300.2 The welders or welding operators used to produce such weldments shall be tested under the
full supervision and control of the manufacturer, contractor, assembler, or installer during the production of
these test weldments.

QW-301 Tests

QW-301.1 Intent of Tests

The performance qualification tests are intended to determine the ability of welders and welding
operators to make sound welds.

Qw-301.2 Qualification Tests

The performance qualification shall be welded in accordance with qualified WPS's. Identification
of Welders and Welding Operators

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ARTICLE III. QW-300.2…

Reading Carefully

Manufacturer/Contractor MUST Conduct Tests To Qualify

Welders

More than one manufacturer/contractor conducting only one

tests for qualification procedure

ARTICLE III. QW-301..2…

Performance Tests Must Be Done To A Qualified WPS.

Welder Who Prepares The WPS Qualification Test

Coupon is Qualified Within Those Limitations (If It

Passes).

Caution It May Limit His Range Of Qualification

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ARTICLE III. QW-301.3. Identification Of Welders…

Each Welder Must Be Assigned Unique Identification.

Identify All Work With This.

Does Not Have To Hard Stamp!!!

ARTICLE III. QW-301.4. Record Of Tests…

QW-301.4 Record of Tests

The record of Welder/Welding Operator Performance Qualification (WPQ) tests

shall include the essential variables (QW-350 or QW-360), the type of test and test
results, and the ranges qualified in accordance with QW-452 for each welder and
welding operator.

WPQ Must Record:

¾ Essential Variables

¾ Type Of Test

¾ Test Results

¾ Range Qualified

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ARTICLE III. QW-304. Welders …

Shall Pass Mechanical And Visual Requirements.

Qualification Using Radiography
Allowed Using: SMAW, SAW, GTAW, PAW
GMAW Except in Short
Circuiting Mode
Except P-21 Through P-25, P-51 Through P-53 & P-61, P-
62 Materials.
P-21Through P-25, P-51 Through P-53 Using GTAW Are
Allowed.

ARTICLE III. QW-304.1 Welders Examination…

QW-304.1 Examination

Welds made in test coupons may be examined by visual and mechanical examinations, or
by radiography.

Alternatively a 6 in. length of the first production weld made by a welder may be qualified by
radiography.

Acceptance criteria? QW-191.2.2

Test Coupons:

Mechanical (Bend ) Tests Or Radiography.

If Qualified On Production Weld:

Radiography Of First 6” Of Weld (for welder)

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ARTICLE III. QW-304.1 Welders Examination…

If Radiography On A Production Weld Is Unacceptable

Then The Welder Has Failed.

Entire Production Weld Must Then Be Radiographed And

Repaired By A Qualified Welder.

ARTICLE III. QW-305 Welding Operators…

Welding Operators:-
What is Difference?

Much The Same Rules Apply However:

If Qualifying By Radiography On Production Weld The

First Three Feet Of Weld Must be Examined.

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ARTICLE III. QW-320 Retest and Renewal of Qualification…

A Welder Or Operator Who Fails May Be Retested.

If Fails Visual – Shall Make Two Consecutive Test
Coupons And Then Pass Visual & Mechanicals.
If Fails Mechanicals – Shall Make Two Consecutive Test
Coupons And Then Pass Mechanicals.
If Fails Radiography –
Coupons Make Two 6” Inch Plates Or Two pipes Totalling
12” Of Weld. Small Diameter Pipe Need Not Exceed Eight
Pipes.

ARTICLE III. QW-320 Retest and Renewal of Qualification…

If Production Weld Fails Radiography:

Radiograph 12” Of Same Production Weld. If Passes He Is
Qualified And Can Repair the Earlier Failed Part. If Not He
Has Failed.

Welding Operator - Radiograph 6’ Of Weld.

This is The Two For One Rule.

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ARTICLE III. QW-322 Expiration & Renewal of Qualifications…

Renewal & Expiration of Qualifications.

Expires If Does Not Weld for Six Months or

Ability is Questioned.

Expired Qualifications May Be Renewed By Welding

One Test Coupon And Successfully Testing.

Renewal May Be Done On Production Work.

Revoked Qualifications Must Be Tested On A Test

Coupon.

ARTICLE III. QW-350 Welding Variables for Welders…

QW-350 WELDING VARIABLES FOR WELDERS

QW-351 General

A welder shall be requalified whenever a change is made in one or more of the essential variables
listed for each process in QW-352 thru QW-357.
In any given production weldment, welders may not deposit a thickness greater than permitted by
QW-452 for each welding process in which they are qualified.

QW-360 WELDING VARIABLES FOR WELDING OPERATORS

QW-361 General

A welding operator shall be requalified whenever a change is made in one of the essential
variables listed for each process in QW-361.1 or QW-361.2.

Check out tables from QW-350 / QW-360 from codebook…

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 ARTICLE IV. WELDING DATA…

ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

QW-400 VARIABLES

These are the complete wording of the variables that are listed under "Brief of Variables" in
the checklists QW-252 thru QW-264.

When answering any questions regarding the WPS/PQR combination it is very important to
read each of the required variables before answering any questions.

QW-422 FERROUS P-NUMBERS AND S-NUMBERS

Grouping of Base Metals for Qualification

This is a listing of all the SA and SB base metal specification numbers in ascending order
which are used to determine the minimum specified tensile strength and P-No's of the. base
metals shown on the PQR.

QW-423 Alternate Base Metals for Welder Qualification

Base material used for welder qualification (Column 1) may be substituted for the P-Number
material specified in the WPS (Column 2) .

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ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

QW-424 Base Metals Used for Procedure Qualification

Base metals used for the Procedure Qualification (Column 1) qualify the base metals listed in
(Column 2).

Note that qualification using one P-No. to the same P-No. may permit the welding of that P-No.
to other lower P-No's.

QW-432 F-NUMBERS

Grouping of Electrodes and Welding Rods by Qualification

For the API Examination we are only interested in F-No's 1 thru 6 Steel and Steel Alloys with
their corresponding ASME Specifications and A WS Classifications.

QW-433 Alternate F-Numbers for Welder Performance Qualification

This Table identifies the filler metal or electrode F-Number used during qualification testing as
"Qualified With" and the electrode or filler metal that the welder is qualified to use in production as
"Qualified For". This Table is referenced from Welding Data Variable QW-404.15.

Note that although a welder who qualifies on a higher F-Number without backing is also qualified
to weld lower F-Numbers, he/she are not permitted to weld without backing for the lower F-
Numbers.

ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

QW-442 A-NUMBERS

Classification of Ferrous Weld Metal Analysis for Procedure Qualification

This Table is used to identify the weld metal chemical composition designated on the PQR and
WPS per QW-404.5 for ferrous weld metal deposits.

NOTE: For GMAW a weld metal deposit analysis from the PQR may be required if the shielding gas
used to weld the procedure qualification test coupon was not the same used by the SFA
Specification.

QW-450 SPECIMENS

QW-451 Procedure Qualification Thickness Limits and Test Specimens

QW-451.1 GROOVE WELD TENSION TESTS AND TRANSVERSE-BEND TESTS

This Table is used each time the thickness range T of base metals qualified and maximum
thickness t of deposited weld metal on the WPS is being verified based on the thickness T of the
test coupon welded during PQR qualification.

The Table also shows for the thickness T of the test coupon welded, the number of tension tests
required and the type and number of bend tests required.

It is also important to read the applicable notes as there may be permitted variations in the
thickness limits and types of test specimens.

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ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

QW-452 Performance Qualiificati.on Thickness Limits and Test Specimens

QW-452.1 TRANSVERSE-BEND TESTS

This table is used to determine the maximum thickness of deposited weld metal qualified for a
welder or welding operator.

Note that the 2000 addenda reduced the deposited weld metal thickness from 3/4 in. to
1/2 in. to give the welder/welding operator the maximum to be welded qualification. Also
a minimum of three layers must be deposited.

QW-452.3 GROOVE WELD DIAMETER LIMITS

In order for a welder/welding operator to weld small diameter pipe/tube this table is used to
determine the outside diameter of the test coupon.

This Table in conjunction with QW-461.9 is used to determine performance position and
diameter limitations.

QW-461.9 PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION - POSITION AND DIAMETER LIMITATIONS

Extremely important that this Table be thoroughly understood and unfortunately to be

memorized since recent API Examinations have had questions taken from it in the closed book
portion of the examination.

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ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

QW-463 Test Specimens

Unless a minimum, maximum, or tolerance is given in the figures, the dimensions are to be
considered approximate.

QW-462.1(a) TENSION - REDUCED SECTION – PLATE

Width of specimen regardless of thickness is 3/4 in.

QW-462.1(b) TENSION - REDUCED SECTION – PIPE

Width of specimen regardless of thickness is 3/4 in.

QW-462.1(c ) TENSION - REDUCED SECTION - ALTERNATE FOR PIPE

Per QW-151.2 pipe having an outside diameter of 3 in. or less may use this alternate reduced
section specimen which has a width of 1/2 in.

TENSION - REDUCED SECTION - TURNED SPECIMENS

These are round specimens that come in four different diameters.

NOTE: The C dimension or grip end for each of the four specimens is larger than the diameter D. It is
therefore not possible to obtain. as an example. a 0.505 in. diameter specimen from less than
3/4 in. thick plate because the grip end is 0.750 in.

ARTICLE IV. Welding Data. QW-461.9

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ARTICLE IV. Welding Data
QW-462.2 SIDE BEND

Dimensions for side bend specimens

QW-462.3(a) FACE AND ROOT BENDS – TRANSVERSE

Dimensions of face and root bend specimens.

These are the only ones covered by the API Examination.

QW-463 Order of Removal

The following are the order of removal sketches that must be followed by those organizations that
prepare the test specimens for procedure and performance qualification.

QW-463.1(a) PLATES - LESS THAN 3/4 in. THICKNESS PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION

QW-463.1(b) PLATES -3/4 in. AND OVER THICKNESS AND ALTERNATE FROM 3/8 in. BUT LESS THAN 3/4
in. THICKNESS PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION

QW-463.1(d) PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION PIPE UP TO 3/4 in. THICKNESS

QW-463.1(e) PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION PIPE 3/4 in. AND OVER THICKNESS

QW-463.2(a) PLATES - LESS THAN 3/4 in. THICKNESS PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION

ARTICLE IV. Welding Data

QW-463.2(b) PLATES –3/4 in. AND OVER THICKNESS AND ALTERNATE FROM 3/8 in. BUT LESS THAN
3/4 in. THICKNESS PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION

QW-463.2(d) PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION PIPE UP TO 3/4 in. THICKNESS

QW-463.2(e) PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION PIPE 3/4 in. AND OVER THICKNESS

QW-463.2((f) PIPE-10 in. ASSEMBLY PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION

QW-463.2(g) 6 in. OR 8 in. ASSEMBLY PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION

QW-490 DEFINITIONS

These are definitions related to welding/brazing and may be helpful in answering some questions.

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