PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 12

STUDENT REFERENCE
A SUMMARY OF BASIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2
+ cos 2
= 1 1 + tan 2
= sec 2
1 + cot 2
= csc 2

Reciprocal and Quotient Identities:

1 1 1
sec
= csc
= cot
=
cos
sin
tan

sin
cos

tan
= cot
=
cos
sin

Addition Identities:
cos (  +  ) = cos  cos 
sin  sin  sin (  +  ) = sin  cos  + cos  sin 
cos ( 
 ) = cos  cos  + sin  sin  sin ( 
 ) = sin  cos 
cos  sin 

Double-Angle Identities:
cos 2 = cos 2 
sin 2  sin 2 = 2 sin  cos 
= 2 cos 2 
1
= 1
2 sin 2 

Formulae:

tn = ar n
1
Sn =
(
a 1
rn ) Sn =
a
r

S=
a
x=

b ± b 2
4ac
1
r 1
r 1
r 2a

Combinatorics and Probability:

=  n =
n! n!
n Pr = nCr t k +1 = nC k a n
k b k
( n
r )!  r  r ! ( n
r )!

P ( A) = 1
P ( A) P ( A or B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B )
P ( A and B )

P ( A and B )
P ( A | B) = P ( A and B ) = P ( A )  P ( B | A )
P ( B)

P ( x ) = n C x p x q n
x q = 1
p

Note: Graphing calculators will contain many of these formulae as pre-programmed functions.

Assessment Branch –1– Principles of Mathematics 12

2007/08 School Year Student Reference