Referencing Styles

After going through different referencing styles from opened Module 2, which has provided differences
for APA, Chicago and MLA styles, I came across the following two more styles of referencing:

• Harvard
• Turabian

I have generated (given below) the same reference with all the five which clearly shows the
difference is styles of referencing:

APA (6th Ed.)

Kumar, S., & Dey, P. (January 10, 2011). Effects of different mulches and irrigation
methods on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry.
Scientia Horticulturae, 127, 3, 318-324.

Chicago (15th ed.)

Kumar S., and Dey P. 2011. "Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root
growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry". Scientia
Horticulturae. 127 (3): 318-324.

Harvard (18th ed.)

KUMAR S., & DEY P. (2011). Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root
growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry. Scientia
Horticulturae. 127, 318-324.

MLA (7th ed.)

Kumar, S, and P Dey. "Effects of Different Mulches and Irrigation Methods on Root
Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Water-Use Efficiency and Yield of Strawberry." Scientia
Horticulturae. 127.3 (2011): 318-324. Print.

Turabian (6th ed.)

Kumar S., and Dey P. 2011. "Effects of Different Mulches and Irrigation Methods on Root
Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Water-Use Efficiency and Yield of Strawberry". Scientia
Horticulturae. 127, no. 3: 318-324.
The following are the specific observations with respect to similarities and dissimilarities that I
have made during the study:

Chicago and Turabian systems are almost identical except in providing journal number;
• Chicago system: <volume (issue number)>
• Turabian system: <volume, no. issue number>

While Chicago and Harvard systems are essentially same, there is minute differences
which are as follows:

1. The authors are separated by a full form of ‘and’ in Chicago system but with a shortened
‘&’ in Harvard system.
2. There are double quotes in the title: <“Title”>

In MLA system, year is provided after volume and issue number in first bracket; all other
referencing styles have year after authors. Another typical feature is a dot between
volume and issue number: refer 127.3 In the style. Also the word ‘Print’ is written page
numbers; no other referencing styles have this feature.

A typical feature of Harvard is that the authors are in upper case and there is no issue
number after volume.

In APA, full date is provided in bracket after author; no other referencing styles have this
feature.

 While there is a colon ‘:’ after volume/issue number in Chicago, MLA and Turabian
systems; a comma ‘,’ is used in APA and Harvard systems.

 In Chicago, MLA and Turabian systems double quotes is used in title: <“Title”>
 In Chicago, MLA and Turabian systems full form of ‘and’ is used; however, a shortened ‘&’
is used in APA and Harvard systems.