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Complexity of Level of
Scope economic
calculations
evaluation
General definition:
a process to evaluate
economic competitiveness.
.
Typically, buildings use electricity and a primary energy source such as natural gas or
fuel oil.
Key Parameters
Instruments to be used
Measurements
Calculation Procedures
Evaluation
Report Format
Energy Audit Summary for commercial and
residential buildings
•HVAC •Lighting
•Hot Water •HVAC
•Appliances (cooking) •Electrical and Electronic
Equipment
Thermal energy use
distribution Structure (Demand
Weather effect distribution by type and
over time, power factor
penalty,…)
Thermal Measurements
software
Building components must be measured (area and volume) with +/- 10%.
Pitot tube—a standard air measurement device with good levels of accuracy. Considered
essential. Must be used with a manometer.
Heated thermocouple—these units are sensitive, accurate, but costly. A rather high cost,
can only be justified for regular use in a large plant.
Glass thermometers
accurate, convenient, but fragile.
Resistance thermometers
considered to be very useful for A/C testing.
Accuracy is good,
reliable and convenient to use.
Thermocouples .
Chrome-Alum or iron types are the most useful
satisfactory accuracy and repeatability.
Optical pyrometers
only suitable for furnace settings
limited in use.
Infrared thermometers
use for recording room or space temperature
Reasonably accurate.
Pressure Measurement
(absolute and differential)
Accuracy, range, application, and limitations are discussed in relation to HVAC work.
Micro manometer—not usually portable, but suitable for fixed measurement of pressure
differentials across filter, coils, etc.
Draft gauges— can be portable and used for either direct pressure or pressure differential.
Manometers—can be portable. Used for direct pressure reading and with Pitot tubes for
air flows. Very useful.
Psychrometers
with a handle for revolving in air.
Not very convenient
Now: digital
Based on indirect measurement:
e.g.: Electrical conductivity.
Portable wattmeter
Classical methods
Building envelope
Lighting
Office Equipment
Motors
HVAC Systems
Building-Envelope Technologies.
Light-Pipe Technologies.
automated control of a wide range of energy systems within commercial and industrial
buildings.
Thermal comfort controls based on thermal comfort sensors used to generate comfort
indicators such as predicted mean vote (PMV) and/or predicted percent dissatisfied
(PPD).
Heat recovery technologies, such rotary heat wheels and heat pipes, can recover 50–
80% of the energy-used to heat or cool ventilation air supplied to the building.
Energy audits are not often thought of as the first step in finding solutions.
Results of an energy audit will depend on the auditor’s grasp of the client’s
needs and expectations.
Thumann, Albert, Handbook of energy audits , 7th ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
2007