EMF Equation

The emfs induced in primary and secondary windings of a transformer are given as
follows
E1 = 4.44 f N1 Ømax volts
E2 = 4.44 f N2 Ømax volts
Where Ømax is the maximum value of flux is webers, f is the supply frequency in Hz, N1 is
the number of turns on primary winding and N2 is the number of turns on secondary
winding.
In an ideal transformer, the voltage drops in primary and secondary windings are
negligible and, therefore E1 will be approximately equal and opposite to voltage
impressed across primary, V1 and terminal voltage V2 will be approximately equal to E2.
So voltage ratio, v2/v1 = E2/E1 = 4.44fN2 max / 4.44fN1 max = N2/N1

Voltage Transformation Ratio. The ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage is

known as the voltage transformation ratio and is designated by letter K.
i.e. Voltage transformation ratio, K = V2/V1 = E2/E1 = N2/N1
Current Ratio. The ratio of secondary current to primary current is known as current
ratio and is reciprocal of voltage transformation ratio in an ideal transformer.
Transformer on No Load. When the primary of a transformer is connected to the
source of an ac supply and the secondary is open circuited, the transformer is said to be
on no load. The

Transformer on No Load
alternating applied voltage will cause flow of an alternating current I0 in the primary
winding, which will create alternating flux Ø. No-load current I0, also known as excitation
or exciting current, has two components the magnetizing component Im and the energy
component Ie. Im is used to create the flux in the core and Ie is used to overcome the
hysteresis and eddy current losses occurring in the core in addition to small amount of
copper losses occurring in the primary only (no copper loss occurs in the secondary,
because it carries no current, being open circuited.)
From vector diagram shown in above it is obvious that
1. Induced emfs in primary and secondary windings, E1 and E2 lag the main flux Ø by
and are in phase with each other.
2. Applied voltage to primary V1 and leads the main flux Ø by and is in phase
opposition to E1.
3. Secondary voltage V2 is in phase and equal to E2 since there is no voltage drop in
secondary.
4. Im is in phase with Ø and so lags V1 by
5. Ie is in phase with the applied voltage V1.
6. Input power on no load = V1Ie = V1I0 cos Ø0 where Ø0 = tan-1
Transformer on Load
The transformer is said to be loaded, when its secondary circuit is completed through an
impedance or load. The magnitude and phase of secondary current (i.e. current flowing
through secondary) I2 with respect to secondary terminals depends upon the
characteristic of the load i.e. current I2 will be in phase, lag behind and lead the terminal
voltage V+2+ respectively when the load is non-inductive, inductive and capacitive. The
net flux passing through the core remains almost constant from no-load to full load
irrespective of load conditions and so core losses remain almost constant from no-load to
full load. Vector diagram for an ideal transformer supplying inductive load is shown

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