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T
he aim of this study was to
determine the additional electrical
losses in the serial and terminal
connections of large hydro generators.
These losses are created by the skin and
proximity effect caused by the currents
in the conductors themselves and the
field of the stator-winding overhang.
Additional losses in this region can
lead to local temperature rises (hot
spots) that have to be avoided since
temperatures in the winding connections
must be lower than contractually
guaranteed levels.
3D geometry and The loss factor kr is given by the ratio as these are the components creating
of the AC losses and the DC losses of the additional losses in the conductors,
corresponding 2D the arrangement. In the case of an furthermore the tangential component
model arrangement with n conductors, the can not be created by the chosen
average loss factor for the considered tangential surrogate conductor. A
A three dimensional model of a stator set of conductors is more significant. comparison of the radial field component
section is shown in Figure 1. Containing of the original stator winding overhang
the metallic parts such as the stator and the radial field component of the
frame, air-guides and the clamping surrogate conductor shows that the
system of the stator core are shown. A magnitude of the field component is the
FEM model of the cross section of the same with a slightly different distribution
conductors without the frame and the over the considered section. In order
stator-winding overhang is displayed in This formula is based on the assumption to establish these plots an internal
Figure 2. The distribution of the stator that each conductor leads the same RMS ALSTOM tool was used permitting the
bars corresponding to one phase in the current |I1| = … = |I2|. To compute the computation of the magnetic field in
stator slots forms a repetitive pattern on loss factor it is necessary to calculate the the end part of a generator using the
a part of the circumference. Within this AC losses in all conductors considering Biot-Savart method.
repetitive section the distribution is not the actual alternating currents in the
regular. Consequently depending on the model. The losses due to the direct
considered position of the 2D model on current are P DC = R DC.I² , where the
the circumference of the stator, different resistance is given by RDC = ρCu.L/A.L
phase arrangements of the connecting is the length, ρ Cu the resistivity of
conductors are possible. copper and A the cross section of the
Figure 3 shows for example the conductor.
computed current density distribution The first calculations are performed on
in the conductors for two different phase the basic model shown in Figure 2.We
arrangements corresponding to two found out that it is necessary to check
different positions on the circumference the influence of the conductive metallic
of the machine. Regarding the generated parts in the vicinity of the conductors. (a)
losses the upper phase arrangement is The solid metallic parts can have an
the worst case and the lower phase important influence on eddy currents
arrangement the best case for all generated by the end region fields.
phase arrangements of the considered Therefore a detailed model considering
machine. the solid metallic parts was derived
from the 3D-geometry (see Figure 1).
This extended model contains magnetic
and conducting parts located nearby the
conductors.
Computation results
The simulations were performed
for different conductor shapes and
separating distances in order to compare
the average loss factors. Multiple
simulations were carried out using
FLUX2D’s capability of single and multi
parametric simulations. For this the
alternating current losses were evaluated
for a range of distances according to the
space between the stator frame and the Figure 6: Final model – Conductors considering the metallic parts and the
winding overhang. The results of the Stator winding overhang.
single parameterization can be displayed
in a 2D curve.
Conclusion
The considered example shows that,
for the computation of the additional
losses in the connections, the influence
of the winding overhang and the metallic
parts cannot be neglected, an increase
of 10% of the additional losses due to
Figure 7: Array of curves for rectangular conductors.
this influence was computed. Finally
based on the modified model a series of
computations were made. For different
geometries curve arrays ready to be
used by the design engineers for the
optimisation of the connections were
created.
With this work an easy to use and helpful
guideline was established for the design
engineer. The results together with the
knowledge of the design engineer help
to reduce the losses in the conductors,
and avoid hot spots.