Remaining Cumulative

After chance of not chance of

comparison rejecting a true rejecting at least
number null one true null
1 0.950 0.050
2 0.903 0.098
3 0.857 0.143
4 0.815 0.185
5 0.774 0.226
6 0.735 0.265
7 0.698 0.302
8 0.663 0.337
9 0.630 0.370
10 0.599 0.401
 Subject Grand Mean Group Mean HDL value
Charles 50 53 55
Rob 50 53 50
Pat 50 53 54
Julia 50 46 48
Linda 50 46 45
Jodie 50 46 45
Fred 50 51 50
Tom 50 51 54
Judy 50 51 49

Goup Deviation
from Grand Subject Deviation Calculated HDL
Subject Grand Mean Mean from Group Mean value
Charles 50 3 2 55
Rob 50 3 -3 50
Pat 50 3 1 54
Julia 50 -4 2 48
Linda 50 -4 -1 45
Jodie 50 -4 -1 45
Fred 50 1 -1 50
Tom 50 1 3 54
Judy 50 1 -2 49
 Grand Group
Subject Mean Mean HDL value Group 1
Charles 50 53 55 Groups means 53
Rob 50 53 50
Sum of squares
Pat 50 53 54 within groups 14
Julia 50 46 48
Linda 50 46 45 Total variation
Jodie 50 46 45

Fred 50 51 50 Group 1
Tom 50 51 54 Groups means =C2
Judy 50 51 49
Sum of squares
within groups =DEVSQ(D2:D4)

Deviation Deviation
from from
Grand Grand Group Calculated
Subject Mean Mean Mean HDL value
Charles 50 3 2 55 Total variation
Rob 50 3 -3 50
Pat 50 3 1 54
Julia 50 -4 2 48
Linda 50 -4 -1 45
Jodie 50 -4 -1 45
Fred 50 1 -1 50
Tom 50 1 3 54
Judy 50 1 -2 49
 Sum of Squared
Group 2 Group 3 Deviations n Sum of Squares
46 51 26 3 78

6 14 34 34

112

Sum of Squared
Group 2 Group 3 Deviations n Sum of Squares
=C5 =C8 =DEVSQ(H2:J2) 3 =K2*L2

=DEVSQ(D5:D7) =DEVSQ(D8:D10) =SUM(H4:J4) =SUM(H4:J4)

=DEVSQ(D2:D10)
 Sum of Squared
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Deviations
Sum of squares
within groups 14 6 14 34

Degrees
Average Variance Sum of Squares of
within groups within groups Freedom
Variance within
group 7 3 7 5.67 34 6
 Mean
Square
within

5.67
 Sum of Degrees
Grand Squared Sum of Squares of
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 mean Deviations n Between Groups Freedom
Groups means 53 46 51 50 26 3 78 2

Variance of
group means 13
=VAR.S(B2:D2)

Population
variance
estimated by
variance of
group means 39
=B5*G2
 Mean
Square
between
39
 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
55 48 50
50 45 54
54 45 49

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Group 1 3 159 53 7
Group 2 3 138 46 3
Group 3 3 153 51 7

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 78 2 39 6.8823529412 0.027976 5.143253
Within Groups 34 6 5.666667

Total 112 8
 0 0 0 3 16 3 100
0.1 0.574774 0.059002 10%
0.2 0.683546 0.070168
9%
0.3 0.706181 0.072491
0.4 0.689905 0.070821 8%
0.5 0.65449 0.067185
0.6 0.610049 0.062623 7%
0.7 0.562188 0.05771
6%

Relative frequency
0.8 0.514109 0.052775
0.9 0.467633 0.048004 5%
1 0.42376 0.0435
1.1 0.382984 0.039314 4%
1.2 0.345491 0.035466 3%
1.3 0.311277 0.031953
1.4 0.280224 0.028766 2%
1.5 0.252152 0.025884
1%
1.6 0.226849 0.023287
1.7 0.204089 0.02095 0%
1.8 0.183647 0.018852 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 7 3 3 6 9 2 5 8
0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2F. ratio 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4.
1.9 0.165306 0.016969
2 0.14886 0.015281
2.1 0.13412 0.013768
2.2 0.12091 0.012412
2.3 0.10907 0.011196
2.4 0.098458 0.010107
2.5 0.088942 0.00913
2.6 0.080405 0.008254
2.7 0.072744 0.007467
2.8 0.065865 0.006761
2.9 0.059684 0.006127
3 0.054126 0.005556
3.1 0.049126 0.005043
3.2 0.044625 0.004581 0.948297 0.004581
3.3 0.040568 0.004164 0.952553 0.004164
3.4 0.036911 0.003789 0.956424 0.003789
3.5 0.033611 0.00345 0.959947 0.00345
3.6 0.03063 0.003144 0.963157 0.003144
3.7 0.027936 0.002868 0.966083 0.002868
3.8 0.0255 0.002618 0.968753 0.002618
3.9 0.023295 0.002391 0.971191 0.002391
4 0.021296 0.002186 0.973419 0.002186
4.1 0.019485 0.002 0.975456 0.002
4.2 0.017841 0.001831 0.977321 0.001831
4.3 0.016349 0.001678 0.97903 0.001678
4.4 0.014992 0.001539 0.980596 0.001539
4.5 0.013759 0.001412 0.982032 0.001412
4.6 0.012636 0.001297 0.983351 0.001297
4.7 0.011613 0.001192 0.984563 0.001192
4.8 0.010681 0.001096 0.985677 0.001096
4.9 0.00983 0.001009 0.986701 0.001009
5 0.009054 0.000929 0.987645 0.000929
3 6 9 2 5 8
3. 3. 4. 4. 4.
 HDL levels
Medication A Medication B Placebo
41 42 38
47 48 38
48 49 36
48 50 36
52 57 52

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Medication A 5 236 47.2 15.7
Medication B 5 246 49.2 28.7
Placebo 5 200 40 46
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 234 2 117 3.88 0.05 3.89
Within Groups 361.6 12 30.1

Total 595.73 14

Standard Critical
deviation of Value
Scheffé Method Contrast Coefficients contrast ψ / sψ (.05)
Mean 1 Mean 2 Mean 3
Med A - Med B 1 -1 0 3.472 -0.576 2.788
Med A - Placebo 1 0 -1 3.472 2.074 2.788
Med B - Placebo 0 1 -1 3.472 2.650 2.788
(Med A + Med B)/2 - Placebo 1/2 1/2 -1 3.007 2.727 2.788
POC Contrast Coefficients
Total of
Mean 1 Mean 2 Mean 3 coefficients
1. Med A - Med B 1 -1 0 0
2. Med A - Placebo 1 0 -1 0
3. Med B - Placebo 0 1 -1 0
4. (Med A + Med B)/2 - Placebo 1/2 1/2 -1 0

Total of
Product of coefficients for: Products
1 and 2 1 0 0 1
1 and 3 0 -1 0 -1
1 and 4 1/2 - 1/2 0 0
2 and 3 0 0 1 1
2 and 4 1/2 0 1 1.5
3 and 4 0 1/2 1 1.5
 HDL levels
Medication A Medication B Placebo
41 42 38
47 48 38
48 49 36
48 50 36
52 57 52

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Medication A 5 236 47.2 15.7
Medication B 5 246 49.2 28.7
Placebo 5 200 40 46
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 234 2 117 3.88 0.05 3.89
Within Groups 361.6 12 30.1

Total 595.73 14.00

Standard Critical
deviation of Value
POC Contrast Coefficients contrast t (.05)
Medication A Medication B Placebo
Med A - Med B 1 -1 0 3.472 -0.576 2.179
(Med A + Med B)/2 - Placebo 1/2 1/2 -1 3.007 2.727 2.179
ss F
0 #DIV/0!
0 #DIV/0!
Figure 10.2 in Chapter 10 shows that each individual score in a study can be expressed as Distribute the summatio
three components:
σ 3𝑗=1 σ 5𝑖=1(𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. )2 +
 The grand mean (symbolized here as 𝑋ഥ..)
 The deviation of the group mean (symbolized here, for group j, as 𝑿 ഥ.𝒋) from the The second part of the p
grand mean
 The deviation of the individual score (symbolized here for the i th individual in the 3 5

jth group, as 𝑿𝒊𝒋 ) from the mean of the jth group. 2 ෍ ෍ ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯(𝑋𝑖𝑗
𝑗 =1 𝑖=1
Suppose that j, the number of groups, is 3, and i, the number of subjects per group, is 5.
Then: Because there are no ind

𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑋ഥ.. + (𝑋ത ഥ ത 3 5

.𝑗 − 𝑋.. ) + (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋.𝑗 )
2 ෍ ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗
That is, the ith observation in the jth group is the sum of the grand mean, plus the 𝑗 =1 𝑖=1

difference between the grand mean and the jth group mean, plus the difference between
Notice that the second p
the ith observation in the jth group and the mean of the jth group.
the jth group. Chapter 3
sum of the differences b
Now subtract the grand mean from each side of the equation:
zero. That can be easily
always zero, we have fo
𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. = (𝑋ത ഥ ത
.𝑗 − 𝑋.. ) + (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋.𝑗 )
3
and square both sides, and sum across the i observations in the j groups: 2 ෍ ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯(0)
𝑗 =1
σ 3𝑗=1 σ 5𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. )2 = σ 3𝑗=1 σ 5𝑖=1(൫𝑋ത ഥ ത 2
.𝑗 − 𝑋.. ൯+ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋.𝑗 ))
which results in zero, fo
Recall from your algebra classes that: groups. That means that
equals zero, and we're le
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
3 5
Applying the same expansion, to the sum of squares, we get: ෍ ෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത 2
.. ) = ෍
𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 𝑗=

3 5 3 5

෍ ෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. )2 = ෍ ෍ ((𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. )2 + 2 ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯

(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത ത 2
.𝑗 ) + (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋.𝑗 ) ) The first term on the rig
𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 therefore, we can simply
3 5

෍ ෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത 2
.. ) = ෍
𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 𝑗=

This results in the separ

side of the equation) int
between groups, times n
Distribute the summation operators through the right half of the equation:

σ 3𝑗=1 σ 5𝑖=1(𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. )2 + 2 σ 3𝑗=1 σ 5𝑖=1 ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത 3 5 ത 2

.𝑗 ) + σ 𝑗 =1 σ 𝑖=1 (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋.𝑗 )

The second part of the prior expression is:

3 5

2 ෍ ෍ ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത

.𝑗 )
𝑗 =1 𝑖=1

Because there are no individual observations to total in the first term, rewrite it as:

3 5

2 ෍ ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത

.𝑗 )
𝑗 =1 𝑖=1

Notice that the second part of that expression takes the sum of the raw deviation scores in
the jth group. Chapter 3 discusses the fact that the sum of a set of deviation scores – the
sum of the differences between each score in a group and the group's mean – is always
zero. That can be easily proven but to save space we omit it here. Because that sum is
always zero, we have for the prior expression:
3

2 ෍ ൫𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ൯(0)

𝑗 =1

which results in zero, for any number of groups and for any set of values within those
groups. That means that the middle part of the expansion drops out, because it always
equals zero, and we're left with:

3 5 3 5 3 5

෍ ෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത
.. )
2
= ෍ ෍ (𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ) + ෍ ෍
2
(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത
.𝑗 )
2

𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 𝑗 =1 𝑖=1

The first term on the right side of the equals sign does not sum over any individuals;
therefore, we can simply convert the summation symbol to a multiplication:
3 5 3 3 5

෍ ෍ (𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത
.. )
2
= ෍ 5((𝑋.𝑗 − 𝑋ഥ.. ) + ෍ ෍
2
(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝑋ത
.𝑗 )
2

𝑗 =1 𝑖=1 𝑗 =1 𝑗 =1 𝑖=1

This results in the separation of the total variation in the data set (computed on the left
side of the equation) into the two components on the right side: the sum of squares
between groups, times n, plus the sum of squares within groups.