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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: The Feast of Lies

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1. Introduction
2. The Famine Context
3. Commune Excesses and Seeds of Famine
4. The Land Living Beyond its Means
5. The Artifical Dearth of Facts
6. The Lushan Conference 1959
7. Henan is First to Leap into the Abyss
8. How Many Died Nationwide?
9. Callousness and Pride: the Sino-Soviet Split
10. China and International Relief
11. Recovery
12. The First and Last Casualty - Family Planning
13. An Avoidable Famine?
14. Famine in the Future?
15. Bibliography

!
Part 2: The Politics of Information
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1. Introduction
2. Political Sensitivity and Expediency
3. Three Famines in the Horn of Africa
4. Case Studies: Northern Ethiopia 1982-5
5. Further Famine in Ethiopia
6. Western Sudan 1983-5
7. Famine in the Red Sea Hills
8. Southern Sudan 1986-9
 9. The International Media: Unpredictable Allies
10. Conclusion
11. Bibliography

!
PREFACE
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"ACA=I<;

1. The Scarcity Materials have replaced the colonial Famine Codes. Interestingly, one of the
major elements of the earlier Famine Codes was a complex famine early warning system
which is given far emphasis in the Scarcity Materials precisely because the Press and other
democratic institutions have taken over this role.
2. A unit for measuring the energy value of food.

!
Part 1: The Feast of Lies
!"#$%&$'()*(#*!'(#+,$*-+.(#"*%-*/0102
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INTRODUCTION
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"ACA=I<;!
"ACA=I<;

1. SeeWright,1989
2. Source: private conversations, late 1989; also, Yang Zhongmei, 1989 p.152
3. See Kane, 1988 & 1989
4. Cankao Ziliao (Study Materials) published by Kexueyuan Kanjiu Ketizu (Chinese Academy
of Sciences National Affairs Analysis and Research Group), No.5, May 1989
5. Lin Bunyan, speech at L'Observatoire/RSF Conference, Montpellier, October 1989
6. private conversation, late 1989
*
THE FAMINE CONTEXT
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"ACA=I<;U

7. Kane, 1988; Dando, 1982, p.1

8. Dando, 1982, p.19; Burchett and Alley, 1976, pp.216-17
9. An increase in the central planning of the economy and the massive development of industry,
particularly steel production.
10. See Su Xiaokang, Luo Shishu and Chen Zheng, 1989, pp. 299-302. This book, formerly
widely available on the mainland, has now been banned, and at least one of its authors is in
exile.
11. Russian land-owning peasants
12. There are many excellent accounts of land reform, but one of the best, concentrating on how it
was perceived and felt by ordinary peasants in a single Shanxi village, is that of William
Hinton (1983, pp. 104-109), an agricultural advisor and farmer, in his two books Fanchem and
Shenfan.
13. See Hinton, 1983, pp. 76-113, and a far less critical account in Burchett and Alley, 1976, p.20
14. MacFarquhar, 1983, p.2
15. Source: This is a composite of several tables from an article by T.C Lee, The Food Problem,
in Kirby, 1961, pp. 9-11
16. See for example, the novels of Zhang Xianliang, and the films of Xie Jin
17. See, for example, Chen Xuewei, 1989, p. 5. There is actually a special dictionary published in
Hong Kong which explains all the various slogans of those years in their historical context.
Yu Ruxin, 1989, p.82
18. See Chen Xuewei, 1989, p55

*
COMMUNE EXCESSES AND SEEDS OF FAMINE
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19. Chen Xuewei, 1989, p. 50, p. 55; MacFarquhar, 1983, pp. 77-78
20. See Yang Zhongmei, 1989, p. 156
21. The duty of the shock brigades was to galvanise labour in the communes and for industry.
22. See Bennett, 1978, p.12; also Liu Ruizhe, 1989, p.91
23. See especially Gittings, 1989, p. 29; also Kane, 1988, p. 41-2
24. A Chinese unit of weight, equivalent to 0.67 kg or 1.47 lbs
25. A mu is a Chinese measurement of area, equivalent to 1/6th of an acre,
26. Liti Ruizhe. 1989, p. 84; Chen Xuewei, 1989. p. 59; see also MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 127
27. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 127
28. SeeYang Zhongmei, 1989, pp. 150-151
29. MacFarquhar. 1983, p. 198
30. MacParquhar, 1983. p. 86
31. Prvate conversatiom, late 1989
32. Hinton, 1983, 234-5
33. Liu Ruizhe, 1989, p.85 8
34. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 127
35. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 163
36. See Peng Shuzhi, 1980, p.205
37. See Dangshi Yanjiu Ziliao, No.9. 1988, article by Liu Shuinian; see also Burchett and Alley,
19976, p. 24
38. Hinton, p. 147-8
39. Chinese unit of currency
40. Nongye Jitihua Zongyao Huibian (A collection of documents on agricultural collectivisation),
Vol. 2, the Central Committee Cadre School Publishing House, June 1981; see also Chen
Xuewei, 1989, p.58
41. See Lui Qu, 1989, p.126

*
THE LAND LIVING BEYOND ITS MEANS
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42. Hinton, 1983, p219

43. See, for example, Hinton, 1983, p. 245 and p.247
44. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 124
45. Kirby, 1961, p.16
46. Hinton, 1983, pp. 241.7
47. MacFarquhar, 1983, pp. 125-7
48. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 327; Chen Xuewei, 1989, p.58
49. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 328 and p.335
50. See Yang Zhongmei, 1989, p. 161
51. Peng Shuzhi 1980, p. 195
52. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 120
53. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 82
54. Hinton, 1983, p. 232
55. Liu Ruizhe, 1989 p. 91
56. Equivalent to 0 24 kg per person
57. Liu Ruizhe, 1989, p. 84; Su Xiaohang et al, 1989, p.300
58. MacFarquhar, 1983 3, p.121
59. Adapted from Zhonggno Kexueyuan Chubanshe 1987
60. Sources: Rodzinski, 1988 p.66, MacFarquhar. 1983, p. 328-329 and *(1960 figure of 307.0)
from article by Li Fuchun, in Kirby, 1961, p. 157

*
THE ARTIFICIAL DEARTH OF FACTS
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61. A campaign to encourage vigilance against crop-destroying pests.

*
WARNINGS OF STARVATION
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"ACA=I<;!!
"ACA=I<;

62. MacFarquhar, 1983, pp. 138-9

63. See MacFarqtihar, 1983, pp. 146-56
64. Yang Zhongmei 1989 p.153
65. Kane, 1988, p.48
 66. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 200;
67. MacFarquhar, 1983, pp. 197-200

*
THE LUSHAN CONFERENCE 1959
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68. See Yang Zhongmei 1989, p.154

69. Yang Zhongmei 1989, p.154
70. MacFarquhar, 1983, p 235-6; Rodzinski, 1988. p. 72; Yu Ruxin, 1989, pp. 210-12

*
HENAN IS FIRST TO LEAP INTO THE ABYSS
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68!3:6,!623;!B8!2843,!70893!623!=88.,!:5=!=/3A!&6!/9!586!0/F3!M>5:5!8.!#52>/dA!
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96>=356!?.84!b/:5BP/!@:9!680=!68!:6635=!68!2/9!96>=/39!:5=!586!6.8>D03!2/4930?!
:D8>6!2843!C/9/69A!(:63.!23!03:.53=!62:6!:0628>B2!4:5;!434D3.9!8?!2/9!?:4/0;!
2:=!=/3=!8?!96:.C:6/85,!2/9!-:.3569!2:=!D335!:5P/8>9!586!68!6:-!623!
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784-:./5B!>.D:5!:5=!.>.:0!=3:62!.:639!4:F39!62/9!:D>5=:560;!703:.A!Q<33!E/BA!
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78443569!8?!^(#!435!O>863=!D;!\:7E:.O>2:.H!!
c#6!-.39356!@2:6!623!-3:9:569!3:6!/5!623!C/00:B39!/9!3C35!@8.93!62:5!@2:6!
=8B9!:63!/5!623!-:96A!#6!62:6!6/43!=8B9!:63!72:??!:5=!B.:/5A!W8@!623!-38-03!:.3!
688!2>5B.;!68!@8.F!:5=!-/B9!:.3!688!2>5B.;!68!96:5=!>-A!'844>53!434D3.9!
:9FH!&9!'2:/.4:5!\:8!B8/5B!68!:008@!>9!68!96:.C3!68!=3:62r!'2:/.4:5!\:8!
0/C39!/5!^3F/5BA!a839!23!F58@!:D8>6!623!3C3.;=:;!0/C/5B!8?!623!-3:9:56r!<8!
4>72!B.:/5!@:9!2:.C3963=A!Y23.3!2:9!/6!B853rd !!
%2:6!623!@8.96!8?!623!?:4/53!:??3763=!623!.>.:0!-8->0:6/85!/9!703:.!6396/485;!8?!
623!3P7399/C3!=34:5=9!4:=3!D;!623!<6:63!B.:/5!->.!72:9/5B!:>628./6;!:5=!623!
`'844>5/96!Y/5=,!U>6!7/6/39!9>??3.3=!688A!U;!#>B>96!*+J+!U3/R/5B,!b/5:5!:5=!
%/:5R/5!7>6!B.:/5!.:6/859!68!*X!7:66/39!Q]AX!FBS!:!48562!-3.!23:=A!U3/R/5B!
a:B85BD:8!:!-8->0:.!-:-3.!/5!623!7:-/6:0,!9>BB3963=!c:063.5:6/5B!0/O>/=!43:09!
@/62!980/=!43:09I,!:5=!/5!4:5;!8?!623!->D0/7!7:563359!623!9/B5!`/6!/9!B08./8>9!68!
3:60399!62:5!853I9!?88=!.:6/85d!@:92/5B!:D8C3!623!./73!D:..30Ad !!
"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

71. MacFarquhar, 1983, p 20

72. Source: Nongye Jitihua Zongyao Wenxian Huibian put out by the Central Committee Party
Cadre School Publishing House, June 1981, (2nd vol).
73. Quoted in Yang Zhongmei 1989, pp. 159
74. Chen Xuewei, 1989 p. 74
75. These personal accounts were provided by informants inside China during conversations in
late 1989
76. MacFarquhar, 1983, p 329
77. See article by H. Lethbridge, "The Urban Communes", in Kirby, 1961, p- 35

*
HOW MANY DIED NATIONWIDE?
&6!/9!F58@5!?.84!.3-8.69!.303:93=!=>./5B!623!'>06>.:0!$3C80>6/85!62:6!X1,111!
-38-03!96:.C3=!68!=3:62!/5!G>:5B=85BA !U>6!68!62/9!=:;!623.3!/9!58!5:6/85:0!
=3:62!6800A!&5!623!'2/5393!C3.9/85!8?!\:7E:.!O>2:.I9!D88F,!087:0!=3:62!68009!:.3!
B/C35V!/6!/9!5863=!62:6!623!48.6:0/6;!.:63!=8>D03=!/5!*+L1,!:5=!/6!/9!3C35!:008@3=!
62:6!623!-8->0:6/85!=370/53=!D;!fAJe!/5!*+L1A!W3C3.6230399,!623!'2/5393!
C3.9/85!8?!\:7E:.O>2:.I9!D88F!7:.3?>00;!84/69!2/9!-2.:93!c#5;!@23.3!?.84!
*LAf!68!X+AJ!4/00/85!3P6.:!-38-03!=/3=!=>./5B!623!03:-,!D37:>93!8?!623!03:-IA !
'>./8>90;,!3C35!623!?/B>.39!0/963=!/5!623!8??/7/:0!96:6/96/7:0!;3:.D88F!=8!586!:==!
>-A!#0628>B2!623!=37.3:93!/5!-8->0:6/85!/9!B/C35!:9!1AfJ]e,!@2/72!/9!?:.!0399!
62:5!623!?/B>.3!/5!623!'2/5393!C3.9/85!8?!\:7E:.O>2:.,!623!=/??3.3573!D36@335!
623!*+J+!-8->0:6/85!QL]X,X]1,111S!:5=!623!*+L1!-8->0:6/85!QLLX,X]1,111S!/9!
623!9>9-/7/8>90;!.8>5=!5>4D3.!8?!635!4/00/85,!8.*AJeA !!
%23.3!@:9!:!585K2>4:5!6800!:9!@300,!%86:0!0899!68!623!5:6/85:0!378584;!/9!58@!
->6!:6!:!2>5=.3=!D/00/85!;>:5,!53:.0;!358>B2!68!784-0363!623!?/.96!?/C3K;3:.!
7:-/6:0!78596.>76/85!-0:5!6@/73!8C3.A !&5!623!;3:.!*+L1!:0853,!B.:/5!-.8=>76/85!
?300!D;!XfAhe!68!623!03C30!8?!*+J*,!786685!688F!:5!3C35!48.3!=.:96/7!6>4D03K
=8@5!K!J*AXeA!_/0!D3:./5B!7.8-9,!C/6:0!68!788F/5B!:5=!/5=>96.;,!=37.3:93=!D;!
J]A*eA!%23!96:5=:.=!8?!0/C/5B!/5!623!78>56.;!=/=!586!.3B:/5!623!03C30!8?!*+J]!
>56/0!*+LJA !!
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78. See MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 330

79. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 330
80. Source: Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian (China Statistical Yearbook), Zhongguo Tongji Chubanshe
1988. pp. 97-8
81. MacFarquhar 1983, p.330
82. Sources: MacFarquhar 1953, pp. 329-30; also, Dangshi Yanjiu Ziliao No 9, 1988

*
CALLOUSNESS AND PRIDE: THE SINO-SOVIET SPLIT
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623!7.>7/:0!=/??3.3573A!'2/5:!:=4/663=!68!58!853!623!3P6356!8?!623!-.8D034,!R>96!
:9!087:0!8??/7/:09!2:=!.3?>93=!68!:=4/6!623!6.>3!9/6>:6/85!/5!623/.!087:0/6/39!68!623!
7356.3A!)C35!:6!623!23/B26!8?!623!?:4/53,!623!@/563.!8?!*+L1,!'2/5:!7856/5>3=!
68!3P-8.6!B.:/5!68!623!Z<<$,!:5=!62/9!@:9!623!4896!784485!.3:985!B/C35!?8.!
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%23!?800;!8?!7856/5>/5B!68!3P-8.6!B.:/5!=>./5B!:!?:4/53!@:9,!68!9843!3P6356,!
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:/=,!623!<8C/36!Z5/85,!2:=!2:=!-88.!2:.C3969!8?!23.!8@5,!:5=!@:9!48.3!
/563.3963=!/5!8>696:5=/5B!=3D69A!!
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4/=K*+L1A!Y/62/5!:!?3@!@33F9!623!<8C/369!/4-0343563=!:!9>==35!=37/9/85!68!
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784-036/5B!9843!XJ]!8>696:5=/5B!-.8R3769A!%23!.3:9859!B/C35!@3.3!.:623.!
9->./8>9V!2:..:994356!8?!<8C/36!:=C/98.9,!6:4-3./5B!@/62!623/.!4:/0,!:5=!9885A!
%23!3??376,!28@3C3.,!@:9!=3C:96:6/5BA!%23!:76/85!73.6:/50;!-0:;3=!/568!623!
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=/??/7>06/39!85!=3D69!:5=!<8C/36!9:D86:B3A!&5!?:76,!\:8!>93=!623!877:9/85!68!
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@3.3!2/B2!/5!C:0>3!63.49!Q4:5;!@356!62.8>B2!M85B!g85B!68!3:.5!'2/5:!
?8.3/B5!7>..357;S!850;!:D8>6!Je!8?!623!<6:63!B.:/5!->.72:9/5B!O>86:,!:!0/6603!
8C3.!6@8!:5=!:!2:0?!4/00/85!685539,!@356!?8.!3P-8.6A!_?!62/9,!850;!fJh,111!
685539!8?!./73!QfJe!8?!3P-8.69S!@:9!=396/53=!?8.!623!Z<<$A!(/C39687F!:5=!
43:6!@3.3!/5!B.3:63.!=34:5=,!:5=!68!62/9!=:;!'2/5393!-38-03!.3434D3.!
m28>!)50:/I9!:003B3=!.368.6!68!<8C/36!=34:5=9!?8.!0/C3!9687F!=>./5B!623!?:4/53!
3:.9,!62:6!'2/5393!-/B9!@3.3!?8.!'2/5393!48>629A!!
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83. Conversations with Chinese of that generation today often state this official explanation
84. See article by T. C Lee, ‘The Food Problem’ in Kirby, 1961, p. 15
85. MacFarquhar, 1983, p. 238 and p.281
86. Kane, 1988, p.61
*
CHINA AND INTERNATIONAL RELIEF
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87. Kane, 1988, p. 137

*
RECOVERY
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7:-/6:0/94d!Q/570>=/5B!:5;62/5B!8C3.!853!-/B!:5=!62.33!72/7F359S,!@3.3!:008@3=!
68!6:F3!>-!93785=:.;!7>-:6/859A!_C3.!f1,111!.>.:0!4:.F369!@3.3!.3K
396:D0/923=!D;!*+L*A!^.8=>76/85!73:93=!68!D3!-0:553=!:6!:5;62/5B!D308@!623!
03C30!8?!623!78>56;,!:5=!:0628>B2!-.87>.34356!.34:/53=!2/B2,!D3663.!-./739!
@3.3!8??3.3=A!%23.3!/9!:!B.3:6!=3:0!8?!3C/=3573!62:6!62393!-80/7/39!@3.3!
43.30;!-896K287!35=8.9343569!8?!:76/859!@2/72!623!087:0/6/39!2:=!:0.3:=;!
6:F35A!!
i36!623!35=8.9343569!@3.3!/4-8.6:56,!:5=!98.30;!4/993=!/5!-0:739A!%:8!m2>,!
623!?/.96!937.36:.;!8?!G>:5B=85B,!/56.8=>73=!:!53@!9;9634!8?!D::!62:5!=:8!
2>,!62:6!/9,!399356/:00;!=/9980C/5B!623!784!4>539!:5=!9/4-0;!9/B5/5B!7856.:769!
?8.!B.:/5!@/62!/5=/C/=>:0!?:4/0/39A!%2/9!9;9634,!@2/72!2:9!58@!D335!/5!?8.73!
62.8>B28>6!'2/5:!9/573!*+N1!8.!98,!@:9!:04896!/443=/:630;!=358>573=!:9!
623!.3968.:6/85!8?!7:-/6:0/94!/5!623!78>56.;9/=3A!%:8!m2>!D:7F6.:7F3=,!:5=!
.3-0:73=!2/9!-.34:6>.3!/5C356/85!@/62!:!9;9634!8?!?:4/0;!03C30!.3@:.=9?8.!
8C3.?>0?/00/5B!623!O>86:!:5=!-35:06/39!?8.!586:72/3C/5B!6:.B369!@2/72,!
399356/:00;,!=/=!623!9:43!62/5BA !!
"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

88. See Bennett. 1978. p. 32-3

*
THE FIRST AND LAST CASUALTY FAMILY PLANNING
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928.6:B39,!-:.6/7>0:.0;!/5!623!78>56.;9/=3,!@23.3!D/.62!/9!:!C/6:0!98>.73!8?!?:4/0;!
0:D8>.!-8@3.A!E>.623.48.3,!623!7844>53!9;9634!93343=!68!4:F3!72/0=!
.:/9/5B!:!-.8?/6:D03!C356>.3H!72/0=.35!@3.3!9>--893=!68!D3!0:.B30;!623!?/5:57/:0!
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B.8@5A!!
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2:=!D335!->6,!:5=!->6!?8.@:.=!2/9!8@5!-8->0:6/85!6238.;A!^8->0:6/85,!23!
:.B>3=,!@:9!853!8?!623!-./57/-:0!8D96:7039!68!'2/5:I9!=3C308-4356,!:5=!2:=!
68!D3!6:F35!93./8>90;A!M3!0/5F3=!623!-0:55/5B!8?!-8->0:6/85!68!623!`?88=!
-.8D034I,!:5=!:.B>3=!62:6!623!`O>:0/6;I!8?!623!-8->0:6/85!78>0=!D3!303C:63=!850;!
/?!623!O>:5!6/=39!@3.3!7856.8003=A!M3!.3784435=3=!-./T39!?8.!?:4/0/39!8?!6@8!
72/0=.35!8.!0399!:5=!:!9633-0;!B.:=>:63=!9;9634!8?!?/539!?8.!48.3!8??9-./5BA!
E/5:00;,!23!:.B>3=!62:6!:!-0:553=!-8->0:6/85!@:9!:5!/5=/9-359:D03!784-85356!
8?!:!-0:553=!378584;A !!
a39-/63!\:8I9!3:.0/3.!:=C87:7;!8?!D/.62!7856.80,!23!.3?>63=!\:!i/572>I9!@8.F!
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6238.36/7:0!R8>.5:0!M85B!q/!Q$3=!E0:BS!96:6/5B!`>5=3.!623!-.39356!9/6>:6/85,!623!
48.3!-38-03!@3!2:C3!623!3:9/3.,!?:963.,!D3663.!:5=!48.3!378584/7:00;!@3!7:5!
D>/0=!987/:0/94d!785?/.43=!2/9!:--.8:72A!!
#!2>B3!/57.3:93!/5!D/.629!?8008@3=!623!?:4/53,!&5!:!9/5B03!=37:=3!X11!4/00/85!
-38-03,!6235!3O>/C:0356!68!623!356/.3!-8->0:6/85!8?!623!Z<,!@3.3!:==3=!68!623!
-8->0:6/85!8?!'2/5:A!_5!623!8623.!2:5=,!623!:48>56!8?!0:5=!>5=3.!7>06/C:6/85,!
@2/72!=370/53=!=>./5B!623!?:4/53!;3:.9,!.34:/53=!*1e!08@3.!62:5!/6!2:=!D335!
=>./5B!623!*+J1I9A!U;!623!4/=!*+]1I9!:C3.:B3!7:08./7!/56:F3!2:=!96/00!586!8C3.!
6:F35!623!-.3K?:4/53!03C30A!W86!>56/0!^.8?3998.!\:I9!6238./39!@3.3!O>/360;!->6!
/568!-.:76/73!=/=!623!D/.62!.:63!D3B/5!68!=370/53!:5=!-3.!7:-/6:!7:08./39!96:.6!68!
/57.3:93A!!
"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

89. Sec Liu Zheng, 1982. p.l5 and 1988, pp.364-5; see also Yu Ruxin, 1989, p.216

*
AN AVOIDABLE FAMINE?
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5:6>.:0!=/9:963.9I,!:5=,!/5/6/:00;!:6!03:96,!623!356/.3!D0:43!@:9!=/C/=3=!:04896!
3O>:00;!D36@335!?088=9,!=.8>B269!:5=!$>99/!:59A!%23.3!:.3!96/00!9843!@8.F9,!
.373560;!->D0/923=!8539!3C35,!@2/72!:=23.3!68!62/9!C/3@V!'235!l>3@3/,!?8.!
3P:4-03,!63009!>9!62:6H!!
c*+J+!68!*+L*!@3.3!;3:.9!8?!3P6.3430;!93C3.3!5:6>.:0!=/9!:963.9,!:5=!:6!623!
9:43!6/43!623!<8C/36!B8C3.54356!9>=!=350;!D.8F3!/69!7856.:769A!U37:>93!8?!
62/9,!8>.!78>56.;I9!378584;!3P-3./3573=!3P6.3430;!93C3.3!=/??/7>06/39!?.84!
*+J+!68!*+L*dA !!
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62:5!6@8!4/00/85!2376:.39!8?!0:5=!/5!M3.6:5,!M>D3/,!#52>/!:5=!<2:5P/!
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98>62A !!
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Q^:.6;!#??:/.9!$3-8.6S!.3-8.69,!/5!:5!:.6/703!85!cE:7/5B!_>.!\/96:F39!:5=!
(89939d,!c&5!9843!:.3:9!8?!623!78>56.;,!=/9:963.9!@3.3!623!4:/5!.3:985!Q?8.!
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03:=3.9!8?!623!G.3:6!(3:-,!7:003=!623!?:4/53!c%2.33!-:.69!5:6>.3!:5=!93C35!
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B8/5B!85r!&5!8.=3.!68!:59@3.!62/9!O>396/85,!g:53I9!D88F!088F9!:6!:!48.3!
.37356!=/9:963.!;3:.!/5!:!23:062/3.!7844>5/7:6/85!35C/.854356!&5!*+N1KN*,!
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9/6>:6/85!2:=!356/.30;!72:5B3=A!E/.96!:5=!?8.34896,!623!/5?8.4:6/85!536@8.F!
>-85!@2/72!623!<6:63!-0:553.9!=3-35=!2:=!D335!.3K396:D0/923=,!:5=!/6!@:9!
-899/D03!68!B36!:77>.:63!=:4:B3!:9939943569!?.84!623!^.8C/5739A!<3785=0;,!
623!B8C3.54356!8.B:5/9:6/859!@3.3!586!-:.:0;93=!D;!?:76/85:0!96.>BB039V!087:0K
03C30!8.B:5/9:6/859!78>0=!B36!.30/3?!@8.F!>5=3.@:;!@/628>6!2:C/5B!68!=3-35=!
85!623!>5.3:0/96/7!C/3@9!8?!2/B23.!8??/7/:09A!%23!:.4;!@:9!48D/0/93=,!:5=!3C35!
623!Z5/63=!W:6/859!a/9:963.!$30/3?!_.B:5/T:6/85!@:9!/5C/63=!68!935=!:!4/99/85A!
&563.396/5B0;,!0/6603!/563.5:6/85:0!:/=!@:9!537399:.;,!628>B2!8?!78>.93!/6!2:=!:!
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53:.!623!97:03!8?!623!3:.0/3.!853A!U>6!3C35!:!O>/7F!3P:4/5:6/85!8?!623!?:768.9!
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3P7>939,!?8.!/5:76/85!7:5!D3!?8>5=!/5!623!-3.C:9/C3!937.37;!@/62!@2/72!623!
:>628./6/39!3592.8>=3=!623!?:4/53!:5=!6235!/69!C/76/49A!!
)H9AA<C*"G=A=?O*22*9AC*-F<<C=?*=>*(A>=F?9I@=A
)H9AA<C*"G=A=?O* *9AC*-F<<C=?*=>*(A>=F?9I@=A!!
Y2;!=839!623!?:4/53!.34:/5!:5!>54356/85:D03!B:-!/5!.37356!2/968.;r!\:5;!
8?!'2/5:I9!7>..356!B353.:6/85!8?!935/8.!03:=3.9!K'235!i>5,!U8!i/D8,!(/!
l/:55/:5,!:5=!3C35!a35B!l/:8-/5B!K!-0:;3=!:5!2858>.:D03!.803!/5!6.;/5B!68!
4/6/B:63!623!3P739939!8?!623!(3:-!:5=!C/.6>:00;!:00!8?!6234!9>??3.3=!/5!/69!
:?63.4:62,!-:.6/7>0:.0;!=>./5B!623!.3-./9:0!8?!623!:56/K^35B!7:4-:/B5!/5!623!
'>06>.:0!$3C80>6/85A!%23!:6.87/6/39!8?!623!'>06>.:0!$3C80>6/85!:.3!73.6:/50;!@300K
:7F58@03=B3=!:5=!->D0/7/93=A!<8!@2;!=839!623!/4-899/D03!72:.:=3!8?!?:4/53!
78C3.K>-!7856/5>3!:?63.!62/.6;!;3:.9r!_53!'2/5393!97/356/96!3P-0:/59H!!
c%23!.3C80>6/85!@:9!4:=3!/5!623!5:43!8?!623!-88.,!@/62!623!:/4!8?!@/-/5B!8>6!
2>5B3.A!%35!;3:.9!8?!.3C80>6/85:.;!-8@3.,!:5=!6235!62.33!;3:.9!8?!63../D03!
?:4/53A!':5!;8>!6235!9:;!62:6!;8>.!.3C80>6/85!@:9!:!9>77399rd!!
</5808B/96!:5=!=348B.:-23.!g:53!2:9,!28@3C3.,!:!=/??3.356!C/3@A!%23!7356.:0!
-.3877>-:6/85!8?!g:53I9!@8.F!/9!586!73598.92/-!8.!3C35!2>4:5!./B269V!.:623.!
923!/9!78573.53=!@/62!28@!623!:5:0;6/7:0!78573-69!8?!3P72:5B3!356/60343569!
:.3!.3?.:763=!/5!:!7356.:00;!-0:553=!378584;!@2/72!93349!68!2:C3!
9>77399?>00;!:D80/923=!623!98.6!8?!`70:99KD:93=I!?:4/539!=397./D3=!D;!#4:.6;:!
<35!Q*+N*S!K850;!68!9>D96/6>63!:!5:6/85@/=3!?:4/53A!&6!/9!@8.62!.3-3:6/5B!23.!
78570>9/85!85!623!.803!8?!623!7356.:00;!-0:553=!378584;!/5!623!72/5393!
?:4/53H!!
c'356.:00;K-0:553=!378584/39!=8!2:C3!:!B.3:63.!-86356/:0!?8.!0/4/6/5B!623!
3??3769!8?!:!=/9:963.!62:5!8623.9V!:!2/B20;!3??/7/356!:=4/596.:6/85!/9!399356/:0!/5!
623!4:5:B34356!8?!:!-86356/:0!?:4/53V!:5=!D862!62393!?:768.9!4:;D3!?8>5=!
4896!8?635!/5!:!78>56.;!8.B:5/93=!:085B!987/:0/96!0/539!K!@2/72!4:;!:098!2:C3!
:!7844/64356!68!623!784485!B88=!@2/72!230-9!68!4/6/B:63!9>??3./5BA!<>72!
?:768.9!4:;!30/4/5:63!70:99KD:93=!?:4/539,!8.!62893!@2/72!:.3!0/4/63=!/5!
97:03A!&6!/9,!28@3C3.,!>50/F30;!62:6!623;!78>0=!356/.30;!:C3.6!=3:629!/5!:5;!0:.B3!
78>56.;!8.!.3B/85!8?!623!@8.0=!@2/72!/9!-88.,!2:9!:!-.37:./8>9!?88=!D:0:573!
:5=!0/4/63=!7844>5/7:6/859dA !!
"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

90. Chen Xuewei, 1989, p.74

91. See Kirby, 1961, p.217; also MacFarquhar, 1983, pp. 201, 322
92. Dangshi Wenhui. “Shiwu he Cuoze Zai Mianqian”. 1989, no. 1
93. Kane, 1985, p. 153

*
FAMINE IN THE FUTURE
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=3:629A!#0628>B2!8>.!/57843!03C30!2:9!D335!/4-.8C3=,!@3!2:C3!586!;36!980C3=!
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94. Source Cankao Ziliao (Study Materials), published by Kexueyuan Yanjiu Ketizu, May 1989

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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0/963=!/5!623!?88658639!D>6!586!23.3A!!
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!
Part 2: The Politics of Information
-+.(#"*(#*"4'(%)(+*+#5*$65+#*(#*4'"*/078$
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INTRODUCTION
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*
POLITICAL SENSITIVITY AND EXPEDIENCY
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"ACA=I<;!!
"ACA=I<;

1. Foreign Affairs Committee, 1 1984, pp. 22-3

2. Later that day, when Col. Mackay and his counterpart from Oxfam, Mr Michael Harris, went
to the BBC to be interviewed for the evening news, the BBC received a telephone call from
the House of Commons. The BBC were told that Col. Mackay had used an obscenity in his
recent meeting with the Foreign Affairs Committee. The BBC then asked Col. Mackay for an
undertaking that he would not use such language on a live television broadcast; if he could not
give such an undertaking, they would regretfully have to cancel the interview!

*
THREE FAMINES IN THE HORN OF AFRICA
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"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

3. Chambers, 1983, pp. 10-25.

4. Harrison and Palmer, 1986, pp.110-18.
5. In thisccontext, the ‘international community’ is a cartel of western nations with structural
grain surpluses. In the text which follows, relief agencies’ are those which work at field level;
‘aid donors’ are predominantly governments and those which fund relief agencies.

*
CASE STUDIES: NORTHERN ETHIOPIA 1982-5
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"ACA=I<;U

6. Mesfin 1986
7. RRC, 1984
8. Cutler, 1988, pp.365-7
9. Cutler, p. 362
10. Kent, 1987
11. Cutler, 1988, p.362.
12. Gill, 1986, p.44
13. Harrison and Palmer, 1986, p.2
14. Ambirajan, 1976, p.5. Similar attitudes were voiced with regard to the famine in Ireland in the
1840s.
15. RRC, 1985, p. 174
16. Dawit Wolde Giorgis, quoted in Index on Censorship, 1986, p. 17
17. Clapham, 1988, pp. 191-2
18. SWB, ME 7785, 27 October1984
19. SWB, ME 7787-9, 30 October - 1 November 1984
20. RRC, 1985, pp. 171-4
21. Cohen, 1987
22. Harrison and Palmer, 1986
23. Eg.: The Guardian, "Ethiopia faces killer drought"; The Times, “Ethiopian drought threatens
millions”; International Herald Tribune, “Relief official fears that thousands could die in
Ethiopian drought"; all on 17 February 1983
24. Dessalegn, 1987; Clapham, 1988, p. 169
25. RRC, 1985, pp. 180 and 231
26. Clapham, 1988, pp. 208-9
27. SWB ME 7788, 31 October 1984
28. Jansson, Harris and Penrose, 1987, pp. 25-6
29. Simon Winchester in the Sunday Times, 27th March 1983
30. "Oxfam Nurse says Ethiopia ‘Blackmails’ Refugees”, African Business, January 1986
31. “Oxfam Outlines its Approach in Ethiopia”, African Business, February 1986,
32. Sivini, 1986, p.235. The settlement site was chosen by Colonel Mengistu, during a helicopter
tour
33. Asmerom, 1989
34. Asmerom, 1989, p. 251

*
FURTHER FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA
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*
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4:63./:0/93A !!
"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

35. Brown, 1988

36. de Waal, 1989, pp.205-6
37. SWB, ME 7792, 5 November 1984
38. SWB, ME 7799, 13 Novcmber 1984
39. SWB, ME 7804, 19 November1984
40. Africa Economic Digest, 23 November 19S4
41. SWB, ME 7804, 19 November 1984
42. The Times, 21st December 1984
43. The first reports on western Sudan appeared in The Guardian on 22 February (Nick Cater) and
the Daily Telegraph on 23 February (Barry O’Brien)
44. de WaaI, 1989, pp 20-3, 195-6

*
FAMINE IN THE RED SEA HILLS
Y2/03!Z<#&a!@:9!.>92/5B!68!6.:59-8.6!.30/3?!?88=!:!628>9:5=!4/039!?.84!^8.6!
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96.:63B/7!78573.59!8?!623!<>=:5!B8C3.54356!:5=!623!Z<#A!!

*
SOUTHERN SUDAN 1986-9
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)5B0/92K0:5B>:B3!98>62!3.5K8./3563=!<>=:5!%/439!@3.3!-:.6/7>0:.0;!:76/C3!/5!
/5C396/B:6/5B!B8C3.54356!78..>-6/85!:5=!2>4:5!./B269!:D>939A!M8@3C3.,!62/9!
-.399!B:C3!0/6603!78C3.:B3!68!623!@:.!:5=!623!?:4/53,!?8.!:!5>4D3.!8?!.3:9859A!
_53!@:9!623!3P:4-03!8?!623!6.3:64356!8?!\/F3!g/085B!985!/5!*+NLV!?3@!
R8>.5:0/969!@3.3!-.3-:.3=!68!./9F!@2:6!23!2:=!35=>.3=A!#!93785=!.3:985!@:9!
=/??/7>06;!8?!:77399H!6.:C30!-3.4/69!@3.3!2:.=!68!8D6:/5!:5=!6.:59-8.6!/5!?:4/53!
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@/628>6!6./:0!/5!#>B>96!*+N+,!:5=!.34:/59!/5!=36356/85A!\896!/4-8.6:56,!
28@3C3.,!@:9!623!980/=:./6;!:5=!785?8.4/94!8?!623!4:/596.3:4!53@9-:-3.9!
@2/72!7:63.3=!?8.!:!.3:=/5B!->D0/7!/5!g2:.68>4!@28!7859/=3.3=!623!@:.!:5=!
?:4/53,!:6!@8.96,!:9!34D:..:99/5B!/../6:6/859A!E8.!3P:4-03,!623!:../C:0!8?!623!
6.:/5!?.84!#@3/0!/5!g2:.68>4,!7:..;/5B!/69!96:.C/5B!-:9935B3.9,!@:9!586!
.3-8.63=!/5!:!9/5B03!#.:D/7!53@9!-:-3.A!!
"ACA=I<;U!!
"ACA=I<;U

45. See: Raymond Bonner, A Reporter at Large: Famine New Yorker, 13 March 1989.
46. International Herald Tribune, 28 February 1986
47. Sheila Rule, “Khartoum Suspcctcd of Role in Raids on African Tribesmen”, International
Herald Tribune, 7 May 1986
48. Gill Lusk, “Appeal for Truce to Save Sudan Starving”, The Times, 14 June 1986
49. Kilongson, 1986, p17
50. Griffin, 1986
51. Technical Coord inating Committee, Khartoum, 15 December 1986
52. Africa Watch, 1990
53. Foreign Affairs Committee, 1988
54. Foreign Affairs Committee, 1988, p.40
55. Foreign Affairs Committee, 1988, p.90
56. United Nations, 1988

*
THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA: UNPREDICTABLE ALLIES
</573!623!3P-3./3573!8?!)62/8-/:!/5!_768D3.!*+Nf,!.30/3?!:B357/39!.3B:.=!623!
/563.5:6/85:0!-.399!:9!:!5:6>.:0!:00;!/5!623/.!96.>BB039!68!:66.:76!623!:66356/85!8?!
623!=858.9!68!:!?:4/53A!&5!623!/443=/:63!:?63.4:62!8?!U:5=!#/=!623!-.399!2:9!
-0:;3=!62/9!.803!:7.899!<:230/:5!#?./7:,!586:D0;!/5!@3963.5!<>=:5A!&5!)62/8-/:,!
623!-.399!2:9!7856/5>3=!68!B:0C:5/93!623!=858.9!85!D32:0?!8?!623!.30/3?!
:B357/39!85!93C3.:0!877:9/859,!586:D0;!/5!*+N]!:5=!*+N+A!M8@3C3.,!623!3PK
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4/B26!D3!7859/=3.3=!:!B.3:6!:9936!/5!08DD;/5B!=858.9H!623!:B357/39!78>0=!
62.3:635!68!6:F3!>5/0:63.:0!:76/85!68!3P-893!:!?:4/53!:5=!34D:..:99!623!
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>5=3.!0;/5B!-80/6/7:0!7:>939!8?!623!?:4/53A!!

*
CONCLUSION
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)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
#?./7:!Y:672,!Q*++1S!H"#2(#3,7+1*#,><'",K%#%+&,%-,Q(4(#3BN,@,K+.*#,?(3'/$,
H($*$/"&A!#?./7:!Y:672!$3-8.6,!ZgA!!
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/5!623!W/53633562!'356>.;,I!A%)+0*/(%#,7/+1("$,!h1A!!
#943.84,!gA!Q*+N+S!ca348B.:-2/7!'8593O>35739!8?!623!*+NfK*+NJ!
)62/8-/:5!E:4/53d,!H".%3&*)'25,eU,!J*JKXXA!!
U.8@5,!$A!Q*+NNS!c#!U:7FB.8>5=!W863!85!623!E/5:0!$8>5=!8?!)78584/7!
#>963./6;!\3:9>.39!&4-893=!D;!623!W>43/.;!$3B/43H!b>53!*+NfK\:.72!
*+NJ,d!/5!%A!U:.5366!:5=!#DD:9!#D=30!g:./.5!Q3=9AS!7+1*#N,7/*/",!*)(/*0,*#1,
<&*#$-%&.*/(%#5,Q(85=85,!'.884!M304SA!!
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