Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ASSESSMENT OF
CABLE BEHAVIOUR
DESIGN AND
FABRICATION
INSTALLATION
AND TUNING
RETROFITTING
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page2
A worldwide network
VSL provides solutions through its network of
locally-based subsidiaries who have access to
a strong common technical support structure.
Its clients work with a local partner while
benefiting from the constant development and
evolution of VSL’s technologies. VORTEX SHEDDING
Alternating asymmetrical vortex detachment induces a lift force perpendicular to the direction of the wind and
hence vibrations of the cable.
2 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page3
VSL SOLUTIONS
FOR VIBRATION CONTROL
Modelling of vibration effects Methods of controlling vibrations
Today’s recommendations for stay cables Modern cable-stayed structures have to VSL’s services:
issued by the various international bodies accommodate increased dynamic demands on • Stability risk analysis
require a project-specific assessment of the their cables. VSL’s response to this requirement • Proposal of mitigation measures,
dynamic effects. However, the mechanisms of includes use of the following devices: including provision of dampers
dynamic excitation are particularly complex • Estimation of the behaviour of the
phenomena and their reliable prediction is Helical ribs damper-equipped cables, taking into
difficult. VSL uses analytical tools that have The stay pipes of the VSL SSI 2000 cable are account excitation by aerodynamic effects
been developed in collaboration with supplied with helical ribs. Their shape and and structural coupling
internationally-renowned experts in the field. dimensions have been optimised and validated • Design, fabrication, workshop testing,
These tools simulate the cable’s response in wind tunnel tests for effective control of the supply and installation of a choice of two
under combined excitation effects while risk of rain-wind induced vibrations while different damping systems
applying different stability criteria that allow minimising the increase in wind drag. • Full integration of two different damper
estimation of the vibration risks and any types into the VSL SSI 2000 system either
additional damping required. Additional damping devices at the time of installation or for
VSL can therefore assist the designer in The most versatile means of controlling installation at a later stage (retrofitting)
assessing the risk of cable vibrations and can vibrations is to increase the structural • Retrofitting solutions for existing strand
propose suitable mitigation measures based damping ratio of the cable by installing and parallel wire cables
on a modular approach. additional damping devices. VSL offers two • Fine-tuning of damping devices after
types of dampers: the VSL Friction damper and installation to match the actual
the VSL Gensui damper. This permits selection characteristics of cable and structure
of the most appropriate damping behaviour to
suit the characteristics of each individual
cable. The VSL Gensui damper is further number of moveable parts. The two dampers
available in two grades, «Standard» and complement each other and allow
«High performance». implementation of the most appropriate
In addition to their high efficiency, the common solution, taking account of the characteristics
qualities of both damping systems are their of the stay cables, the types of critical
adaptability, their great durability and their low vibrations and the required performance. Both
maintenance costs, achieved by minimising the systems can be used on the same structure.
Simulation of cable amplitudes for an undamped cable
under parametric excitation
The required additional
damping ratio is
Testing defined for each
The behaviour of VSL Dampers and the structure on a case-by-
correlation of calculated and actual cable case basis and lies
oscillations have been verified in several typically below 1%.
full-scale tests. The effectiveness of the The achievable
damper can be assessed by measuring the damping ratio can be
cable acceleration over time and comparing defined as a function
the results with and without the damper. of x/L, where x is the
Validation of damper modelling position of the damper
in a laboratory test from the anchorage
relative to the cable
length L. The graph
above can be used to select the appropriate damper type depending on the achievable x/L.
The damper is typically located close to the deck anchorage for improved accessibility and
aesthetics. For special cases, an additional damper can be provided near the pylon anchorage.
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 3
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page4
Protective collar
The moving part of the damper connects
to the stay cable using a collar fitted with
a protective neoprene ring to ensure lasting
protection of the cable’s main tensile element.
4 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page5
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 5
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page6
High performance
and outstanding efficiency
The VSL Friction damper provides high
performance for critical cases or where the
damper has to be placed close to the deck
anchorage relative to the overall length
of the cable.
The required stiffness of the spring blades to Spring
generate the appropriate friction force depends
on the dynamic characteristics of the cable. blades
This allows easy adaptation to all cable sizes,
whether for a new installation or as part
of a retrofitting solution.
Unaffected by temperature
The damper’s insensitivity to temperature
changes results in friction characteristics that
are very stable throughout a wide temperature
range. The chosen materials ensure well-
controlled behaviour with no stick-slip effect at
the friction interface.
The force acting on the damper when it is This is a very efficient method for preventing
activated has initially to exceed the static excessive wear of the friction surfaces without
friction before the friction partners start affecting the damper’s performance.
moving relative to each other. Inspections of installed dampers after several
years of operation have clearly demonstrated
There is no movement of the damper arising this beneficial effect.
from the non-critical continuous vibration of
the cable with the small displacements that
traffic and other effects cause on every cable-
stayed structure.
Friction damper installed prior to covering
with anti-vandalism protection
6 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page7
T WORKS
Perfectly tuned for critical vibrations comfort of the user at the same time as having Efficient at all vibration modes
Various theoretical approaches have been an Eigen frequency close to that of the First mode modal component
developed in an attempt to estimate the structure. This brings the risk of coupling
achievable damping of a stay cable equipped effects between the structure and cable, which
with a damper installed near one anchorage. could prove catastrophic.
One result that is widely acknowledged shows
the existence of a limitation, and can be Activated only when needed
expressed as (Kovacs 1982): In addition to this outstanding performance, the
damper’s characteristics are particularly suited
or to stay cables. The initial effect of static friction
prevents activation of the damper under small
with x = damper distance to the closest amplitudes. This prevents unnecessary wear on
anchorage, L = cable free length, ξ is the the damper under vibrations that do not affect
additional damping ratio and δ is the the cable’s performance and that are considered
logarithmic decrement. perfectly acceptable while protecting at the same
However this approach does not consider the time the anchorage by filtering these movements. Second mode modal component
non-linearity of the friction damper. While they However, the VSL Friction damper achieves its
help to assess the overall performance of a maximum performance almost immediately once
damper system, it has been demonstrated in the cable vibration has reached a level that is
full-scale tests that these maximum ratios can critical for the cable or the structure to which the
be surpassed by certain dampers on individual damper has been tuned.
modes of a modal analysis. It achieves an extremely high damping ratio at
The VSL Friction damper is one of the few these critical amplitudes and dissipates the
dampers in the market that has achieved cable’s energy very efficiently to prevent any
damping ratios exceeding the theoretical further excitation and ensure that the cable
maximum values above. It has achieved an never reaches large amplitudes. These specific
efficiency of 130% on the first mode during characteristics make the VSL Friction damper
testing. The first mode is often considered the the perfect solution for any cable, but in
most critical mode as it can result in large particular for long cables on structures with a Third mode modal component
amplitudes and hence significantly affects the high risk of parametric excitation.
The example shows the calculated modal response of a specific stay cable
susceptible to rain-wind induced vibrations resulting in instability over a
typical 10min period. The same cable equipped with a VSL Friction damper
does not experience instability over the same period.
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 7
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page8
damping ξmax=x/(2L)
Ratio to maximal theoretical
damper and its compact body mean that it can
be positioned close to the deck anchorage and VSL Friction Damper
easily integrated into the anti-vandalism
protection near deck level. The result is an ] Various viscous dampers
available in the market
1% Amplitude of vibration
expressed as a ratio
of the cable length
Based on the high performance measured during several full-scale tests, the VSL Friction
damper can be considered amongst the most efficient passive damping devices for mitigation
The damper is fully integrated into the anti-vandalism cover .
of stay cable vibration (Cable Dynamic Symposium Vienna 2007, proceedings, Behavior
Comparison of Cable Dampers by Full-Scale Experiment, S.S. Ahn, J.H. Park, S.H. Lee, C.M. Park).
Performances have surpassed 100% of the theoretical maximum damping that can be provided
by a passive damping system to a stay cable.
8 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page9
T WORKS
Adjustable damping capacity
The contact force of the pads is controlled by
elastic deformation of the spring blades.
Varying the stiffness of the blades allows
adjustment of the damping characteristics for
each installation.
Indicative dimensions of the VSL Friction dampers, for each anchorage size in the VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system brochure
type L1 min DR* L1 min DS* L2** Ø1** Ø2 DR* Ø2 DS*
6-12 1500 900 200 430 219.1 x 6.3 177.8 x 4.5
6-19 1750 1200 200 450 267 x 6.3 219.1 x 6.3
6-22 1900 1350 220 470 298.5 x 6.3 219.1 x 6.3
6-31 2100 1550 220 505 323.9 x 6.3 244.5 x 6.3
6-37 2300 1750 250 545 355.6 x 6.3 273 x 6.3
6-43 2550 2000 250 585 406.4 x 8.8 323.9 x 7.1
6-55 2650 2050 250 610 419 x 10 323.9 x 7.1
6-61 2850 2250 280 630 419 x 10 355.6 x 8
6-73 3050 2450 300 650 508 x 11 406.4 x 8.8
6-85 3150 2600 300 680 508 x 11 406.4 x 8.8
6-91 3400 2800 300 700 559 x 12.5 457 x 10
6-109 3550 3000 400 730 559 x 12.5 457 x 10
6-127 3950 3350 400 740 610 x 12.5 508 x 11
Dimensions noted in millimetres. * DR refers to the use of adjustable anchorage at the damper location level, while DS refers to the use of fixed anchorage.
Other sizes available on request. ** These dimensions are given for indication only . They must be adapted according to specificities of the project.
For larger sizes please contact your local VSL representative.
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 9
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page10
Fixed support
connected to
guide pipe
10 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page11
WORKS
Independent of vibration mode Time-displacement curves as recorded during VSL Gensui damper testing
and amplitude
The behaviour of the VSL Gensui damper can First mode of vibration
be modelled as a combined device consisting
of a spring, a friction member and a viscous
element all contained in the HDR pad. This
makes the damping performance of the
VSL Gensui damper largely independent of the
vibration mode and the amplitude. The time-
displacement curves recorded from full-scale
tests clearly illustrate this behaviour.
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 11
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page12
12 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page13
WORKS
Highly deformable
The damper pads, including the interface
between the HDR and the mounting plates,
have been designed to accommodate large
deformations without damage. The dissipated
energy per shear cycle even increases with
increasing deformation. The maximum
permissible deformation is considerably in
excess of the actual movements occurring in
the damper. This results in very high durability Hysteresis of a VSL Gensui
damper «standard» pad under
and fatigue resistance. varying shear displacement
Indicative dimensions of the VSL Gensui dampers, for each anchorage size in the VSL SSI 2000 stay cable system brochure
type L1 min DR* L1 min DS* L2 Ø1** Ø2 DR* Ø2 DS*
6-12 1500 900 200 410 219.1 x 6.3 177.8 x 4.5
6-19 1750 1200 200 430 267 x 6.3 219.1 x 6.3
6-22 1900 1350 200 450 298.5 x 6.3 219.1 x 6.3
6-31 2100 1550 220 470 323.9 x 6.3 244.5 x 6.3
6-37 2300 1750 220 470 355.6 x 6.3 273 x 6.3
6-43 2550 2000 240 490 406.4 x 8.8 323.9 x 7.1
6-55 2650 2050 240 510 419 x 10 323.9 x 7.1
6-61 2850 2250 260 530 419 x 10 355.6 x 8
6-73 3050 2450 260 530 508 x 11 406.4 x 8.8
6-85 3150 2600 270 560 508 x 11 406.4 x 8.8
6-91 3400 2800 270 570 559 x 12.5 457 x 10
6-109 3550 3000 290 600 559 x 12.5 457 x 10
6-127 3950 3350 300 620 610 x 12.5 508 x 11
Dimensions noted in millimetres. * DR refers to the use of adjustable anchorage at the damper location level, while DS refers to the use of fixed anchorage.
Other sizes available on request. ** These dimensions are given for indication only . They must be adapted according to specificities of the project.
For larger sizes please contact your local VSL representative.
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 13
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:08 Page14
APPLICATIONS
Uddevalla Bridge, Sweden - 1998
Badajoz Bridge,
Spain - 1996
14 V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:09 Page15
Special
structures
Heavy lifting
REPAIR, STRENGTHENING
Formwork & & PRESERVATION
Equipment
36.25 Structural
3178.25 diagnostics
& Monitoring
V S L D A M P I N G S Y S T E M S F O R S T AY C A B L E S 15
Plaq Dampers(Bridges):Heavy Lifting 15/01/10 11:09 Page16
VSL LOCATIONS
www.vsl.com
Middle East /
Africa / UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
VSL Middle East LLC
DUBAI, UAE
EGYPT Phone: +971 4 885 7225
Matrix Engineering Company
Fax: +971 4 885 7226
CAIRO
Phone: +20 2 344 19 00
Fax: +20 2 346 04 57
Americas / Asia /
SOUTH AFRICA
Tsala-RMS Construction Solutions BRUNEI
ARGENTINA (Pty) Ltd Headquarters
VSL Sistemas Especiales de VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd.
JOHANNESBURG
Construcción Argentina SA VSL International Ltd. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Phone: +27 11 878 6820
BUENOS AIRES Phone: +673 2 380 153 / 381 827
Fax: +27 11 878 6821 Scheibenstrasse 70
Phone: +54 11 4326 06 09 Fax: +673 2 381 954
Fax: +54 11 4326 26 50 CH-3014 Bern
CHINA PRC PHILIPPINES
BOLIVIA Europe / Switzerland
Phone: +41 58 456 30 00
VSL (China) Engineering VSL Philippines Inc.
Postensados de Bolivia Corp., Ltd. PASIG CITY
SAN MIGUEL, LA PAZ AUSTRIA Fax: +41 58 456 30 95 HEFEI Phone/Fax: +632 672 13 95
Phone: +591 2 27 70 338 Grund-Pfahl- und Sonderbau Phone: +86 551 382 29 18
Fax: +591 2 27 96 183 GmbH Fax: +86 551 382 28 78 SINGAPORE
HIMBERG VSL Singapore Pte. Ltd.
CHILE Phone: +43 2235 87 777 PORTUGAL HONG KONG SINGAPORE
VSL Sistemas Especiales de Fax: +43 2235 86 561 VSL Sistemas Portugal VSL Hong Kong Ltd. Phone: +65 6559 12 22
Construcción S.A. Pre-Esforço, Equipamento CHAI WAN Fax: +65 6257 77 51
SANTIAGO CROATIA e Montagens S.A. Phone:+852 2590 22 88
Phone: +56 2 571 67 00
^
Tehnicki projekt d.o.o. PAÇO DE ARCOS Fax: +852 2590 02 90 TAIWAN
Fax: +56 2 571 67 01 ZAGREB Phone: +351 21 445 83 10 VSL Taiwan Ltd.
Phone: +385 1 4664 586 Fax: +351 21 444 63 77 Intrafor Hong Kong Ltd. TAIPEI
COLOMBIA Fax: +385 1 4664 549 CHAI WAN Phone: +886 2 2759 6819
VSL GEO Phone:+852 2836 31 12 Fax: +886 2 2759 6821
Sistemas Especiales de
Sistemas de Aplicação Fax: +852 2591 61 39
Construcción S.A.S CZECH REPUBLIC em Geotecnia SA THAILAND
BOGOTA VSL Systems (CZ) Ltd.
FT Laboratories Ltd.
PAÇO DE ARCOS VSL (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
Phone: +57 1 226 62 30 PRAGUE
Phone: + 351 21 445 83 10 PING CHE BANGKOK
Fax: +57 1 271 50 65 Phone: +420 2 51 09 16 80
Fax: + 351 21 445 83 28 Phone: +852 2758 48 61 Phone: +66 2 679 76 15 - 19
Fax: +420 2 51 09 16 99
Fax: +852 2758 89 62 Fax: +66 2 679 76 45
MEXICO SPAIN
VSL Corporation Mexico S.A de C.V FRANCE VIETNAM
MEXICO VSL France S.A.
CTT Stronghold INDIA
BARCELONA VSL India PVT Ltd. VSL Vietnam Ltd.
Phone: +52 55 55 11 20 36 LABÈGE
Phone: +34 93 289 23 30 CHENNAI HANOI
Fax: +52 55 55 11 40 03 Phone: +33 05 61 00 96 59
Fax: +34 93 289 23 31 Phone: +91 44 4225 11 11 Phone: +84 4 3976 5088
Fax: +33 05 61 00 96 62
Fax: +91 44 4225 10 10 Fax: +84 4 3976 5089
PERU VSL-SPAM, S.A.
Sistemas Especiales de Construcción GERMANY BARCELONA HO CHI MINH CITY
Peru S.A. VSL Systems GmbH INDONESIA
Phone: +34 93 846 70 07 PT VSL Indonesia Phone: +84 8 810 6817
LIMA BERLIN Fax: +34 93 846 51 97 Fax: +84 8 810 6818
Phone: +49 30 530 28 06-0 JAKARTA
Phone: +51 1 349 38 38
Fax: +51 1 348 28 78 Fax: +49 30 530 28 06-99 SWEDEN Phone: +62 21 570 07 86
Internordisk Spännarmering AB Fax: +62 21 573 75 57
UNITED STATES GREAT BRITAIN VÄSTERHANINGE Australia /
VStructural LLC VSL Systems (UK) Ltd. Phone: +46 10 448 74 29 JAPAN
BEDFORDSHIRE VSL Japan Corporation
BALTIMORE, MD Fax: +46 8 753 49 73
TOKYO VSL Australia Pty. Ltd.
Phone: +1 410 850 7000 Phone: +41 58 456 30 30 NEW SOUTH WALES
Fax: +1 410 850 4111 Fax: +41 58 456 30 35 SWITZERLAND Phone: +81 3 3346 8913
Phone: +61 2 9484 5944
VSL (Switzerland) Ltd. Fax: +81 3 3345 9153
Fax: +61 2 9875 3894
VENEZUELA NETHERLANDS SUBINGEN
Gestión de Obras
Heijmans Beton en Waterbouw B.V. Phone: +41 58 456 30 30 KOREA QUEENSLAND
ROSMALEN Fax: +41 58 456 30 35 VSL Korea Co. Ltd. Phone: +61 7 3265 64 00
y Construcciones C.A.
Phone: +31 73 543 66 02 SEOUL Fax: +61 7 3265 75 34
CARACAS
Fax: +31 73 543 66 11 VSL (Suisse) SA Phone: +82 2 553 8200
Phone/Fax: +58 212 941 86 75 VICTORIA
SAINT LEGIER Fax: +82 2 553 8255
NORWAY Phone: +41 58 456 30 00 Phone: +61 3 979 503 66
Spennarmering Norge AS Fax: +41 58 456 30 95 MALAYSIA Fax: +61 3 979 505 47
RUD VSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Phone: +47 98 21 02 66 TURKEY SOUTH AUSTRALIA
KUALA LUMPUR
Fax: +47 67 17 30 01 Mega Yapi Construction & Phone: +61 8 8354 4884
Phone: +603 7981 47 42
Trade Co. Ltd Fax: +61 8 8354 4883
Fax: +603 7981 84 22
ANKARA TASMANIA
Phone: +90 312 490 90 66 Phone: +61 3 6225 3567
Fax: +90 312 490 90 55 Fax: +61 3 6225 2226
PERTH
Phone/Fax: +61 8 9523 4686