Wireless and Mobile Communications

Basic Propagation Mechanism

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Propagation Effects

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Free Space Attenuation

Isotropic Radiator: hypothetic point source which radiates with the same power in any direction (no losses)

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Free Space Attenuation

Free Space loss

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Reflection: Two Path Model

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Scattering

Wireless and Mobile Communications

Diffraction
Occurs at objects which are in order of the wavelength Radio waves are "bent" around objects Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss

Wireless and Mobile Communications

10

Diffraction

Diffraction is caused by the propagation of secondary wavelets into shadowed region

Wireless and Mobile Communications

11

Diffraction

Wireless and Mobile Communications

12

Continue..
Excess Path Length

fresnel-Kirchoffs diffraction parameter

Wireless and Mobile Communications

13

Fresnel Zone

Wireless and Mobile Communications

14

Continue..
Regions where secondary waves have a path length of n/2 grater than the total path length of a LOS path

Radius of nth Fresnel zone is

Wireless and Mobile Communications

15

Wireless and Mobile Communications

16

Wireless and Mobile Communications

17

Knife Edge Diffraction

Wireless and Mobile Communications

18

Knife Edge Diffraction

Wireless and Mobile Communications

19

Multiple Obstacle

Wireless and Mobile Communications

20

Analysis of Path Loss

The average received power in a mobile channel decreased logarithmically with distance in both indoor and outdoor channel. So, the average large scale path loss for a TX and RX will be

or

Wireless and Mobile Communications

21

Continued.

Wireless and Mobile Communications

22

Shadowing
Accounts for random variations in received power observed over distances Extra transmit power (a fading margin) must be provided to compensate for these fades

Wireless and Mobile Communications

23

Local Average Power Measurements

Take power measurements in Watts as the antenna is moved in a on the order of a few wavelengths Average these measurements to give a local average power measurement

Wireless and Mobile Communications

24

Wireless and Mobile Communications

25

Likelihood of Coverage
At a certain distance, d, what probability that the local average received power is below or above a certain threshold ?

Wireless and Mobile Communications

26

Q Function
If X is a Gaussian RV with mean and standard deviation , then

Where Q Function is defined as

Wireless and Mobile Communications

27

Wireless and Mobile Communications

28

Outdoor Propagation Models

Longley Rice Model
Outdoor model for 40MHz to 100GHz Path Geometry of the terrain Refractivity of the troposphere Fresnel diffraction loss for diffraction Operates in two mode Point to point mode Area mode

No correction for environmental factors

Wireless and Mobile Communications

29

Okumura Model

Wireless and Mobile Communications

30

Wireless and Mobile Communications

31

Hata Model

Correction factor for effective antenna height. For a large city

Wireless and Mobile Communications

32

Indoor Propagation Model

Modeling a mobile channel for indoor environment is different from outdoor Distance covered are very small Large variability of signal for very small separation between TX and RX Indoor Models strongly depends on Building layout Construction Materials etc Indoor mobile channel is mainly classified as LOS or Obstructed

Wireless and Mobile Communications

33

Attenuation Factor Model

Model for average power on same floor

For multiple floors

Wireless and Mobile Communications

34

Wireless and Mobile Communications

35

Wireless and Mobile Communications

36

Wireless and Mobile Communications

37

Wireless and Mobile Communications

38

Wireless and Mobile Communications

39