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Dr. Ivan Sutherland from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 and marketed in 1964. Most products created now are designed and drawn using computer aided design system. This system enables creation of quality products quickly and economically. The development in CAD system had contributed to the rapid development in many fields making CAD the choice of engineers and designers. 1.1 Identifying CAD System Equipment The two methods in creating engineering drawings are manual drawings and the CAD drawings. The equipments in a CAD system include input and output, processing and storage devices. The input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner and roller ball. The output devices are monitor, printer and plotter. The storage devices include hard disk, diskette and CD. 1.2 Using Personal Computer A Personal computer set is comprised of several devices such as processor, input and output devices. These devices can be used as a workstation for drawing and designing. (a) Input Devices A CAD system may use one or more combination of input devices to create a drawing on monitor screen. This device is used as a command and data insertion source. The keyboard, mouse and scanner are the typical input devices. A keyboard has alphabets, numbers and symbols keys. The cursor movement is typically controlled by the mouse. A mouse is an input device either of the mechanical or optical type. It requires a mouse pad too for easy movement. On top of the mouse, there are two or three control buttons for position and command selection. (b) Output Devices Engineering drawing produced using the AutoCAD software can be printed using output devices such as a printer or plotter. Printer
i-
A printer is able to print an A4 or A3 drawing in colour or in black and white. The most commonly used printers are the laser and bubble jet printers. iiPlotter A plotter is used to print A4 to A0 sized drawings. There are different types of plotters including pen, electrostatic, microgrip and the most recent technology, the laser plotters. (c) Central Processing Unit A processing device is the unit or system, which processes all incoming information or data. The minimum requirement for the AutoCAD software is a computer with a high processing power, graphics card and at least a serial port and digitizer. (d) Display Device A display device is the user interface device for CAD users. It is here the drawing information and designs are displayed. The user draws by inserting information such as numbers, alphabets, symbols and lines by using input devices such as mouse and keyboard. Storage Devices A CAD drawing can be stored in storage devices such as hard disk, diskette and compact disk (CD). The file size of a CAD file can be compressed by using the ZIP software. Advantages of CAD System
(e)
1.3
Drawing editing and modifications can be done easily and quickly. Copies of the same drawing can be duplicated without sacrificing image quality. Created drawings are more neat, precise and sharp. Drawings can be plotted quickly in different scales and colours. Drawings can be stored in hard disk, floppy or compact disks. 1.4 AutoCAD Software and Its Functions
In several years, AutoCAD has changed from a DOS based application to a windows based program. The AutoCAD 2000 continues this trend by presenting new features, which makes drawing easier and more effective. The AutoCAD release 12, 13 and 14 and AutoCAD 2000 are programs for Windows 95, 98, XP and NT and there are no longer versions for DOS or UNIX. By concentrating on a single system handler, AutoDesk was able to create a faster and more efficient AutoCAD. The AutoCAD 2000 presents an efficient environment with multi windows tasks. Using windows, a user has the freedom to arrange AutoCAD display by clicking and moving individual components.
2.0
OPERATING SYSTEM
This second unit is to introduce the steps on how to start a new drawing using the AutoCAD software. After you have finish drawing, you can save your work by following a few options. All the saved files can be opened for editing.
2.1
To begin a new drawing file, you must set up a drawing in the create new drawing dialog box. (Refer to Figure 2.1.2)
2.1.1 Using the Start from Scratch One quick way you can use to set up your drawing is to start from scratch. You will create a new drawing based on the Imperial (English) or metric (Metric) measurement system. (Refer to Figure 2.1.3) English - The drawing limit is 12 x 9 inches. Metric The default drawing boundary is 429 x 297 millimeters.
Normally, when you choose this way the AutoCAD drawing file will show a default setting for a sheet of paper 12 units by 9 units and four place decimal precision.
2.1.2 Using the Template Click the button which is on the right side of the Start from Scratch button to display the Use a Template edit box. Figure 2.1.4 shows the Use a Template dialog box. This method is used to get a template file and design standard drawing sheet sizes. Associated to each template file is a corresponding title block that is displayed in the Preview area. You may scroll through the various template files and get a glimpse of the title block tied to the template file.
2.1.3 Using the Setup Wizard A setup wizard establishes the basic drawing setting step by step. You have two wizard options to help you set up a drawing (Refer to Figure 2.1.5).
Using the Quick Setup Wizard In quick setup wizard dialog box you can set units of measurement, precision of displayed units and the grid limits or area. Figure 2.1.6 shows a dialog box with the units displayed.
In this dialog box there are five units of measurements available, namely Decimal, Engineering, Architectural, Fractional and Scientific. Normally for civil CADD subject you will use the decimal measurement. After that, click Next > for setup area or paper size (Refer to Figure 2.1.7).
In this dialog box you will put the value for Width and Length of the paper size area. When the setting of the drawing unit and area is completed, click the Finish button. Using the Advanced Setup Wizard. You can set units of measurement, precision of displayed units and grid limits in the advanced setup dialog box. It also establishes the angle settings such as units of measurement style, precision, direction and orientation. The first step is you have to setup the unit in the advanced setup dialog box. In the advanced setup, to setup the unit you must set a precision for the unit that you have you chosen. The sample unit image will be previewed for your reference (Refer to Figure 2.1.8)
After setting the unit, click Next > to setup the angle (Refer to Figure 2.1.9). In this step you will setup the angle select the precision. There are five options of angle measurement which include the Decimal Degrees, Deg/Min/Sec, Grads, Radians and Surveyors. A sample of angle measurement will be displayed.
After hat, click Next > for setup angle measure (Refer to Figure 2.1.10). In this step the advanced setup dialog box will display how the angle is measured in the drawing. By default, angles are measured starting with East for an angle of 0. Normally, in civil drawing we use North as a 0 angle.
The fourth step of the advanced setup dialog box deals with Angle Direction. As noted in Figure 2.1.8, all angles are by default measured in the counterclockwise direction. Use the dialog box illustrated in Figure 2.1.11 to change from counterclockwise measurement of angles to clockwise angular measurements.
After changing the angle, click Next >. The last step of the advanced setup dialog box needs you to change the area of drawing. This method is similar to the quick setup dialog box. After that click Finish to display a setup drawing. 2.1.4 Save a Drawing After you finish a drawing, you will have to save the drawing files for later use. You can save the drawing at anytime using any of the save command. AutoCAD provides automatic saving, backup files, and other options for saving. To save a drawing from the file menu;
1. save. From the File menu, choose
2. In the Save Drawing As dialog box under File Name, enter the new drawing name; the file extension is not required. Then choose Save. Figure 2.1.12 shows the Save Drawing As dialog box.
Figure 2.1.12 - Save Drawing As dialog box. To save a drawing automatically; 1. From the Tools Menu, choose options.
To Open an existing drawing from the File Menu 1. From the File menu, choose Open.
2.
In the Select File dialog box in Figure 2.2.2, select one or more files and choose Open.
2.2.2 Find a Drawing File You can also use the Find dialog box to search for a drawing using the name, location and date filters. You can click the Find file button at the right side as shown in Figure 2.2.2. For
example, you could search for the specific network location for line type (LIN) files which was updated within the last ten days. And then Figure 2.2.3 displays.
To search for files From the File Menu, choose Open. In the Select File dialog box, choose Tools Find. In the Find dialog box, on the Name and Location tab, specify a file type, file name and path. On the Date Modified tab, choose All Files, or choose Find All Files Created or Modified to specify a date filter. Choose Find Now. Select one or more files from the search result and choose OK. In the Select File dialog box, choose Open.
3.0 DRAW COMMAND Draw commands create objects. An object is the smallest component of a drawing. The draw commands listed immediately below create simple objects and are discussed in this unit. Simple objects appear as one entity. Line, Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Pline, Polygon, Donut Normally, there are three methods that can be used to access draw commands. We can use either the draw toolbar, command window or pull-down menu ( Figure 3.0.1 ).
Draw Toolbar
Pull-Down Menu
Command Window
Figure 3.0.1
Bar
Toolbar
Command Window
Figure 3.1.1
When you initiate the Line command, AutoCAD requests you to specify a From point (starting point) and To Point (ending point). These requests are displayed in the Command Window. Most Command requires a few steps to complete. The Command Window tells you which step you are currently at. The Command Window also displays the option available to you for each of the command that you initiate.
i. By using the mouse to point to the location and clicking the left mouse button. ii. By using the Command Line and entering the coordinates of the point (coordinates x, coordinates y). There are 3 ways of specifying a To Point : i. By using the mouse to point to the location and clicking the left mouse button. ii. By using the Command Line and entering the coordinates of the point (coordinates x, coordinates y). iii. By using the Command Line and entering the length of the line, and the angle of the line in relation to the From Point ( @ length < angle ). There are several methods to draw lines. They are:
a) Absolute coordinates
Figure 3.1.2
Every data entry must be validated by null response (enter or space bar)
b)
Relative coordinates
The format to use is as follows : @ add coordinates x, @ add coordinates y The ampersand ( @ ) are used to denote the location ( last point ). Example ( Figure 3.1.3 );
Command P1 To point P2 To point P3 To point P4 To point P1 = P5 : : : : LINE From point : pick @50,0 @0,50 @-50,0 : c ( key-board = c )
Figure 3.1.3
c) Relative polar coordinates The format to use is as follows : @ length < angle The ampersand ( @ ) and the LessThan ( < ) are used to denote the location and the angle components respectively.
180o 135o
90o
45o
0o
225o
270o
315o
: : : :
Figure 3.1.4
Figure 3.1.5
The CLOSE option ( key-board : c ) closes a polygon ( minimum of three sides ) when all segments are drawn in the same command sequence.
Figure 3.1.6
b. UNDO The UNDO option (key-board: u) allows the user to undo the last segment drawn without ending the command procedure. Example ;
Command : P1 To point P2 To point P3 To point back to P2 To point P3 To point P4 To point P1 = P5 : : : : u ( key-board = u ) @50<90 @50 <180 @50<270 ( or close ) : @50<0 : @50<0 LINE From point : 50,50
Figure 3.1.7
3.2 DRAWING CIRCLE The CIRCLE command has many options, which include center, radius, center, diameter; two points; three points; tangent, tangent, radius; tangent, tangent, tangent.
There are three ways of initiating the Circle Command ( Figure 3.2.1 ). They are:
Menu Bar
Toolbar
Command Window
Figure 3.2.1
You can create Circle objects using several methods. These methods are embedded within the Circle Command itself in the form of Command Options. These command options are listed in the sub-menu when you select Draw | Circle on the menu bar. The Circle command options are :
i. Center and Radius
This is the classical method. The first point defines the center of the circle, the second one the radius. Example ( Figure 3.2.2) ;
Command : _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr(tan tan radius) pick Specify Diameter radius of circle or [Radius] : r Specify radius of circle Radius / <Diameter> : 20 Specifying the Center Point of the circle : i. By using the mouse to point to the location and clicking the left mouse button ii. By using the command Line and entering the coordinates of the point in the x, y format Specifying the Radius of the circle : i. By using the mouse to point and left click at the location of the edge of the circle ii. Enter the coordinates of the edge of the circle at the Command Line prompt. iii. Enter the radius length and angle value in the @ length < angle format at the Command Line prompt. This method is superfluous because the length (value) of the radius is constant through all angle values. iv. Enter the value of the radius at the Command Line prompt. If you want to use the previous radius value, you just press the Enter key, or else, you would have to specify the new radius
b.
After the center for the circle has been defined, the diameter can be given. Example( Figure 3.2.3 ) ;
Command : _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr(tan tan radius) pick Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] : d Specify diameter of circle Diameter / <Radius> : 40 When you specify the diameter of the circle, it would draw a circle with radius half the length of the diameter.
Figure 3.2.2
c. 2 Points ( 2P )
Figure 3.2.3
With this option, the user can specify two points constituting the endpoints for the diameter of the circle. Example ( Figure 3.2.4 ) ;
Command : CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)] : 2P Specify first end point of circle's diameter : pick 1 P1 Specify second end point of circle's diameter : pick 2 P2
P2
P1
P2
P1
P3
Figure 3.2.4
Figure 3.2.5
d. 3 Points ( 3P ) This option allows the user to define the circle by specifying three points on its circumference. Example ( Figure 3.2.5 ) ;
Command : CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)] : 3P Specify first end point of circle's diameter : pick 1 P1
Specify second end point of circle's diameter : pick 2 P2 Specify third end point of circle's diameter : pick 2 P3
e. Tangent, Tangent And Radius ( TTR ) This allows the user to define two tangential points, and then the radius of the circle. Tangent-Tangent-Radius Mode - Method # 1: This mode is very powerful when constructing a circle tangent to two entities. Illustrated below is an application on the use of the TTR mode to construct a circle tangent to two line segments. Study the prompt below to create this type of circle. Example ( Figure 3.2.6 ) ;
Command: CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)] : TTR Specify point on object for first tangent of circle : pick 1 P1 Specify point on object for second tangent of circle : pick 2 P2 Specify radius of circle : 40
P2 P1
R40
Figure 3.2.6
Tangent-Tangent-Radius Mode : Method # 2: Illustrated below is an application of using the Circle TTR mode to construct a circle tangent to the line segment on another circle. Study the prompt below to create this type of circle. Example ( Figure 3.2.7 ) ;
Command: CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)] : TTR Specify point on object for first tangent of circle : pick 1 P1 Specify point on object for second tangent of circle : pick 2 P2 Specify radius of circle : 40
P2 P1
R40
Figure 3.2.7
Tangent-Tangent-Radius Mode : Method # 3:
Illustrated below is an application on the use of Circle TTR mode to construct a circle tangent to another two circles. Study the prompt below to create these these types of circles.
Example ( Figure 3.2.8 ) ;
Command: CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)] : TTR Specify point on object for first tangent of circle : pick 1 P1 Specify point on object for second tangent of circle : pick 2 P2 Specify radius of circle : 20
R20 P1
P2
Figure 3.2.8
Bar
on
Window
Figure 3.3.1
You can create Arc objects using several methods. These methods are embedded within the Arc Command itself in the form of Command Option, which are listed in the sub-menu when you select Draw | Arc on the menu bar. The Arc command options are :
a. 3 Points With this method, three points define the Start point of the arc, a Second point that the arc passes through, and the arcs Endpoint. Example ( Figure 3.3.2 ) ;
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center] : pick 1 1 Specify second point of arc or [Center/End] : pick 2 2 Specify end point of arc : pick 3 3 You may use the keyboard and specify the coordinates, or you may use the mouse to defining any of these 3 points. 3P
Figure 3.3.2
b. Start Point, Center, End Point ( S, C, E ) Center refers to the Center point of the circle of which the arc is a part. Example( Figure 3.3.3 ) ;
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center] : pick 1 ( start ) Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _c Specify center point of arc: pick 2 ( center ) Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length] : A ( end ) Specify included angle : 90 SCE SCA
Figure 3.3.3
Figure 3.3.4
c. Start Point, Center, Included Angle ( S, C, A ) Requires specifying the Start point and the Center of the arc first, and then specifying the Included Angle. Example( Figure 3.3.4 ) ;
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center] : pick 1 ( start ) Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _c Specify center point of arc : pick 1 ( center ) Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: _a Specify included angle : 270 ( angle )
d. Start Point, Center, Length Of Chord ( S, C, L ) Requires specifying the Start point and the Center of the arc first, and then specifying the Length of chord. Example ( Figure 3.3.5);
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center] : pick 1 A Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _c Specify center point of arc : pick 2 B Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: _l Specify length of chord: 2.5 SCL
Figure 3.3.5
e. Start Point, End Point, Radius ( S, E, R ) Allows specifying both the Start and the End point of the arc. The arc will automatically be calculated when you specify the included radius. Example( 3.3.6 );
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center] : pick 1 A Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: e Specify end point of arc : pick 2 B Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: _r Specify radius of arc: 1 SER
Figure 3.3.6
f. Start Point, End Point, Included Angle ( S, E, A ) Requires specifying the Start point and the End point of the arc first, and then specifying the included angle. Example( 3.3.7 ) ;
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center] : pick A Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: e Specify end point of arc : pick B Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Length of Chord/<Endpoint>]: Angle Included angle: 90 SEA 1 2
Figure 3.3.7
g. Start Point, End Point, Starting Direction ( S, E, D ) The direction is tangent to the start point.
SED
Figure 3.3.8
h. Center, Start Point, End Point ( C, S, E ) The options include start, center, end but the are not in the same order.
start center
end
Figure 3.3.9
i. Center, Start Point, Included Angle ( C, S, A ) However, they are not in the same The options include start, center, angle. order.
angle
start center
Figure 3.3.10
d. Center, Start Point, Length Of Chord ( C, S, L ) This is similar to the start, center and length option but not in the same order. Length means length of chord.
center start
Length
Figure 3.3.11
Bar
on
Window
Figure 3.4.1
An Ellipse is one object. There are three methods of creating Ellipse In AutoCAD.: i. Specify one axis and the end of the second
ii. iii.
Specify the center and the ends of each axis Create an ellipse arc
The Ellipse command options are : a. Axis End This default option requires Picking three points as indicated in the command sequence above.
Figure 3.4.2
b. Rotation If the rotation option is used with the Axis End method, the following syntax is used:
<Other axis distance>/Rotation : R Rotation around major axis : Pick or (value)
Rotation = 45
Figure 3.4.3
The specified angle is the number of degrees the shape is rotated from the circular position.
c. Center With many practical applications, the center point of the ellipse is known, and therefore the center option should be used.
Command : ellipse Arc/Center/<Axis endpoint1> : C Center of ellipse : Pick or (coordinates) Axis endpoint : Pick or (coordinates) <Other axis distance>/Rotation : Pick or (coordinates) ( This distance is measured perpendicularly from the established axis )
The Rotation option appear and can be invoked after specifying the Center first Axis endpoint.
Figure 3.4.4 d. Arc Use this option to construct an elliptical arc (partial ellipse). The procedure is identical to the Center option with the addition of specifying the start and endpoint for the arc.
Command : ellipse Arc/Center/<Axis endpoint 1>: a <Axis endpoint 1>/center : pick or (coordinates) Axis endpoint 2 : pick or (coordinates) <Other axis distance>/Rotation : pick or (coordinates) Parameter/<start angle>: Pick or (angular value) Parameter/Included/<end angle> : Pick or (angular value)
Figure 3.4.5
The ELLIPSE command approximates an ellipse by drawing a polyline composed of short arc segments.
a. Ellipse by axis and eccentricity
P1
P1
P2
Figure 3.4.8
P1
P2
Figure 3.4.9
( Mark a point at A ) Width ( ( ( ( ( Mark a point at B) Mark a point at C) Mark a point at D) Mark a point at E) Strike Enter to exit this
C B A
The four segment represent one polyline entity.
D E
Figure 3.5.1
of of of of of of
Figure 3.5.2
3.6 DRAWING POLYGON The polygon command is used to construct a regular polygon. Polygons are defined by the radius of circle which classifies the polygon as either being inscribed or circumscribed. Polygons consist of a closed polyline entity with width set to zero. The following prompt sequence is used to construct an inscribed polygon with the illustration as a guide.
Example ( Figure 3.6.1 ) ;
Command : Polygon Number of sides : 6 Edge/<Center of polygon>: ( Select a point at A ) Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle ( I/C ) : Inscribed Radius of circle : 1.00
Figure 3.6.1
The following prompt sequence is used to construct a circumscribed polygon with the illustration as a guide.
Example ( Figure 3.6.2 ) ;
Command : Polygon Number of sides : 6 Edge/<Center of polygon>: ( Select a point at A ) Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle ( I/C ) : Circumscribed Radius of circle : 1.00
Figure 3.6.2
A polygon may be specified by locating the endpoints of one of its edges. The polygon is then drawn in a counterclockwise direction. Study the illustration and the prompt sequence below for constructing a polygon by one of its edges.
Example ( Figure 3.6.3 ) ;
Command : Polygon Number of sides : 6 Edge/<Center of polygon> : Edge First endpoint of edge : ( Select a point at A) Second endpoint of edge : ( Select a point at B )
Figure 3.6.3
3.7 DRAWING DONUT Use the Donut command to construct a filled-in circle. This entity actually resembles a polyline. The illustration below is an examples of a donut with an inside diameter of 0.50 units and an outside diameter of 1.00 units. When placing Donut in a drawing, the multiple option is automatically invoked. This means you can place as many donuts as you like until another command is selected from one of the three menu areas or a Cancel or CTRL-C is issued.
Example ( Figure 3.7.1 ) ;
Command : Donut Inside Diameter<0.50> : ( Strike Enter to accept the default ) Outside Diameter<1.00> : ( Strike Enter to accept the default ) Center of donut : ( Select a point to place the donut ) Center of donut : ( Select a point to place the donut or strike Enter to exit this command )
0.50
1.00
Figure 3.7.1
Set the inside diameter of a donut to a value of zero ( 0 ) and an outside diameter to any other values to construct which is represented by dot.
Command : Donut Inside Diameter<0.50> : 0 Outside Diameter<1.00> : 0.25 Center of donut : ( Select a point to place the donut ) Center of donut : ( Select a point to place the donut or strike Enter to exit this command )
3.8
DRAWING SOLID
The Solid command allows the user to create a fill in area of quadrilateral or triangular shapes. Two endpoints or intersections are picked as a starting edge of the solid. Two additional endpoints or intersections complete the opposite edge of the solid. Study the following prompt sequence and the illustration for creating a solid.
Example ( Figure 3.8.1 ) ;
Command : Solid First point : ( Select the intersection at A ) Second point : (Select the intersection at B ) Third point : ( Select the intersection at C ) Fourth point : ( Select the intersection at D ) Third point : ( Strike Enter to exit this command )
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Figure 3.8.1
It is important to note how the second solid edge is selected. Instead of the third point being selected diagonally from the second point as in the illustration, it was selected adjacent to the second point. This created the hourglass shape familiar to first-time users of the Solid Command.
Example ( Figure 3.8.2 ) ;
Command : Solid First point : ( Select the intersection at A ) Second point : (Select the intersection at B ) Third point : ( Select the intersection at C ) Fourth point : ( Select the intersection at D ) Third point : ( Strike Enter to exit this command )
(A)
(B)
(D)
(C)
Figure 3.8.2
Solid edges may be continuously selected as in the illustration below. The key is that the third point is picked opposite or diagonally from the second point. Follow the prompt sequence below to create this type of multiple solid.
Example ( Figure 3.8.3 ) ;
Command : Solid First point : ( Select the intersection at A ) Second point : (Select the intersection at B ) Third point : ( Select the intersection at C ) Fourth point : ( Select the intersection at D ) Third point : ( Select the intersection at E ) Fourth point : ( Select the intersection at F ) Third point : ( Select the intersection at G ) Fourth point : ( Select the intersection at H ) Third point : ( Strike Enter to exit this command )
(C)
(E)
(A)
(D) (F)
(A) (A)
(A)
(B)
(H)
(G)
Figure 3.8.3