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Space System Design, MAE 342, Princeton University Robert Stengel Antenna characteristics Power transmission and reception Signals, information, and noise Analog and digital modulation Communication link budgets
"S % C (bits /s) = W log 2 $ + 1' #N &
Copyright 2008 by Robert Stengel. All rights reserved. For educational use only. http://www.princeton.edu/~stengel/MAE342.html
Antenna Gain
Isotropic (uniform) radiation of power, P, from the center of a sphere of radius, r Power per unit area (power density) of the sphere!s surface
p = P 4 "r 2
Power received from isotropic radiator over area, S
PS = Sp
Power received over area, S, if all power is focused uniformly on that area by antenna with gain, G
PS = GSpS = P
Power density in S with idealized focused antenna
pS = P GS
!
Idealized antenna gain
G=
P 4 "r = SpS S
!
!
Communications Geometry
Ground station communication and tracking limited by its minimum elevation angle, ! Fixed (non-steerable) antenna must have sufcient beamwidth to transmit or receive Antenna gains and radiated power must be adequate, given slant range and noise environment
Beamwidth Coverage
Broad or narrow coverage may be desired
Geff
4 "Aeff = #2
Gt Pt Ar 4 "r 2
Pr = pr Ar =
Beamwidth of reector antenna
pr = power density at receiving antenna Ar = effective area of receiving antenna Gt = gain of transmitting antenna Pt = transmitted power r = distance between transmitting antenna and receiving antenna
Power ratio
Antenna Characteristics
Gain(dBi) = 10log
Conical log spiral antenna
DSCS-3
"P % 10log10 $ r '(dB) = Gt (dB) + 10log10 Ar (dB) (10log10 4 ) (dB) ( 20log10 r(dB) # Pt &
Receiver Noise
Noise power and temperature Pn = kTW (watts)
T = 290(10 NF(dB )/10 "1) = 290( F "1)
Pd = Pr + Pn
N o = Pn /W = kT(watts /Hz)
k = Boltzmann' s constant = 1.38 "10#23 w # s /K T = effective receiver temperature,K W = bandwidth,Hz NF = receiver noise figure F = receiver noise factor
Noise sources
Receiver thermal and front end noise Atmospheric, cosmic, solar, and man-made noise
or 1 f n
Cosmic and Atmospheric Noise
!
!
Channel capacity "! + N % S C (bits /s) = W log 2 $ ' # N & "S % = W log 2 $ + 1' #N &
W = bandwidth,Hz
!
Information Bandwidth
Low-frequency information signal superimposed on (i.e., modulates) high-frequency carrier radio signal for transmission
Power spectral density of transmitted signal
Digital
Pulse-code modulation (particularly phase-shift keying) uses RF power most efciently
Eb S W = No N R
Link budget design goal is to achieve satisfactory Eb/No by choice of link parameters
!
!
94 printable characters
Binary Digits "Bits" (John Tukey) Two 5-finger hands True-False One 10-finger hand Yes-No Present-Absent
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii
Receiver
Check to determine if word is odd or even If odd, odd number of errors has been detected (but not corrected)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_code