CETN-III-38 3/88

BRRAKING
PURPOSE: To introduce

WAVE

FORCES

ON WALLS
to the Minikin wall

the Goda method as an alternative of breaking wave forces

method for the determination structures.

on semirigid

INTRODUCTION: required procedure

Prediction

of breaking

wave forces in coastal

on vertical waters.

walls is The Standard

for the design followed

of wall structures

by most harbor

and coastal

engineers

in the US is the Manual (SPM, caused by by using

Minikin method documented 1984).

in detail in the Shore Protection pressure designs

As the Minikin method is based on the shock waves, the resulting are generally forces and structure

breaking

analyzed

this procedure its users method.

considered

to be conservative. associated

The SPM cautions with the Minikin

about the extremely

high wave forces

.A less conservative procedure

method recommended wave force

by Goda (1974) is an alternative The Technical Standards

for breaking

determination.

for Port and Harbour Facilities but cautions safety

& Japan (1980)

has adopted

the Goda method A factor and analysis is of

that this method may underestimate for structure of using design

the wave force. against sliding

of 1.2 is recommended The rationale

overturning.

the Goda method for design force is relatively

that the duration order

of the impulsive

breaking

brief,

on the

of tenth or hundredth of massive concrete may be rather

of a second,

and the effect particularly In design

of this force on the those with rubble conditions should be that

stability

wall structures, insignificant.

mound bases, cause

practice,

the occurrence (Goda, 1985).

of impulsive For

wave loading coastal

on structures

avoided

sensitive

structures,

physical

modeling may

be required

to ascertain

the avoidance

of impulsive

breaking

wave conditions.

U. S. Army En&eer

Waterway-sExperiment Station, Coastal En@wering P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39160

Research Center

Breaking

Wave Pressures

on a Vertical

Wall

GODA FORMULAS: The above figure shows the structure configuration S for which the Goda method is applied and illustrates the linear pressure distribution on the wall face due to wave impact. The key components of the pressure diagram are:

P,=(a,+a,)*w.H,

P+=(l-r/R)-!',

where

R=l.S*H,,
a, - 0.6+

0.5(4nD/f/sinh(4nD/L))

a,=
w=
H,

1 -d,/D(
specific

l-

l/cosh(2tiD/f))

minja.bl

weight of water of the random waves breaking at a distance of 5Ib seaward of the wall; He is the significant wave height of the design sea state h= water depth at where Hb is determined = smaller of a and b L= wavelength calculated by linear wave theory at the wall
= highest

According to Goda (1985), the above equations breaking or nonbreaking wave conditions. 2

are applicable

to either

CETN-III-38 3/88
WAVE FORCE AND MOMENT: The integration of pressure distribution ~-wall yields the force per unit length of the structure, F, on the

where hc is the centroid of the pressure prism defined the mean water level. The overturning moment, M due .\I = F . hc where hc is the centroid of pressure prism above

by PI and to waves is

P4

above

the wall base. design of procedures height, Hs,

APPLICATION PROCEDURE: The Goda method is developed for the caisson type breakwaters with rubble foundations. The following are recommended for the design analysis. and a. Select a design sea state and significant wave period, Ts. b. Determine h by h=D+S.m.H,, identify where the significant m is the bottom wave slope.

c. Calculate the breaking wave height, Hb, at h. Note that if I% is greater than the maximum wave height of the design sea state, there will be no breaking wave force exerted on the wall. In that case, use the maximum wave height for the wave force analysis or use methods described in the SPM The maximum wave height may be estimated as 1.8 times HI according (1984). to Godal 1985). d. Calculate wavelength L for depth D using the design sea state and the linear wave theory Appendix C of the SPM. this e. Calculate note. the wave force and moment using the significant or Tables C-l Goda equations wave period and G-2 of provided in of

Given a vertical wall, 4.3 m (14 ft.) high sited in sea water with ds EXAMPLE: = 2.5 m (8.2 ft.). The wall is built on a bottom slope of 1:20 (m = 0.05). Reasonable wave periods range from 6 to 10 seconds. Find the maximum pressure, horizontal force, and overturning moment about the toe of the wall. Since there is no rubble mound base, the water depth D = ds = 2.5 m. For T = 10 seconds, find by using Figure 7-4 of the SPM, the design breaking wave height, Hb = 3.2 m. Without knowledge of significant wave height, Ha, the breaking depth, h, is determined directly by using Figure 7-2, which yields h = 3.07 m. The wave breaks at a distance of 11.4 m ( ~(3.07 2.5)/.05) from the w-all. Using Table C-l of Appendix C, SPM or computer program SIXW.A\-ES, w-ave length, L at D = 2.5 m is determined to be 48.7 m. Then, a, , a:, and a, are calculated to be 1.036, 0.101, and 0.950, respectively. Furthermore, R = 1.5 Hb = 4.8 m > 1.8 m The pressure components are (overtopping) as

calculated

P.

-u2;'w.H,

=36.-4kN/m2 Pj

=Clj.Pi

= 34.6kN/m2

PI

= P, - 3.0/4.8

= 22 .8kN/mi The total horizontal + P,j. kN/m the toe excluding moments due to uplift and force 1 .8+ due to breaking .5+,+ P&2.5 wave is

F = .5+ , = 142

The overturning moment about hydrostatic forces is M= 289 kN-m/m

Similar procedures are used to calculate the peak pressure, force and moment on the wall due to the 6 second wave. This example is the same as .EXAMPLE with results based on the PROBLEM 34 of Page 7-182 of SPM. The comparison Minikin method are summarized in the following table. Goda 6 26.6 99.6 204 Method 10 36.4 142 289 information Minikin 6 336 309 772 contact Method 10 176 194 485 the CERC Coastal

Wave Period Pl (kN/m 1 F (kN/m) M (kN-m/m)

(set)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: For additional Design Branch, (601) 634-2067. REFERENCES:

Goda, I-. 1974. New Wave Pressure Formulae Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Coastal Denmark. Seas and Design Goda, Y. 1385, Random -Tokyo Press, Toyko, Japan.

for Composite Breakwater, Engineering, Copenhagen, Structures, University of

of - Maritime

Research Center, Shore Protection Manual, 4th ed., 1984. Coastal Engineering US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Technical Overseas Standards for a Japan. --- Port and Harbor Facilities Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan, Tokyo, 1980. Japan. The