Logical Deduction Type-3

Directions to Solve In each of the questions below are given three statements followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III, You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts. 1. Statements: All fruits are vegetables. All pens are vegetables. All vegetables are rains. Conclusions: 1. All fruits are rains. 2. All pens are rains. 3. Some rains are vegetables. A. None follows B. Only I and II follow C. Only II and III follow D.Only I and III follow E. All follow Answer & Explanation Answer: Option E Explanation: III is the converse of the third premise and so it holds. All fruits are vegetables. All vegetables are rains. The conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All fruits are rains'. Thus, I follows. All pens are vegetables. All vegetables are rains. Clearly, it follows that 'All pens are rains'. Thus, II follows.

2. Statements: Some towels are brushes. No brush is soap. All soaps are rats. Conclusions: 1. Some rats are brushes. 2. No rat is brush. 3. Some towels are soaps. A. None follows B. Only either I or II follows C. Only II follows D.Only I and III follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option B Explanation: Some towels are brushes. No brush is soap. Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some towels are not soaps'. No brush is soap. All soaps are rats. Since the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular. Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'Some brushes are not rats'. Since I and II involve the same terms and form a complementary pair, so either I or II follows.

3. Statements: Some pictures are frames. Some frames are idols. All idols are curtains. Conclusions: 1. Some curtains are pictures. 2. Some curtains are frames. 3. Some idols are frames. A. Only I and II follow B. Only II and III follow C. Only I and III follow D.All follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B Explanation: III is the converse of the second premise and so it holds. Some pictures are frames. Some frames are idols. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. Some frames are idols. All idols are curtains. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some frames are curtains'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. Some pictures are frames. Some frames are curtains. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn.

4. Statements: Some hills are rivers. Some rivers are deserts. All deserts are roads. Conclusions: 1. Some roads are rivers. 2. Some roads are hills. 3. Some deserts are hills. A. None follows B. Only I follows C. Only I and II follow D.Only II and III follow E. All follow Answer & Explanation Answer: Option B Explanation: Some hills are rivers. Some rivers are deserts. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

Some rivers are deserts. All deserts are roads. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and shouldn't contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some rivers are roads'. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. Some hills are rivers. Some rivers are roads. Again, since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

5. Statements: Some saints are balls. All balls are bats. Some tigers are balls. Conclusions: 1. Some bats are tigers. 2. Some saints are bats. 3. All bats are balls. A. Only I and II follow B. Only II follows C. Only I and III follow D.Only III follows E. None of these. Answer & Explanation Answer: Option A Explanation: Some saints are balls. All balls are bats. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some saints are bats'. Thus, II follows. Some tigers are balls. All balls are bats. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some tigers are bats'. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.

6. Statements: Some pens are books. All schools are books. Some colleges are schools.

Conclusions: 1. Some colleges are pens. 2. Some pens are schools. 3. Some colleges are books. A. Only I and II follow B. Only II and III follow C. Only I and III follow D.All follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option E Explanation: Some pens are books. All schools are books. Since the middle term 'books' is not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion follows. Some colleges are schools. All schools are books. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some colleges are books'. Thus, III follows. Some pens are books. Some colleges are books. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn. Hence, only III follows.

7. Statements: All trains are buses. No room is bus. All boats are rooms. Conclusions: 1. No boat is train. 2. No bus is boat. 3. No train is room. A. None follows

B. Only I and II follow C. Only II and III follow D.Only I and III follow E. All follow Answer & Explanation Answer: Option E Explanation: All trains are buses. No room is bus. Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative (E-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No train is room'. Thus, III follows. All boats are rooms. No room is bus. As discussed above, it follows that 'No boat is bus'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. All trains are buses. No boat is bus. Again, it follows that 'No train is boat'. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.

8. Statements: Some mountains are hillocks. Some mountains are rivers. Some mountains are valleys. Conclusions: 1. All mountains are either hillocks or rivers or valleys. 2. No valley is river. 3. Some river are valleys. A. None follows B. Only I follows C. Only either II or III follows D.Only III follows E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option C Explanation:

Since each combination of premises shall contain two particular premises, no definite conclusion can be drawn. However, II and III are statements involving the extreme terms of the last two premises and form a complementary pair. Thus, either II or III follows.

9. Statements: Some blades are hammers. Some hammers are knives. Some knives are axes. Conclusions: 1. Some axes are hammers. 2. Some knives are blades. 3. Some axes are blades. A. None follows B. Only I follows C. Only II follows D.Only III follows E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option A Explanation: Since each combination of premises has two particular premises, so no definite conclusion follows.

10. Statements: Some boxes are hammers. Some hammers are beads. All beads are rings. Conclusions: 1. Some rings are hammers. 2. Some hammers are boxes. 3. Some rings are boxes. A. None follows B. Only I follows C. Only I and II follow D.Only II and III follow E. All follow Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C Explanation: II is the converse of first premise and so it holds. Some boxes are hammers. Some hammers are beads. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn. Some hammers are beads. All beads are rings. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some hammers are rings'. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. Some boxes are hammers. Some hammers are rings. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn.

11. Statements: Some blankets are beds. Some pillows are blankets. All beds are pillows. Conclusions: 1. Some blankets are pillows. 2. Some pillows are beds. 3. Some beds are blankets. A. Only either I or II follows B. Only I and either II or III follow C. Only III and either I or II follow D.All I, II and III follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option D Explanation: I is the converse of the second premise, II is the converse of the third premise and III is the converse of the first premise and as such, all three of them follow.

12. Statements: All dolls are windows. All bottles are windows. All cars are bottles. Conclusions: 1. All cars are windows. 2. Some cars are dolls. 3. Some windows are cars. A. Only I and II follow B. Only II and III follow C. Only I and III follow D.All follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option C Explanation: All cars are bottles. All bottles are windows. Since both the premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal and shouldn't contain the middle term, So, it follows that 'All cars are windows'. Thus, I follows. Also, III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. All dolls are windows. All bottles are windows. Since the middle term 'windows' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. All cars are windows. All bottles are windows. Again, the middle term 'windows' is not distributed even once in the premises. So, no definite conclusion follows.

13. Statements: All tigers are lions. No cow is lion. Some camels are cows. Conclusions: 1. Some lions are camels.

2. No camel- is tiger. 3. Some tigers are cows. A. None follows B. Only I follows C. Only II follows D.Only III follows E. Either I or II follows Answer & Explanation Answer: Option A Explanation: All tigers are lions. No cow is lion. Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative (E-type) and shouldn't contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No tiger is cow'. Some camels are cows. No cow is lion. Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some camels are not lions'. Some camels are cows. No tiger is cow. Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some camels are not tigers'.

14. Statements: All flowers are toys. Some toys are trees. Some angels are trees. Conclusions: 1. Some angels are toys. 2. Some trees are flowers. 3. Some flowers are angels. A. None follows B. Only I follows C. Only II follows D.Only III follows E. Only I and III follow Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A Explanation: All flowers are toys. Some toys are trees. Since the middle term 'toys' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. Some toys are trees. Some angels are trees. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion can be drawn.

15. Statements: Some rats are cats. Some cats are dogs. No dog is cow. Conclusions: 1. No cow is cat. 2. No dog is rat. 3. Some cats are rats. A. None follows B. Only I and II follow C. Only II and III follow D.Only III follows E. All I, II and III follow Answer & Explanation Answer: Option D Explanation: III is the converse of the first premise and so it holds. Some rats are cats. Some cats are dogs. Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. Some cats are dogs. No dog is cow. Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some cats are not cows'.

16. Statements: All tigers are jungles. No jungle is bird. Some birds are rains. Conclusions: 1. No rain is jungle. 2. Some rains are jungles. 3. No bird is tiger. A. Only I and II follow B. Only III follows C. Only either I or II, and III follow D.All follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option C Explanation: All tigers are jungles. No jungle is bird. Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative (E-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No tiger is bird'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. No jungle is bird. Some birds are rains. Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some jungles are not rains'. Since I and II also involve the same terms and form a complementary pair, so either I or II follows.

17. Statements: All snakes are trees. Some trees are roads. All roads are mountains. Conclusions: 1. Some mountains are snakes. 2. Some roads are snakes. 3. Some mountains are trees. A. Only I follows

B. Only II follows C. Only III follows D.Both I and II follow E. None follows Answer & Explanation Answer: Option C Explanation: All snakes are trees. Some trees are roads. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion follows. Some trees are roads. All roads are mountains. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some trees are mountains'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. All snakes are trees. Some trees are mountains. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion follows.

18. Statements: All trees are flowers. No flower is fruit. All branches are fruits. Conclusions: 1. Some branches are trees. 2. No fruit is tree. 3. No tree is branch. A. None follows B. Only either I or III follows C. Only II follows D.Only either I or III, and II follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option E

Explanation: All trees are flowers. No flower is fruit. Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative (E-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No tree is fruit'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it follows. All branches are fruits. No flower is fruit. Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative (E-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No branch is flower'. All trees are flowers. No branch is tree. As discussed above, it follows that 'No tree is branch'. So, III follows. Hence, both II and III follow.

19. Statements: Some uniforms are covers. All covers are papers. All papers are bags. Conclusions: 1. All covers are bags. 2. Some bags are covers, papers and uniforms. 3. Some uniforms are not papers. A. Only I follows B. Only I and II follow C. Only III follows D.All I, II and III follow E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option B Explanation: Some uniforms are covers. All covers are papers. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some uniforms are papers'. All covers are papers. All papers

are bags. Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative (A-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All covers are bags'. Thus, I follows. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some bags are covers' also holds. Some uniforms are covers. All covers are bags. Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some uniforms are bags', The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some bags are uniforms' also holds. Further, the converse of the third premise i.e. 'Some bags are papers' holds. Now, II is the cumulative result of the conclusions 'Some bags are covers', 'Some bags are papers' and 'Some bags are uniforms'. Thus, II follows.

20. Statements: No rabbit is lion. Some horses are lions. All rabbits are tables. Conclusions: 1. Some tables are lions. 2. Some horses are rabbits. 3. No lion is table. A. None follows B. Only either I or III follows C. Only II and III follow D.Only III follows E. None of these Answer & Explanation Answer: Option B Explanation: Some horses are lions. No rabbit is lion. Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some horses are not rabbits'.

All rabbits are tables. No rabbit is lion. Since the middle term 'rabbits' is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular. Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'Some tables are not lions'. Since I and III involve the same terms and form a complementary pair, so either I or III follows.