UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

TENDERING AND ESTIMATING II

COURSE CODE: QUS 210
YEAR 2- SE MESTER 2 THEORY
Version 1: December 2008
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

WEEK 1: 1.0 PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES I 1.1 What are Preliminary Items? 1.2 Estimating for Typical Preliminary Items

WEEK 2: 2.0 PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES II

WEEK 3: 3.0 PRELIMINARIES ANALYSIS WORKSHOP 3.1 Preliminary Bill 3.2 Class Workshop

WEEK 4: 4.0 PREPARATION OF TENDER 4.1 Decision to Tender 4.2 Collection of Information 4.3 Enquiries and Quotations 4.4 Visit to Site 4.5 Visit to Consultants Offices 4.6 Receipt of quotations 4.7 Planning and Mid Tender Review 4.8 Preparation Of The Estimate 4.9 Final Review 4.10 Action after Submitting a Tender 4.10.1 Action with a successful tender 4.10.2 Action with an Unsuccessful Tender 4.11 Factors in Pricing General and Special Attendance on Subcontractors

WEEK 5: 5.0 MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING TENDER PRICE 5.1 Factors Affecting Tender Price

WEEK 6: 6.0 PRICIPLES OF ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING 6.1 Elements of a Unit Rate 6.2 Calculation of Unit Rates 6.2.1 Materials 6.2.2 Plant 6.2.3 Overheads 6.2.4 Profit

WEEK 7: 7.0 BUILD-UP HOURLY RATE FOR PLANT & EQUIPMENT 7.1 Calculation of Unit Rates 7.2 Groundworks 7.2.1 Hand Excavation 7.3 Excavation using Mechanical Plant 7.4 Banksmen 7.5 Disposal of Excavated Material 7.6 Earthwork Support

WEEK 8: 8.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR SURFACE EXCAVATION 8.1 Surface Excavation 8.2 Removal of Excavated Materials

WEEK 9: 9.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK I 9.1 Concrete Work 9.2 Reinforcement 9.3 Guide to Using this Student Learning Pack 9.4 Concrete Works 9.4.1 Site Mixed Concrete 9.4.2 Ready Mixed Concrete 9.5 Concrete Reinforcement

WEEK 10: 3

10.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK II 9.6 Concrete Work 9.6.1 Site Mixed Concrete 9.6.2 Ready-Mixed Concrete 9.8 Concrete Work 9.7 Reinforcement

WEEK 11: 11.0 BUILD UP UNIT RATES FOR REINFORCEMENT 11.1 Bar Reinforcement

WEEK 12: 12.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR FORMWORK 12.1 Formwork

WEEK 13: 13.0 BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR ROOFING 13.1 Roofing

WEEK 14: 14.0 BUILD UP UNIT RATE FOR MASONRY 14.1 Guide to Using this Student Learning Pack 14.2 Masonry works 14.3 Fact and Figures

WEEK 15: 15.0 PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR TUTORIAL CLASS 15.1 Questions

Course: Tendering and Estimating II Course Code: QUS 210 Contact Hours: 2hrs Course Specification: Theoretical Content General Objective for Week 1: Appreciate the Build-up for Preliminary Items WEEK 1: PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES I (1.0)
1.1 What are Preliminary Items? Preliminary items are items of cost which do not relate to any particular work section and usually listed in the first bill of quantities. Many estimators prefers to inserts a lump sum for all the preliminaries usually worked out as a percentage of the total of the measured works. It is good practice however to put a price to each of the item. The price quoted should read at after careful consideration of each item as it applies to the particular job at hand e.g water for the works. It will be pipe bone water readily available on site or water has to be transported to site on trucks.

1.2 Estimating for Typical Preliminary Items (1) Site Supervision: These include the salaries and allowances paid to the site agent or engineer and the administrative staff on the site such as cashiers, clerks, time keepers, material checkers, store controllers etc. when this staff are sent aways from the area in which they normally work and this necessitate them having to leave away from their usual place of residence for a period of time a subsistence allowance may have to be added to cover the additional expenses they will incure e.g site agent salary / month Housing allowance Transport allowance = Cashier Salary / month Housing allowance Transport = = = 5,000 4,000 2,000 11,000 = 11,000 5 = 10,000 = 2,500 20,500 = 20,500 8,000

Clerk Salary / month Housing Transport Store controller Salary / month Housing Transport Messenger Salary / month Salary / month Housing Transport = = = 1,000 800 500 2300 Contract duration 12 month Add 1 month before project and Add 3 months for defect liability period Total month 16 16 months x 47,000 Add 10% for insurance and I.T.F Add 25% for profit and overhead (2) Site Accommodation The contractor is usually expected to provide and maintain temporary site accommodation for (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Supervising consultant on site Site agent and site staff Hut for workmen Storage, shed for materials, tools etc. = = = 752,000 75,200 827,200 206,800 1,034,000 = 2,300 47,000/month = = = 3,500 1,600 1,500 6,600 = 6,600 = = = 3,500 1,600 1,500 6,600 6,600

Pricing for these must cover the cost of: 6

(a) Initial construction of accommodation (b) Removal on completion and making good ground disturbed (c) Maintenance of accommodation throughout duration of the project (d) Furniture including ventilation and air conditioning (e) Overhead and profit from these estimator must remove the resale value of items are still useable at the end of the projects e.g Site office Initial construction cost Architect office Engineer office Quantity Surveying Site agent General office Contractors room Rest room Circulation space 10% 7.5m2 7.5m2 7.5m2 7.5m2 10m2 12m2 2.5m2 54.5m2 55m2 5.5m2 60.5m2 61m2 61m2 at 9,000 = 549,000 N400,000 Demolish and cart away from site including making good @ 500/m2 x 61m2 = (3) Mechanical Plant This include all mechanical plant not allocated to unit rate such as cranes, lift, dumpers, hoist, tractor, generating set, drills, forklift etc. the contractor is expected to allow for this items whether they are purchased specifically for the project or they are already owned by the firm or they are to be hired for the period they are required on the project. The usual thing is to allow for (a) cost of transporting plant to site (b) Hire rate for the period plant is on site (c) Cost of maintenance on site (d) Profit and overhead 7 30,500 Less resale value of items (about 27%) 149,000

(3)

Tools This include items such as shovels, portable drills, wheel barrows, batch boxes, guage etc. smaller tools such as hammer, trowel, plumb level, plumb lines, paint brushes etc. that are associated with a particular trade are not aloe for, here. They are usually taken care of in the tool allowance included in the all in-labour rate for such fields. If the project is large enough to used up small tools such as paint brushes, sand papers etc. then the cost of such are included in the unit rate for the items that required their use in pricing consideration is given to the cost of purchasing of the tools less their resale value.

(4)

Scaffolding The total height and the type of construction determined the amount and type of scaffolding required for a project, the contractor may purchase scaffolding for use in the work. Whatever they may be, in pricing consideration is usually given to the following. (a) Hire rate for the duration of the project (b) Labour cost for erecting scaffolding on site (c) Labour cost for adopting scaffolding for special uses (d) Labour cost for dismantling scaffolding at the end of the project (e) Transportation cost for bringing to site and removing from site all scaffolding (f) Profit and overhead

WEEK 2: PRICING OF PRELIMINARIES II

(6) Water For The Work Water required for the project is provided in either of the two ways supply by water tankers if the site is far from a source or pipe bone water. In pricing consideration is given the following: If the site is far from the source: Cost of water supply by water tanker. It may be necessary to write out an approximate estimate of the quantity of water required for the project from previous project, certain allowance can be made for concrete work 480 liters/m3 For Block work Rendering Workman hut Site accommodation 350 liters/m2 30 liters/m2 2000/day 20,000/day

Based on these allowances total quantity of water can be estimated for the whole project and priced at prevailing water tanker rate for that areas. Cost of Temporary Storage: This include (a) Cost of labour and materials in constructing surface tank, overhead tank, pipe work and its pumps. (b) Cost of cleaning and maintaining tanks, water pipes and water pumps. (c) Cost of removal of water storage and temporary pipe work and making good ground disturbed (d) Overheads and profits (a) Pipe Bone Water: Pricing will include (i) Cost of water connection by water board (ii) Cost of labour and material for laying pipes (iii)Cost of temporary storage (iv) Water rate are usually charged as flat rate per plot. Therefore no need to estimate approximately (v) Cost of disconnection, removal of pipe and making good defect (vi) Overhead and profit

(7) Lighting and Power for Work As in the case of water, provision of power is effected in either of two ways (a) Power generating set: If site is far from existing mains, pricing will include (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (8) cost of hiring generating set for the duration of the project. Cost of cables, wiring and light fittings Cost of running and maintaining generating set for duration of project Cost of labour and materials for constructing temporary sheds for generators Cost of dismantling shed, removal and making good Cost of transporting generating set to site and removal on completion of project. Overhead and profit Cost of connection to the electrical authority Cost of cables, wiring and light fittings Cost of electricity bills Cost of disconnection on completion of project Cost of hiring a standby generator in case of electricity failure Overhead and profit

(b) Electrical supply from electrical authority mains, pricing will include

Temporary Road In certain building and civil engineering construction, temporary road have to be constructed from the existing road to the site in order to get access to and make possible the distribution of materials to various part of the site. Temporary road may also be required is first worked and priced with the following considerations (a) Cost of labour during clearing the road (b) Cost of excavation either by hand or by mechanical plant (c) Cost of labour and materials in laying laterite, blinding, gravel (d) Cost of maintaining the road for the duration of the project (e) Cost of removal of temporary road if not required at completion of all works on site and making good ground disturbed (f) Overhead and profits

(9)

Temporary Telephone If the project requires the telephone, the constructor must arrange for telephone communication to be installed on site for easy communication for the duration of the contract, pricing will include (a) Cost of telephone installation by telephone organization in this case NITEL (b) Cost of telephone bills 10

(c) Cost of maintenance (d) Cost of disconnection\ (e) Overhead and profit (10) Control of Traffic and the Additional Cost Reconstruction and repairing of existing road, lying sewers, water mains etc. in existing roads and construction works in congested areas may create the necessity for closing part of some road temporarily to traffic. In such cases the provision of one way traffic control, diversions and access to adjoining houses, shops etc. may become necessary. The following should be given consideration (a) control of traffic which involves (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Cost of speed breakers Cost of constructing barriers Cost of red flags Cost of labour flagging traffic Cost of providing diversion Cost of removal of sign board to adjoining house, shops, garage etc.

(b) The provision of access road to adjoining houses, shops, garages etc (i) Cost of labour and materials to provide pedestrian and vehicular access to shops, houses, cars and park etc. (c) Additional cost of work on existing road where traffic is involved (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (11) Cost of delays to progress of work due to traffic and congestion The presence of existing water mains, cable sewers, culverts etc. Watching and lighting the work Overhead and profit

Welfare and Safety of Work People This will comprise the cost of (a) First aid box (b) Drugs, antiseptics, bandages etc. (c) Providing a nurse or medical attendant (d) Maintaining first aid box (e) Removal (f) Protective clothing such as overall, element, nose mask, face mask, ear plug, boot eye shield (industrial goggle) (g) Safety equipment such as hose, fire fighting equipment (h) Overhead and profit 11

(12)

Temporary Fencing, Hoardings, Screeds, Fans Gantries and Similar Items. Each will comprise the cost of (a) Labour and materials (b) Maintenance (c) Removal and making good (d) Overhead and profit

(13) SITE SECURITY: This will comprise (a) Cost of labour and materials to construct temporary security shed post (b) Labour and materials to installed security lighting, intruder alarms (c) Furniture, stationeries, tags, I.D card etc. (d) Wages for workmen (e) Hiring of watch dogs (f) Removal of sheds and lightening on completion of project and making good ground disturbed (g) Overhead and profit (14) Removing Rubbish and Site Clearance on Completion of Project. This involves the cost of (a) Labour and materials clearing off such rubbish. (b) Plant, lorry and labour loading such lorry transporting the rubbish from site (c) Labour and materials cleaning up door, windows etc. (d) Overhead and profit (15) Site Meeting: this will Comprise the Cost of: (a) Provision of stationeries at each meeting (b) Provision of refreshment at each meeting (c) Wages of attendant (d) Overhead and profit (16) Setting out of the Work: this will comprise the cost of (a) Pegs, templates and ropes or line (b) Hiring of theodolite, precise level and other survey equipment (c) Bringing to site and removing from site all the above name equipment 12

(d) Fees for engineer and the assign team (e) Overhead and profit

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WEEK 3: PRELIMINARIES ANALYSIS WORKSHOP (3.0)

3.1 Preliminary Bill The preliminaries bill gives the contractors the opportunity to price overheads which is described in the Code of Estimating Practice as the cost of administering a project and providing general plant, site staff, facilities and site based services and other items not included in bill rates. Preliminaries costs vary from contract to contract depending on complexity of work, size of contract, specialist plant and equipment required, conditions imposed by the employer etc. On relatively simple contracts preliminary costs may be in the order of 10 15% of the contract sum whereas on complex contracts this figure could be much higher. A contractor must calculate the cost of the preliminary items separately for each contract, no two contracts are the same. SMM7 recommends that fixed and time-related charges should be identified separately in a bill of quantities. A fixed charge is defined as the cost of work which can be considered as being independent of duration A time-related charge is defined as the cost of work which is to be considered as dependant on duration.

3.2 Class Workshop The appendix below is a summary of the bill for the case study project. Students will be expected to appreciate and be able to work out how preliminary items in the bill are priced and distributed between time or cost related and fixed charges for the purpose of monthly valuations.

Procedures: The work book will be made available to students at the beginning of the lecture. Time will be allowed for students to read and comprehend the notes. Students will then be asked to sit in groups of between 3 and 4 to discuss their understanding and set up query list on the project. After about 30 minutes, each group will be required to use the preliminaries breakdown form to identify percentage allocation of each preliminary item across the table and to provide justification for the allocation on each item.

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Appendix 1 attached shows the tender submission details and actual progress achieved on site for monthly valuation purposes on a typical construction project. (a) Allocate the preliminaries to time related and lump sums sections (Use form Appendix 2).

APPENDIX 1 Bill No. Preliminaries A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q Supervision Plant Scaffolding Welfare Facilities Site Huts Site Telephones

TENDER SUBMISSION DETAILS 14,000.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 2,100.00 1,000.00 400.00 400.00 200.00 1,250.00 1,800.00 950.00 400.00 500.00 500.00 727.00 3,401.00 30,028.00

Temporary Lighting & Power Programme Watching Site Hoarding Temporary Roads Setting Out Drying the Works Cleaning Away Rubbish Water for the Works Insurance Against Injury to Person and Property Total Bill No. 1

Bill No. 3 External Works A B C D E Soiling and Seeding Paths and Pavings Retaining and Screen Walls Drainage Fencing 4,082.16 6,111.27 2,017.33 9,127.16 1,812.19 15

Total Bill No. 3

23,150.11

Bill No. 2 Measured Work A B C D E F G H J K L Demolition Excavation and Earthwork Concrete Work Brickwork and Blockwork Roofing Woodwork Plumbing and Mechanical Installations Electrical Installations Floor, Wall and Ceiling Finishings Glazing Painting and Decorating 1,200.00 11,526.16 29,526.41 31,416.12 14,112.16 35,516.44 18,642.12 9,216.14 17,316.18 4,127.13 12,011.14

184,610.00
Bill No. 4 Prime Cost Sums Nominated Sub-Contractor A B C D E F Piling Profit General Attendance Specialist Landscaping Profit General attendance 5% Item 5% Item 8,500.00 425.00 170.00 27,000.00 1,350.00 600.00

Nominated Suppliers G H J K Kitchen Equipment Profit Sanitary Fittings Profit 5% 5% 18,000.00 900.00 12,000.00 600.00

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L M

Ironmongery Profit 5%

5,000.00 250.00

Statutory Undertakings N O P Q R S T U Water Main Connection Profit Gas Main Connection Profit Electrical Main Connection Profit Sewer Connection Profit 5% Total Bill No. 4 5% 5% 5% 5% 1,200.00 60.00 500.00 25.00 500.00 25.00 1,400.00 70.00 78,575.00

Tender Summary Bill No. 1 Bill No. 2 Bill No. 3 Bill No. 4 Bill No. 5 Preliminaries Measured Work External Work Prime Cost and Provisional Sums Daywork 30,028.00 184,610.00 23,150.11 78,575.00 9,050.00

TOTAL TENDER SUM

325,413.11

Bill No. 2 Item A complete Item B complete Item C complete Item D complete Item E complete 17

Item F 50% complete Item G 40% complete Item H 40% complete Item J 20% complete Item L 10% complete

Bill No. 3 Item A 20% complete Item B 20% complete Item C 40% complete Item D 40% complete

Bill No. 4 Item A complete Item D 8,600 Item G 8,000 Item J 6,000 Item L 2,000 Item N complete Item P complete Item R complete

Bill No. 5 Variations 9,000.00 agreed. Materials on Site 6,237 agreed.

The following AIs were received from the Architect in respect of the following Prime Cost and Provisional Sums: 1. Accept a quotation of 10122.50 from Keane & Bonney Piling Ltd. It was observed that the Piling nominated sub-contractor had erroneously left out the main contractors discount in their quotation for the works. Effect the necessary corrections before valuation.

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2. Accept a quotation of 27500.00 from Landson Landscape plc. 3. Accept a quoation of 19012.00 from Kitchen & Sons for the supply of kitchen fittings. 4. Accept a quoation of 13176.00 from Loo Ltd for the supply of sanitary fittings. 5. Accept a quoation of 8820.00 from Smith & Smith for the supply of ironmongery.

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APPENDIX 2

JCT 80 Breakdown of Preliminary Items Cost Related Supervisor Plant Welfare Site Huts Telephones Temporary Lighting power Programme Watching Site Hoarding Temp Roads Setting Out Drying the works Cleaning Rubbish Water Insurance TOTALS and Time Related Start Finish Lump Sums Total

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Questions: (1) Define prelimiaries and give three examples of a prelimiary item (2) How do contractors price these items? (3) Define fixed costs and provide five examples of an item you think would be priced as a fixed cost item (4) Define time related costs and give five examples of preliminary items you think a contractor would price as a time-related cost.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE FOR WEEK 4: Know the tendering procedures.

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WEEK 4: PREPARATION OF TENDER (4.0)

Reference: CIOB (1997) Code of Estimating Practice, 6th Edition. Ascot: CIOB The preparation of a tender can be divided into six stages.

4.1 Decision to Tender The tender documents arrive and the estimator records all relevant information such as: The time allowed for preparing the tender Drawings available The approximate value and extent of the project The client, Architect, Q.S and other consultant Value of main contractors own work Project Details eg phased work, conditions of contract, access to site, working conditions. Firm price or fluctuating price tender required Current workload and timetable for project

After reviewing the above information, management must decide whether to tender for the project or decline the invitation. If it is decided not to submit a price, the tender documents should be returned immediately to the architect/supervising officer. If it is decided that a tender should be submitted, the contractor move to the next stage.

4.2 Collection of Information The time allowed for preparing a tender is always limited; the estimator must plan the programme very carefully. The work which has to be undertaken in a typical 4 week tender period comprises: Despatching enquires Visit consultants offices Visit the site Receipt of quotations and examinations The mechanical process of pricing the tender documentation Meetings with plant manager, contracts manager etc to determine a preliminary programme, construction methods and likely plant requirements.

4.3 Enquiries and Quotations 22

Suppliers Enquires should state: The specification of the material The quantity required The anticipated delivery dates The terms upon which the price is required The date by which the quotation is required The address of the site and access details Period for which the quotation is open for acceptance

Sub-contractors Photocopies of the relevant parts of the bill of quantities, specifications and if possible copies of drawings, should be sent out to perspective sub-contractors. Enquires should state clearly: The items to be priced The terms of the main contract The period for which the quotation is open for acceptance The plant, materials, attendance etc to be provided by the main contractor Anticipated commencement and completion dates The form of contract and details from the appendix The terms of payment Date by which the quotation is to be submitted Address and details of the site

4.4 Visit to Site The visit to site can be made after all enquires have been despatched and before prices begin to come back. The visit to the site will enable the estimator to produce a report giving the following information: The position of the site in relation to roads etc Names of local and statutory authorities Details of site/ground conditions, spot items etc Site access, egress and possible site layouts 23

Facilities for disposal of surplus excavated materials etc

4.5 Visit to Consultants Offices It may be that only drawings showing plans and elevations will be sent out with the tender documents and that further details and working drawings can be examined at the consultants offices e.g. the estimator may require further details of manufactured joinery, steelwork joinery fittings etc, before these sections can be priced accurately.

4.6 Receipt of quotations Prices received from sub-contractors and suppliers are examined for sufficiency, terms etc

4.7 Planning and Mid Tender Review The project is discussed with other managers to determine a preliminary programme, construction methods, sequence of work, site layouts and what other plant, services, labour and site staff are required. It must be decided whether: All labour can be obtained locally or will it be necessary to recruit for the project. Sufficient plant is already owned or is it necessary to purchase/hire additional items. It would be desirable to sub-let any further work. Contract starting and completion dates Any work to be done in stages Work to be sub-let by main contractor Work to be done by nominated sub-contactors (if JCT 98 form)

The preliminary programme should also be prepared containing the following information:

4.8 Preparation Of The Estimate It can be divided into 4 stages: 1. The establishment of all-in rates for key items i.e. labour, gang costs, plant costs etc. 2. The selection of domestic sub-contractors and suppliers 3. The use of these all-in rates together with costs per unit for materials to calculate unit rates for each item in the bill 4. The pricing of the preliminaries and project overheads

4.9 Final Review

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The consideration of the estimate to produce a tender is the responsibility of management. The estimator and other senior staff will prepare reports for consideration by management who will consider the following items before determining the tender figure; Project reports Conditions of contract Contractual and construction risks Terms of the quotations from sub-contractors Capital required for the project Technical and management staff required Current workload Market Conditions Competition Reputations of client, consultants and area.

Following evaluation of the alternatives, risk and scope for profitability the mark up is determined and the actual tender figures calculated. The decision being made within the framework of company policy. A record of all tenders should be kept together will the results (if known) for future reference.

4.10 Action after Submitting a Tender 4.10.1 Action with a successful tender Check contract documents to ensure that: The dates, penalties etc are the same as those contained in the tender documents The bills have been copied correctly from the original The drawings are those which were circulated with the tender documents

Disseminate information Information should be made available to those responsible for purchasing, construction planning and plant. Feedback information Feedback from site on labour and plant outputs etc, to be kept for future pricing Cost/Value Reconciliation At regular intervals during the construction period, the costs at that time should be compared with a meaningful valuation of work done in order to check that the job is on target

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4.10.2 Action with an Unsuccessful Tender It the tender has been unsuccessful the contractor must assess why this is the case. Records of tenders submitted must be kept and estimators must evaluate their performance. Suppliers and sub-contractors should be notified of results as soon as possible.

Factors in Pricing General and Special Attendance on Subcontractors Each site has its own peculiar characteristics which can have considerable influence on the total cost of development. Some of the more important factors are: (1) Location of site: - Due to higher wastages, materials and other cost, it is expensive to erect a similar building in an urban area than in a provincial setting. Some parts of the areas are subject to higher rainfall than others and this can lead to a greater loss of working time even within the same region, the cost of operating on different sites can vary widely. A project on a remote country site may involve long length of temporary access road and temporary power cable for electricity supplies and increase cost of transporting operatives and materials and components, protection of adjoining buildings and the public and restrictions on the use of mechanical plant. Taking these problems will incure additional cost. Furthermore, a very expose site may make working conditions more difficult and costly. Some locations may be more vulnerable to vandalism and theft and so require more costly protective measures. (2) Demolition site clearance: A site may contain buildings which requires demolition, paved areas which requires breaking up and trees which requires felling, grubbing up and disposal of their roots, another site may be cleaned of all obstruction. (3) Contours: Few sites are entirely level. The most steeply slopping, the more greater will be the cost of foundation and earthwork, the steeping of strip foundation increase their cost. Most buildings requires constant floor levels and this will involve considerable excavation and fill on its slopping site. (4) Ground conditions: Where the strata is low load bearing capacity. It may be necessary to introduce pile or other more expensive types of foundation. Raft foundations on made up ground or in areas liable to mining subsidence may be three trust as expensive as normal strip foundations where as pile foundation used to convey loads to a deeper load bearing strata could be as much as five times as expensive. The cost of excavation in rock could be five to eight times as expensive as working in normal ground, the provably length of haul in the disposal of surplus soil also needs consideration. Where ground water is close to the surface of the site, costly pumping operations may be needed. A wet site may also involve raising temporary sheds and offices on brick bases and more costly temporary 26

roads. The types of strata will also influence the form and extent of timbering or other means of supporting that will be needed to the sides of excavations.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE FOR WEEK 5: Know factors affecting tender figures.

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WEEK 5: MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING TENDER PRICE (5.0)

Construction cost is a broad phrase or term and can be interpreted to mean cost of any sort to anyone associated with construction work. It depends on the point of view let us say you are a contractor, your costs are your expenditure on labour, materials and plant. The clients cost of land, consultant fees and so on. The base cost of construction therefore comprises of expenditure on materials, labour and plant, the quantities of materials, labour and plant required for a job are determined & attaching prices to these defines the basic construction cost, but to these are also a variety of factors that affect this basic cost: -

5.1 Factors Affecting Tender Price (1) Market Condition: The volume of work in progress in the area at a given point in time affect construction cost. When the market is burying with many project, tender price list are generally high. Most consultants are busy and competition is not keen. However during ausle times when there are few projects, contractors are anxious to out bid themselves so as to stay in business, so construction cost tends to be lower. (2) Availability of Materials: When required materials are readily available in an area where a project is to be executed, materials will be cheaper than where they are not so available. Generally, materials are cheaper where they are produced e.g if you can buy cement directly from Ashaka, the price will be a lot cheaper than in Kaduna because of transportation and profit margins of middlemen and so on. Imported materials for similar reasons are more expensive than locally produced materials.

(3) Availability Of Labour: Where a certain type of labour is not readily available in the area where a project is to be constructed, it may be necessary to import from an area where such labour is available. Some inducement may have to be offered before such labour will move from its base such as transportation, accommodation, inconveniences allowances etc. these add to the cost of construction. 28

(4) Transportation: The farther a site is from town, the more expensive will be the construction cost e.g the same building to be constructed in Barnawa and also near Kaduna Airport will cost differently, the additional cost of transporting materials, labour and plants to the airport site will increase the cost of construction. (5) Location: The standard of living in an area affects the cost of construction. People are willing to pay higher prices for construction in places like Lagos and Abuja than are to pay in other places like Benin, Kaduna or Enugu. (6) Location of Site: The particular location of the site can have significant effect on cost. Remote site may require additional cost for the provision or access roads and temporary services or the provision of additional security measures. Also, a site in a congested or restricted area also gives rise to major problems such as delivery & storage of materials and components, protection of adjoining buildings and the public, restriction on the use of mechanical plants and so on, all these will increase the cost of construction. (7) Time Consideration: For certain reasons, a project may need to be completed in a very short time, this tends to push up construction cost. Labourers may be required to work overtime and overtime rates are usually higher than normal rates. Incentives scheme may have to be introduced to increase labour productivity. Closure supervision is necessary as mistake must be avoided, there may be time to apply remedial action. (8) Site Condition: May affect the construction cost of a particular building. The nature of ground may necessitate more complex form of foundation. The ground water level when close to surface will involve costly water pumping operation. A wet site may involve rising temporary sheds and offices above ground level and they involve more costly temporary roads. Steeply sloping site may involve major cost in cutting and filling requirements, existence of buried pipes and cables may involve major cost to re-root such. (9) Total Height of Building: The higher a building is, the longer it takes and more difficult it is to get the point of execution of works. It is also more difficult to work at such height. Labour charges for 29

working at great height

are higher than abnormal height, there is also the cost of

providing additional safety measures and insurance. Also, the need for special scaffolding, hoist, tower crane, elevators etc. will tend to increase the cost of very tall building over the cost of building requiring the same quantities at ground level. (10) Legislation: Has a way of affecting construction cost in dramatics manner as we have seen in Nigeria over the years e.g minimum wage, import restrictions and duties, labour policies, fiscal policies such as exchange rates, interest rates etc. in for costing construction cost, an estimator need to keep an eye on legislation, to decide which are likely to affect construction cost and how. (11) Class of Contractors: There are various types of contractors in the market. These gives rise to different classification. Small contractors comprises of one man board of directors. They usually carry little general overhead and keep very few permanent staff Medium contractors usually have a board of at least two but not more than five directors they employ a few more permanent staff, have a reasonable office and possess some equipment and official cars. Large contractors have a lot of times publicly owned with many share holders having at least six members on their board of directors, fleet of cars and equipments, large office space and a lot of staffs of various discipline. Generally, the larger the firm, the higher their cost. Also, the level of profit expected by the share holder of larger firms is a lot more than that required by the smaller contractors. The rates for the small contractors therefore tends to be much lower than for large contractors (e.g AG Ferrero and small firms) (12) Type of Client: the type of client or developer can affect the cost of construction. Some clients are willing to and are capable of paying more for construction than others. Also, some clients have methods to be taken into consideration while estimating construction cost (e.g U.N.T.L will pay on time than N.N.P.C when a contract is carried out) (13) Types of Consultants: 30

Architect: - Some architects are very difficult to work with, their initial designs are not detailed and they rely a lot on instructions on site. Many variations occur and delays are frequent. These will add to the cost of construction. The same applies to Engineers and other designers. Contractors are therefore known to increase their prices by a certain percentage when it is known that they would be working with particular consultant.

(14)

Types of Tendering: Open tendering generally brings lower prices than selective tendering, and this in turn result in lower price than negotiated tendering which brings the highest price of fall.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE FOR WEEK 6: Use rate analysis to price items in the bill of quantities.

31

WEEK 6: PRICIPLES OF ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING (6.0)

6.1 Elements of a Unit Rate To analyse something is to break it down into its constituent parts and study each part in detail. Therefore analytical estimating involves the analysis and costing of construction resources to produce an estimate. The production of an estimate normally involves the calculation of unit rates i.e. the cost of an individual measured item for example a square metre of brickwork, a cubic metre of concrete or a metre of skirting. As found in a Bill of Quantities. Analytical estimating is therefore the most accurate form of estimating as each resource and unit rate is analysed and costed individually. This form of estimating is used for pricing contracts with bills of quantities, specifications and drawings or where the contractor has measured and prepared their own quantities of work.

Labour

Materials

Plant

Unit Rate

Overheads

Profit

6.2 Calculation of Unit Rates Unit Rates maybe calculated in one of two ways: Net Rate (Excludes Overheads and Profit) Gross Rate (Includes Overheads and Profit)

32

In our industry most estimators will calculate costs based on net rates these will then be enhanced later to include overheads and profit. Gross rates are sometimes referred to as allin rates. The Resources which compromise a unit rate are labour, materials and plant. In the construction industry labour is often employed in two main ways, these are: 1. Direct Often referred to as cards in, the employer pays all the costs of employment including for example national insurance and sick pay amongst others. 2. In-Direct These workers are self employed or referred to in industry as on the lump these are often labour only sub-contractors without the normal costs of employment along with the other legal protections such as redundancy, sick pay and minimum notice periods. Labour may be paid for on an hourly, daily, weekly or piecework basis. Directly employed operatives are usually paid in accordance with a working rule agreement which will specify the rates and allowances to be paid. However, some contractors are trying to move away from the national wage bargaining and introduce local wage rates. Ultimately the actual rates paid for labour will depend on market forces.

6.2.1 Materials Several factors affect the cost contractors pay for materials. In the box below highlight the factors you think impact on the price a contractor pays. In the material element of a unit rate, in addition to the actual cost of the material the estimator must also consider: Transportation costs Unloading and Stacking costs Materials movement on site Extra Materials to compensate for: o Wastage o Allowance for materials being measured net in B o Q o Loss in consolidation, shrinkage etc Note: Where prices of materials are described by suppliers as ex works this means the price at the factory and delivery costs will have to be added.

6.2.2 Plant 33

Plant may be divided into two main categories, the costs of which can be allocated to contracts in differing ways. Non-Mechanical Plant Basic items of plant including barrows, hosepipes, spades, trestles, scaffolding, small powered hand tools etc With the exception of scaffolding and one or two other items it is virtually impossible to allocate the cost of non-mechanical plant items to a contract, let alone to a specific unit rate e.g. a wheelbarrow may be used on several contracts in its lifetime. The cost may be included in overhead charges as a percentage, as a lump sum in the preliminaries bill or, more accurately, on longer contracts a list of non-mechanical plant items is prepared, costed and included in the contract sum. Mechanical Plant Mechanical plant such as excavators, lorries, dumpers, mixers etc require a more complex approach. Mechanical plant can be very expensive. Contractors may buy, hire or lease plant. The purchase of plant must be viewed as an investment on which a return is required. Only detailed analysis will show whether it is in the contractors interest to buy, hire or lease mechanical plant.

6.2.3 Overheads Overheads may be defined as the cost of maintaining (running) the contractors organisation. There are two types of overheads: (1) Head Office Annual cost of staff salaries, expenses, rents, rates, gas, water, electricity, telephones, office equipment, postage, insurance, maintenance of buildings and equipment etc. The cost of these items is expressed as a percentage of a companys turnover and included in the tender. (2) Project or Site Project site costs including non productive (manual) site staff, site office costs, storage facilities and other preliminary / site organisation costs. Items are priced as individual items and may be fixed or time related costs or a mix of fixed and time related costs. The costs of these items are included in the tender.

34

6.2.4 Profit The amount of profit that a contractor can make is determined by a number of factors largely outside the remit of an estimator. However, in larger companies the senior or managing estimator may be a member of the management team and in smaller companies / firms the estimator may be a director or the managing director. In both cases they may be party to, or may have to make commercial decisions regarding profit margins. Factors affecting profit levels are: Market forces of supply and demand Amount of competition Who the competitor are Size / Value of contract Risk involved in contract Interest rates.

Student Questions 1. Define analytical estimating 2. Explain the difference between net and gross unit rates 3. List the elements of a unit rate 4. Identify the organisations, which produce working rule agreements 5. Define non-productive time and holiday credits.

35

WEEK 7: BUILD-UP HOURLY RATE FOR PLANT & EQUIPMENT (7.0)

7.1 Calculation of Unit Rates The following sections cover the calculation of unit rates. The process of calculating unit rates could be described as mechanical because you must consider each of the unit rate elements in turn. Some rates may include all elements, others only one, but you must think carefully about each element and calculation before commencing. You may use the Wessex Price Book, or other similar price book, for information on the output/productivity of labour and plant. Materials and plant prices can be obtained from builders' merchants and plant hire firms.

In practice estimators must always use productivity outputs analysed from site feedback and the current cost o f other resourcs.

In the following unit rate calculations the hourly labour rates used are 9.50 for craft operatives and 7.00 for labour operatives.

7.2 Groundworks SAQ 2 Explain how the following factors may affect unit rates for groundworks? Type of excavation e.g. trenches, pits, basements Ground conditions e.g. clay, sand, soil, rock Depth of excavation Ground water Time of year when excavating Mechanical or hand excavation Distance and availability of tips Estimated bulking of materials

7.2.1 Hand Excavation Excavation work is usually measured in cubic metres (m3) Typical labour outputs for excavating in firm earth ; Reduce levels maximum depth 0.25m Trenches max. depth 1.00m Basements max. depth 2.00m 3.15 hours/m3 3.25 hours/m3 3.94 hours/m3 36

ADD the following factors for other ground conditions ; Dry or wet clay Compact gravel Rock not requiring a compressor Running silt or sand 20% 50% 75% 100%

Example Excavate trench maximum depth 1.00m in firm earth, unit of measurement m3. Labour; - p 3.25 hours for a labourer @ 7.00/hour Net Rate per m3 If you want a Gross Rate add for overheads and profit, say 10% Gross Unit Rate per m3 2 - 28 ---------25 - 03 ====== 22 - 75 --------22 - 75

TQs 1 - 3 Calculate net unit rates for the following ; 1. Excavate to reduce levels max. depth 0.25m in firm earth, unit of measure m3

2.

Ditto basements max. depth 2.00m in dry clay unit of measure m3

3.

Ditto to reduce levels depth 0.25m in compact gravel unit of measure m2 (square metres)

7.2.2 Mechanical Excavation

37

Rates for different types of mechanical plant vary enormously between contractors depending on the method used to calculate the costs. When calculating all-in hourly rates for mechanical plant the following items should be considered ; Capital cost Depreciation Interest on capital Expected life of plant Number of hours worked per annum Maintenance Insurance Road licence Operators wage Fuel Lubricants

Think about how the above factors will affect the hourly cost of mechanical plant.

Example The following is one method of calculating the all-in hourly cost of a mechanical excavator. This method is neither the simplest nor most complex method which can be used but it does produce realistic costs. Capital cost (purchase price) Residual Value (resale/scrap value) Interest on capital Expected Life Hours worked per annum Maintenance costs Insurance Road Licence Operative's rate 37,000 6,000 6% compound 5 years 1600 10% of capital cost per annum included in company overheads 200 per annum 7-50 per hour 38

Fuel Lubricants

5 litres/ hour @ 40p/litre allow 10% of fuel costs p

Standing Charge Capital Cost Less Residual value Depreciation Interest 6% compound on 37,000 over 5 years Maintenance 10% of capital cost per annum Road licence 200 per annum for 5 years Total for 5 years

37,000-00 6,000-00 ------------31,000-00 12,506-00 18,500-00 1,000-00 ------------63,006-00 -------------

Therefore cost per hour is; Total cost for 5 years divided by total hours worked in five years 63006 / (1600 hours x 5 years) 7-88

Running Charge Drivers wages 1856 hours @ 7.50 Fuel 1600 hours x 5 litres/hour x 40p/litre Lubricants 10% of fuel costs 13,920-00 3,200-00 320-00 ------------Total for 1600 hours 17,440-00 ------------Therefore cost per hour is Standing Charge Running Charge 17440 / 1600hours

10-90 7-88 10-90 ---------

Therefore total cost per hour is:

Total Hourly Cost

18-78 39

====== TQ 4 Using the following information calculate the "all- in" hourly cost for a 16 ton tipper lorry ; Capital cost Residual Value Interest on capital Expected Life Hours worked per annum Maintenance costs Insurance Road Licence Operatives rate Fuel Lubricants allow 68,000 5,000 6% compound 10 years 2160 10% of capital cost per annum 3000 per annum 1,200 per annum 7-50 per hour 10 litres per hour@ 80p/litre 10% of fuel costs

7.3 Excavation using Mechanical Plant Excavate trenches maximum depth 2.00m in clay. Calculate the net rate per m3 using an excavator with an output of 5m3/hour for excavating and loading into lorries. Hourly cost of excavator / output in m3 per hour 18-78 / 5m3 per hour 3 - 76

SAQ 3 The output of the excavator may also be expressed in hours per m3 , what is the output in hours per m3 ?

Recalculate the rate using your output in hours per m3.

7.4 Banksmen Banksmen are usually employed to supervise excavator/s. They check the excavation for obstacles i.e. underground services, make sure the excavator operator is working to the correct line and level and trim the sides and bottoms of excavations when necessary.

40

TQ 5 Recalculate the last rate and include for one banksman supervising two excavators, banksmans rate 7.00 per hour.

7.5 Disposal of Excavated Material SAQ 4 Explain how the following factors may affect the cost of disposing of excavated material Bulking of material Availability of tips/landfill sites Distance to tip Average speed of lorry Loading time Tipping time Tipping charges/costs Consider alternatives

TQ6 Using the excavator and lorry from the previous example and the following information, calculate the cost per m3 for disposing of excavated material off site

Note ; The following items are all variables (will vary on every contract) therefore a new rate must be calculated for each contract Assume ; 16 ton lorry will carry approx. 6.5m3 of bulked clay Output of excavator 5m3 per hour Distance to tip 5 miles round trip Average speed 20 miles per hour Tipping time 15 minutes Tipping charge 20 per load

7.6 Earthwork Support Defined in the Standard Method of Measurement as ; Whatever is necessary to support the faces of excavations other than steel sheet piles. It is measured to the faces of all excavations over 250mm deep. 41

The contractor has to decide what is necessary and cost it accordingly. This is referred to as a contractors risk item The following factors affect the cost of earthwork support ; Ground conditions Depth of excavation Distance between opposing faces of excavation Method of support used

Contractors should also consider alternative methods of construction, which may be less expensive e.g. over excavate and backfill. Timber used for earthwork support (EWS) can be re-used up to say 6 times therefore the cost of providing the timber should be divided by the number of uses to obtain a cost per use. Operatives fixing EWS are usually paid an additional allowance for skill and responsibility. Materials 100 x 100 150 x 100 150 x 150 200 x 50 Labour Fixing EWS in moderately firm earth to faces of excavation up to 2.00m apart and up to 2.00m deep (see sketch) - 0.77 hours per m2 Ditto in loose ground or running sand (as sketch) 1.65 hours / m2 Hourly rate 7.50 / hour costs costs costs costs 1-92/m 2-88/m 4-32/m 1-92/m

42

WEEK 8: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR SURFACE EXCAVATION (8.0)

8.1 Surface Excavation In building up rate for excavation, the following should be considered. (a) Types of excavation i.e surface or trench excavation (b) Means of excavation i.e manual or mechanical (c) Nature of excavation (d) Volume of excavation (bulking) (e) Distance of tipping (haulage) Bulking Sand 12.5% Gravel 10% Clay 133 1/3% Rock 50% Multiplier Medium Sand and gravel Natural soil Stiff clay Soft rock Hard rock OUTPUT Excavation Spreading and leveling Wheeling / haulage Placing of concrete 2.5m3 / labour /day 4.5m3 / labour / day 8.0m3 / labour / day 4m3 / labour / day labour constant multiplier 0.75 1.00 1.50 3.00 8.00

Task I: Surface excavation n.e 300mm deep and average 150mm, considered a gang of 12 labour and the supervisor. Calculate the cost/m3 given that the supervisor is N1500/day and the labourer N700/day 43

Solution Labour cost 1 supervisor 12 labourer @ @ 1500/day 700/day N1500 N8,400 N495 N10,395 Output of gangs / day = 2.5m3 x 12 = Labour cost/m3 = 10,395 x 1/30 Add profit and overhead 20% Task II Cost of spreading and leveling excavated materials n.e 50m from excavation. Consider a gang of 12 labourers and 1 supervisor Solution 1 Supervisor @ 1500 12 labouers 5% Tools Output gang / day = 4.5 x 12 = Loabour cost / m3 = 10,395/54 Add overhead and profit 20% = = @ 700 = = = 54m3 192.50 38.50 97.33 N1500 N8,400 495__ 10,395 = 69.30 Cost/m =
3

Add 5% for tools 30m3 346.50 415.80

8.2 Removal of Excavated Materials Use wheel barrows when the distinction is less than or equal to 50m .Used lories/tipper. When the distance is greater than 50m. Task III Removal of excavated materials using the same distance of cart away is less than or equal to 50m using the same information used for excavation of surface Solution 1 Supervisor, 12 labourers and 5% for tools = Out out of gang/day 8.0 x 12 = Labour cost / m3 = 10,395/96 = 96m3 108.28 44 10,395

Add 20% profit and overhead

21.66 225.94 355.88

When lories / tipper are used the following should be considered (b) Cost of hire or cost of owning (c) The capacity of the lorry (d) Total distance to and fro the hill (e) Speed of lorry (f) Tipping time (g) Labour loading the lorry (h) Bulking of materials TASK IV (a) For the cost of hiring plant is 600/hr (b) Capacity of lorry 6m3 (c) Total distance to and fro is 3km (d) Speed of lorry 30km/hr (e) Tipping time 9 minutes (f) Output of labourer loading the lorry is 2hrs / labour /m3 (g) Bulking of materials 133 %

SOLUTION Volume of excavated material = 6/133 x 100 = 4.5m3 (assume 4 labour) loading time = 4.5m3 x 2hrs 4 Traveling time = 3km x 60m = 6mins 30km/hr Total time for loading + traveling + tipping 2.25 + 6m + 9 2.25 = 2.15hr + 6m + 9m Cost of hiring lorry/hr = 2.5hrs x N600/hr = N1500/hr 45 = 2.25hrs

Therefore, cost/m3 = N1500 =

333.33/m3

Labour loading Cost for 1 labour /m3 = 150/8 x 2.5hr x 4 labour = Add 5% for tools 187.50 = 9.38 196.88 333.33/m3 530.21 Add 20% overhead and profit 106.04 636.25

46

WEEK 9: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK I (9.0)

9.1 Concrete Work Explain how the following factors may affect unit rates for concrete work ; Whether ready mixed or site mixed concrete is used Whether concrete is reinforced Surcharges for part loads Location of mixing plant on site Type and size of mixing plant Method of transporting, hoisting, placing and compacting mixed concrete Cost of protecting and curing unset concrete

Operatives working with concrete receive additional payments for skill and responsibility. Items of plant should be priced separately. Concrete is usually measured in m3 Site Mixed Concrete TQ 7 Calculate the cost of mixing a m3 of Grade 15 concrete on site using the following information ; To produce 1m3 of mixed Grade 15 concrete requires ; 250Kg of cement at 80 per tonne 600Kg of sand at 10 per tonne 1200Kg of aggregate at 9 per tonne Waste say 5% Concrete mixer all-in rate 2-50 per hour, output 2m3 per hour Labour rate 7.20 per hour Labour out put 0.5m3 per hour Ready-Mixed Concrete

TQ 8 Calculate the cost per m3 for laying plain concrete 20N/mm2 in foundations over 300mm thick laid against faces of excavation. Ready mixed concrete costs 49.00/m3 47

Waste say 5% Labour output 1.00 hours/m3 Labour rate 7.20 per hour SAQ 4 What will happen to the labour output if the concrete is laid in foundations 150mm thick? Reinforcement is measured separately in bills of quantities. Would you expect the unit rate for laying reinforced concrete (excluding the cost of reinforcement) to differ from the unit rate for plain (unreinforced) concrete for similar items of work and if so why?

9.2 Reinforcement Reinforcement may be bar type or mesh/fabric Waste Bars are usually delivered to site already cut and bent, if this is the case then allow 1% for loss and damage. If straight bars are to be cut and bent on site allow 5% for waste. On complex reinforced concrete work steel fixers are usually paid a craft operatives rate. When laying straight bars or mesh an enhanced labourers rate is usually paid. Mesh reinforcement is sheet material therefore allowances have to made for general waste say 2.5% plus an additional allowance for laps. The percentage to allow for laps will depend on the lap specified e.g. 150mm side and end laps. TQs 9-10 Sheets of mesh are approximately 4.80m x 2.40m if they are to be laid with 150mm side and end laps what % must be allowed for loss in cover due to the laps ? Mesh reinforcement Ref. A193 in beds laid with 200mm side and end laps. Calculate the rate per m2. Mesh costs 14-00 per sheet Labour 0.05 hours / m2 at 7.20 / hour Allow say 20p / m2 for spacers and tying wire

9.3 Guide to Using this Student Learning Pack Throughout this and the series of learning packs you will find, extensive notes on the various aspects of work you will be measuring followed by a series of three tasks, These tasks are 48

designed to increasingly develop your skills in the aspect of measurement covered by the learning pack, and will include, one basic task, which requires you to copy down a worked example, using the correct measurement layouts. The second task and third tasks form the second section of the class, where the class develops into a tutorial based

9.4 Concrete Works As with groundwork, before looking at the calculation of unit rates we must understand that our final unit rate will be influenced by several variables.

Task One In the box below, describe how you think the following factors would impact on cost.

1. Ready mixed or site mixed concrete 2. Whether the concrete is reinforced or un-reinforced 3. Surcharges for part-loads 4. Location of site in reference to mixing plant 5. Type and size of mixing plant 6. Method of transportation, hoisting, placing and compacting mixed concrete When considering concrete there are two main methods of producing concrete: 7. Protection of un-set and curing concrete 1. Site mixed concrete 2. Ready mixed concrete In addition to the method of concrete production when costing concrete work we must also consider concrete accessories including: 1. Formwork 2. Reinforcement 3. Operatives working with concrete usually receive additional payments for skill and responsibility 4. Items of plant concerned with concrete mixing and placing are usually measured separately.

9.4.1 Site Mixed Concrete

49

Calculate the cost of mixing one m3 of grade 15 concrete on site using the following information: The production of 1m3 of grade 15 concrete requires: 250kg of cement at 92.70 / tonne 600Kg of sand at 17.25 / tonne 1200kg of aggregate at 18.02 / Tonne Waste allowance say 7.5% concrete mixer @ all in rate of 3.00 / hr Labour rate @ 8.68 / hr

In addition allow for:

9.4.2 Ready Mixed Concrete Calculate the cost per m3 for laying plain concrete 20N/mm2 in foundations over 300mm thick laid on or against earth or unbinded hardcore. Ready mixed concrete say 80.59 / m3 Waste say 5% Labour output = 1.00hrs / m3 Labour rate 8.68 / hr

Questions: 1. How would the labour output be affected if the concrete is laid in foundations 150mm thick? 2. What would be the financial impact? (If any)

9.5 Concrete Reinforcement Reinforcement is measured separately in bill of quantities. Would you expect the unit rate for laying reinforced concrete (excluding the cost of reinforcement) to differ from the unit rate for plain (unreinforced) concrete for similar items of work, if so why Reinforcement maybe either bar reinforcement or mesh / fabric reinforcement. Waste Bars are usually delivered to site already cut and bent, if this is the case then allow 1% for loss and damage. If straight bars are to be cut and bent on site allow 5% waste On complex reinforced concrete work steel fixers are usually paid a craft operatives rate. When laying straight bars or mesh an enhanced rate is usually paid. 50

Mesh reinforcement is sheet material therefore allowances have to be made for general waste, say 2.5% plus an additional allowance for laps. The percentage to allow for laps will depend on the lap specified e.g. 150mm side and end laps. Qu 1. Sheets of mesh are approximately 4.80m x 2.40m if they are to be laid with 150mm side and end laps what percentage must be allowed for loss in cover due to the laps? Qu 2 Calculate the rate per m2 for laying mesh reinforcement Ref A193 in beds, laid with 200mm side and end laps. Additional information Mesh costs 15.08 per sheet Labour 0.05hrs / m2 @ 8.68 / hour Allow say 20p / m2 for spacers and tying wire Waste on mesh 5%

51

WEEK 10: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR CONCRETE WORK II

9.6 Concrete Work Explain how the following factors may affect unit rates for concrete work; Whether ready mixed or site mixed concrete is used Whether concrete is reinforced Surcharges for part loads Location of mixing plant on site Type and size of mixing plant Method of transporting, hoisting, placing and compacting mixed concrete Cost of protecting and curing unset concrete

Operatives working with concrete receive additional payments for skill and responsibility. Items of plant should be priced separately. Concrete is usually measured in m3

9.6.1 Site Mixed Concrete TQ 7 Calculate the cost of mixing a m3 of Grade 15 concrete on site using the following information ; To produce 1m3 of mixed Grade 15 concrete requires ; 250Kg of cement at 80 per tonne 600Kg of sand at 10 per tonne 1200Kg of aggregate at 9 per tonne Waste say 5% Concrete mixer all-in rate 2-50 per hour, output 2m3 per hour Labour rate 7.20 per hour

9.6.2 Ready-Mixed Concrete TQ 8 Calculate the cost per m3 for laying plain concrete 20N/mm2 in foundations over 300mm thick laid against faces of excavation. 52

Ready mixed concrete costs 49.00/m3 Waste say 5% Labour output 1.00 hours/m3 Labour rate 7.20 per hour SAQ 4 What will happen to the labour output if the concrete is laid in foundations 150mm thick? Reinforcement is measured separately in bills of quantities. Would you expect the unit rate for laying reinforced concrete (excluding the cost of reinforcement) to differ from the unit rate for plain (unreinforced) concrete for similar items of work and if so why?

9.7 Reinforcement Reinforcement may be bar type or mesh/fabric Waste Bars are usually delivered to site already cut and bent, if this is the case then allow 1% for loss and damage. If straight bars are to be cut and bent on site allow 5% for waste. On complex reinforced concrete work steel fixers are usually paid a craft operatives rate. When laying straight bars or mesh an enhanced labourers rate is usually paid. Mesh reinforcement is sheet material therefore allowances have to made for general waste say 2.5% plus an additional allowance for laps. The percentage to allow for laps will depend on the lap specified e.g. 150mm side and end laps.

TQs 9-10 Sheets of mesh are approximately 4.80m x 2.40m if they are to be laid with 150mm side and end laps what % must be allowed for loss in cover due to the laps ? Mesh reinforcement Ref. A193 in beds laid with 200mm side and end laps. Calculate the rate per m2. Mesh costs 14-00 per sheet Labour 0.05 hours / m2 at 7.20 / hour Allow say 20p / m2 for spacers and tying wire

9.8 Concrete Work Concrete Material cement 53

sand aggregate

plant concrete mixer, poker, vibrator 1m3 of .. weight 1440

TASK Example a tonne of cement cost N14,000, sand cost 560/m3, coarse aggregate cost 900/m3 for a mix of 1:2:4. Calculate the cost/m3 Solution 1m3 cet will cost 1.44 @ 14,000 = 20,160 2m3 of sand will cost 2 x 560/m3 = 11,120 4m3 of aggregate will cost 4 x 900/m3 = 3,600 24,880 7m3 = 24,880 1m3 will cost 24,880 = 7 Add 50% of void and compaction Add 20% overhead and profit Mix shrinkage cement 1:1:2 1:2:4 1:3:6 Plant Cost of mixer/hr The cost of owning and operating a 10/7 concrete mixer. Assume initial cost of N150,000, a scrap value of N10,000 Life span of 6yrs @ 2000 hrs/year Compute the cost/hr 0.524 0.304 0.440 sand
3

N3,554.29 1,777.14 5,331.44 1066.29 6,397.73 broken stone agg m

3

cement

sand
3

agg m3 0.38 0.76 0.88 0.92

tonnes m

tonnes m 0.32 0.23

0.36 0.72 0.42 0.84 0.44 0.88

0.552

0.44 0.46

(void and compaction here have been taken care of)

54

Capital cost/hr

initial cost scrap value Life span (hr) = N11.66/hr

Therefore, Capital cost/hr = 150,000 10,000 6 x 2000 Running cost Repairs and maintenance 10% of capital cost = Fueling 1.8 liters @ N22 Oil and grease 20% of capital cost Cost of concrete mixer Cost of mixer / day = 54.77/hr x 8hrs Cost of labourer / day 8 labour @ N400 Add 5% for tools Cost of labour and mixer Assume output of mixer / day = 20m Therefore, cost /m3 = 3,798.16 20m
3 3

N1.17/hr 39.60/hr 2.34__ 43.71/hr

= =

= = =

438.16 3,200 160_____ 3,798.16

N189.91

Cost of placing concrete in foundation 6 labourers need @ an output of 4m3/day Cost of 6 labourers = 6 x 400 = Add 5% for tools Cost/m = 2,520 4
3

2,400 120

630

Cost of concrete in foundation Cost of conc /m3 Add 5% of waste Cost of mixing / m3 Cost of placing Add 20% for overhead and profit = N6,397.73 319.88 189.91 630 7,537.52 1,507.51 N9,045.04

55

WEEK 11: BUILD UP UNIT RATES FOR REINFORCEMENT (11.0)

11.1 Bar Reinforcement Most bar reinforcement is bought in straight length of about 16ft. It is usually priced in tonne (1000kg) reinforcement supplied to site in which cost of transportation is not included in the calculation for unit rate, labour cost for unloading and stacking, cutting, bending and fixing are calculated. Some times bar reinforcement can be purchased already and bend to shape e.g links and stirrups and labour cost calculated will then only include the cost of fixing on site. Allowance for bending wire at intersections has to be made. The labour output should be taken as follows Cutting and bending Diameter 6 Hours 63 8 45 10 35 12 27.2 16 22.5 20 15 25 12.5 32 10 40 8 50 6

Fixing/tonne Diameter 6 Hours NOTE: 1. Assume 3hrs for unloading 1 tonne of reinforcement 2. Allow 5% waste for cutting form straight length 3. Allow 1% waste reinforcement already cut to shape 4. for bars in short length e.g links and stirrups, allow 33% for extra labour Tying wire/tonne Diameter 6 Hours 15 8 15 10 12 12 10 16 8 20 8 25 6 32 5 50 4 63 8 45 10 35 12 27.2 16 22.5 20 15 25 12.5 32 10 40 8 50 6

Allow say N1000/tonne for spacers (biscuit) TASK I 16mm mild steel bars reinforcement in straight and bent bars in suspended slab kg Solution 56

A A1 A2 A3 A1

Material 16mm Tying wire Spacers Materials/tonne (1000kg) B1 B2

Labour Cutting and bending Fixing

Assume cost of 16mm @ 34,000/tonne Unloading and stacking 3hrs@400 Allow 5% for waste A2 Tying wire Assume 8kg @ 60/kg Allow 5% for waste A3 Spacers Allow 3% waste Material collection A1 A2 A3 36,960/tonne 504/tonne 1030/tonne)_ 38494/tonne Labour B1 B2 B1 B2 Cutting and bending 22.5hrs @ 50/hr fixing: 22.5hrs @50/hr = = 1,125 1,125 2,250 Summary Material Labour = = 38,494 2,250_ 40,744 Labour collection = = 1,125 1,125

= =

34,000 1,200_ 35,200 1760_ 36,960

480 24__ 504_

N1000 30 1030

57

Add 25% O/P Cost/kg =

10,186_ 50,930/tonne = = 50.93 N51/kg

50,930

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WEEK 12: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR FORMWORK (12.0)

12.1 Formwork Formwork measures the actual faces of work covered or to be supplied. The following must be taken into consideration in determining the size of the formwork 1. The amount of material required 2. The kind of finishes required i.e sawn faced or smooth finish, ground finish, biscuit etc. This determine the types of materials to be used as formwork and the surface from finish required is removed. 3. the height to be supported. This determine the height of props and types of props. 4. Normal labour for fabricating, erecting and striking of formwork. 5. the number of uses required of the formwork this is usually a matter of experience. In small contract it may be possible to reuse the same formwork twice depending on the repetitive nature of the work.

Materials Materials 1 x 12 x 12 sawn 1 x 12 x 12 wrought 2 x 4 x 12 4 x 4 x 12 5 nails 4 nails 3 nails Unit Length Length Length Length Kg Kg Kg Rate 130 230 120 180 135 135 135 59

2 nails

Kg

150

Labour output are mostly conveniently calculated/m3 of timber Labour output for suspended slab Description Unloading and stacking Cutting, fabricating and erecting Striking Output 2.5m3/lbour/day = 250 0.80m3/gang/day (2carpenters + labour 12m2/gang/day

Allowance for waste Cutting and fixing of timber Nails 10% 20%

TASK I Sawn formwork to horizontal soffit of suspended slab m2 Assume 3m height above floot level

Solution Materials A1 A2 A3 A4 1 x 12 x 12 softwoods planks 2 x 4 hardwood battens 4 x 4 hardwood props 4 nails

Labour 60

B1 B2 B3

Unloading and stacking Cutting, fabricating and erecting Striking

NOTE: 3.6 x 1.2 for the calculation and divide by 4.32m2 after all to arrive at cost/m2. This convenient size allow for more length of timber piece to be used and there by simplifies the calculation

A1

4nr sawn softwood planks @ 180 Add 10% waste

720.00 72.00 792.00

A2

2 x 4 x 12 battens

2 x 3.6 = 4 x 12 =

7.2 4.8 12.00

12.00m 3.6m

3 length or 3.33 + 1 = 4

480.00 48.00_ 528.00

Allow 10% waste

A3

props @ 1.00m c/c 4 x 4 x 12 props 24 36 8nr x 3 = 24m 1,260 126_ 1,386 135.00 27.00 162.00

7 lengths @ 180 add 10% for waste

A4

1kg of nail 4 @ 135 Allow 20% waste

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Material for collection A1 A2 A3 A4 792.00 582.00 1,386.00 162.00 N2,868.00

Assume 3 uses Cost/use Cost/m2 = = 2,868 3 956 4.32 = = 239 956

Labour Volume of timber 25 x 300 x 3600 x 4nr 50 x 100 x 3600 x 2nr 50 x 100 x 1200 x 4nr Allow 10% for waste Unloading and stacking 2.50m3 = 1 labour / day = N250.00 Therefore, 0.45m3 = 700 x 0.45 = N126 2.5 Cutting, fixing and erecting (gang) 2 carpenters @ 1500 1 labour @ 700 = = 3000 700_ 3,700 = 126 = = = 0.108 0.0136 0.24__ 0.408 0.041___ 0.449m3

0.8m3 = 1 gang/day = N3,700

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0.45m3 Striking

3,700 x 0.45 = 2,081.25 0.8

2,081.25

12m2 = 1 gang/day = 3,700 4.32m2 = 3,700 x 4.32 = 12m 1,332 = 1,332__ 3,539.25

Labour cost collection Cost of labour = 3,539.25 4.32 = N819.27

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Summary Materials Labour = = 221.30 819.27 1,040.57 260.14_ N1,300.71

Add 25% P/O

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WEEK 13: BUILD-UP UNIT RATE FOR ROOFING (13.0)

13.1 Roofing Corrugated roofing sheet, operation output /gang / day Aluminium of galvanized iron unloading + fixing Fixing ridge cap Raking and cutting Straight cutting Asbestors unloading + fixing Fixing ridge cap Raking + cutting Straight + cutting Felt roofing 40m2 35m 30m 30m 30m2 20m 25m 25m 120m2 80m2 80m2 100m2 20m 90m

unloading + laying of layer Spreading bitumen primer Spreading bitumen Spreading chips Laying gutters < 1m girth Raking cutting

TASK I 0.7mmm thick corrugated aluminium long span roof covering fixed to timber purlins (m.s) @900mm c/c with 50mm galvanized drive screw with felt and metal washer including 100mm side laps (measured net) in m-square i.e (100mm2)

(A) Materials A1 0.7m long span Aluminium sheet A2 Galvanized drive screw + washers

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(B) Labour B1 Unloading and fixing Laps = (0.75 0.10) x 1m = 0.65m2 A1 roofing sheet required = 100m2 0.65m2 = 153.85 Add 5% for waste Cost/m2 = N1200 161.55@1200 = N193,860 A2 Galvanized drive screw Number required = 4no/m2 x 100m2 = Allow 10% for waste N6/screw Cost 440 pieces @ N6 = N2640 Material collection Corrugated roofing sheet Screw + washer N193.860 2,640__ 196.500 400nr 40______ 440 pieces 7.70 161.55m2

Labour A gang / day 2 carpenters (roofers) @1500/day 1 labourer Add 5% for tools @700/day = N3000 = 700 =N3700 =_185_________ 3885/gang/day Unloading and fixing 1 gang /day output = 40m2 66

40m2 = 1 gang / day = N3885 100m2 = 3885 x 100m2 40m2 Summary Materials Labour N196,500.00 9,712.50__ 206,212.50 Allow 25% for profit and over head 51,553.13__ 257,765.63 Therefore, cost/m2 = 257,765.63 = N2577.66 100m2 TASK II 2 layers of bituminous felt roof covering laid on flat weighing 25kg/roll of 20m2 with 100 and 150mm end and side laps respectively and finished with 6mm chipping. Assume 100m2 covering. MATERIAL (1) Felt (2 layers ) (2) Bitumen primer (3) Bitumen (3 layers) (4) chipings Plant Boiler A1 laps (20m x 0.15m) + (0.085 x 0.10m) = 3.085m2 = 3.09m2 Covering capacity / roll Less laps Nr of rolls required = 100m = 5.91 roll Allow 3% for waste = 0.18 6.09 roll/layer Therefore, 2 layers will be required = 6.09 x 2 = 12.18 rolls 67
2

9,712.50

LABOUR unloading + fixing of felt spreading bitumen primer spread bitumen spreading chippings

20.00m2 3.09____ 16.91m2

12.18 rolls@2500 = N30,450 Bitumen primer A2 Assume a covering capacity of 7m2/liters Therefore, bitumen required 100m2 7 liters Allow 5% waste 20 liters / drum = 1600 Therefore, 15 liters will cost 1600 x 15 20 = N1,200 0.71_____ 15.00 liters = 14.29 liters

A3

Bitumen (3 layers) Assume a covering capacity of 2kg (m2 bitumen required / layer = 2 x 100m2 = Allow 10% for waste For 3 layers 480kg / drum of R115 / 15 (type) cost N20,000 Therefore 660kg will cost 20,000 x 660 480 = N27,500 200kg 20 220 x 3 660kg

A4

Assume a covering capacity of 60m2 / tonne Chippings of tonne required = 1/60 x 100m2 = 1.67 tonne Or 100m2 / 60m2 1.67 tonnes

If 1 tonne of chippings cost N7,000 Therefore 1.75 tonnes will cost 1.75 x 7000 = N12,250

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Material cost collection A1 A2 A3 A4 felt primer = bitumen chippings = 1200 = = 27,500 12,250 N71,400 B1 unloading and fixing Output 100m2 = = 120m2/gang/day (felt) 1/120 x 100 = 0.83 (a layer) = 1.66 30,450

2 layers = 2 x 0.83 B2 B3

Output = 80m2 / gang / day (primer) = 100m2 = 1/80 x 100 = 1.25 Output = 80m2 / gang / day (bitumen) 3 layers = 3 x 1.25 = 3.75 Chippings 1.00 7.66

B4

Output = 100m2 / 100m (chippings) = 1.00 7.66 gang @ N1,575 = N12,064.50 (d) PLANT: cost of plant/hr N150 Cost of plant/day N150 x 8hrs = N1200 Summary

A.

Material Labour Plant

= = =

71,400.00 12,064.50 1,200.00 84,664.50 21,166.50 105,830.03

Add 25% profit and overhead Cost/m2 = N105,830.63 100m2 =

1,058.31

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NOTE: Allowance has to be made for the following Irregularity of surfaces Compression of toweling General waste (residue + application) 80%

TASK I 12.5mm thick c/s (1:4) rendering trowel smooth (a) Wall (b) Concrete soffit (100m2) Material Cement 1m3 Sand 4m3 5m3 1m3 cement 28 bags @ 700 = N19,000.00 280___ 19,880 Allow 2% waste 4m3 of sand 4m3 of sand @ N600/m3 Allow 5% for waste Cement Allow 25% for shrinkage Cost/m2 = = 28,499 5m3 N5,699.40 = = = 2,400 2,520 20,277.60 22,797.00 5,699.40 28,497.00 397.00 20,277.60 labour mixing rendering

Transport, loading and unloading 28 bags @ 10 bags =

Volume of mortar required 100m2 x 0.0125m3 1.25m3 Allow 80% 1.00___ 70

2.25m3 Therefore, 2.25m3 of mortar @ 5,699.40 = 12,823.65 Labour 1. Mixing = 1m3 = 1 labour day@ N700/day 2.25m3 = N700 x 2.25m3 = N1575 2. Rendering = 30m2 = 1 gang/ day = N3885 (reference to roof) 100m2 = N3885 x 100m2 = N12,950 30m2 Labour 1. Mixing 2. Rendering 675 12,950_ 13,625.00 Add 5% for tools 681.25__ 14,306.25 Summary Material Labour Add 25% P/OH = = 12,823.65 14,306.25 27,129.9 6,782.48_ 33,912.38 Cost/m2 = 33,912.38 100 = N339.12

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WEEK 14: BUILD UP UNIT RATE FOR MASONRY (14.0)

14.1 Guide to Using this Student Learning Pack Throughout this and the series of learning packs you will find, extensive notes on the various aspects of work you will be measuring followed by a series of three tasks, These tasks are designed to increasingly develop your skills in the aspect of measurement covered by the learning pack, and will include, one basic task, which requires you to copy down a worked example, using the correct measurement layouts. The second and third tasks form the second section of the class, where the class develops into a tutorial based

14.2 Masonry works Before we look at the process for estimating unit rates for Masonry works, we must understand that our final unit rate will be influenced by several variables.

Task One In the box below, finish the list of possible variables which could impact on the eventual cost for masonry works.

8. Quality of finished works 9. Type of work ( i.e. straight walls, curved walls, foundations etc) 10. Working overhand, at height 11. Type of pointing

14.3 Fact and Figures Bricks: The number of metric (215 x 65 x 102.5mm) bricks required per m2 of half brick thick (102.5mm) wall is 59, proven thus. 1.000m x 1.000m 225mm x 75mm For a one brick thick wall (225mm) the number of bricks required is 120 etc. For any other thickness count the number of half brick thicknesses and multiply by 59. For different sized 72 = 59 nr bricks

bricks the number required per m2 will of course vary. The old imperial brick is 2 7/8 or 73mm. Waste on facing bricks varies between 7.5% and 12.5%. For waste on bricks allows 5% above ground and 2.5% below ground.

Task Calculate the number of imperial 215 x 73mm bricks required to build one m2 of half brick wall. Assume 10mm thick mortar joints.

Blocks The standard size for concrete blocks is 440 x 215mm, however, the thickness of the block will vary. The number of concrete blocks per m2 is 10 nr. For waste on blocks allow say 5%.

Mortar For each half brick thickness of wall allow 0.02m3 of mortar per m2 of wall. For each vertical joint allow 0.01m3 per m2. e.g. One brick wall (2 x 0.02m3) + 0.01m3 = 0.05m3 per m2.

Task Calculate the volume of mortar required per m2 for a 100mm thick block wall.

Labour It is the norm for bricklayers to work in gangs, these gangs are usually referred to as 2 + 1 gangs as they consist of 2 bricklayers and 1 labourer. A 2+1 gang will: Lay approximately 70 facing bricks per hour in walls pointed one side Lay approximately 100 common bricks per hour in walls Lay approximately 2.5m2 of 100mm thick blocks per hour in walls

Task Express the above outputs in terms of man hours per m2 i.e. the time one operative will take to produce one m2 of wall. Using the following information, calculate net rates for: Information 73

Materials Facing bricks 240.00 per 1000 delivered and off-loaded, waste 10% Common bricks 95.00 per 1000 ditto, waste 5% 100mm concrete blocks 8.50 per m2 ditto, waste 5% Cement Mortar (1:3) 76.91 per m3, waste 5% Gauged mortar (1:1:6) 74.16 per m3, waste 5% Coloured mortar (1:1:6) 122.04 per m3, waste 5%

Directly employed labour costs Bricklayers 11.53 per hour Labourers 8.68 per hour In-Directly employed labour costs Laying facings 300 / 1000 Laying Commons 150 / 1000 Laying blocks 9.00 / m2

Questions Calculate unit rates for the following: 1. Half brick thick skins of hollow walls built entirly of facing bricks in coloured mortar and pointed with a flush joint. (using in-direct labour) 2. One brick thick wall built of common bricks in cement mortar (1:3) using direct labour. 3. 100mm lightweight block wall in gauged mortar (1:1:6) using in-direct labour 4. One brick wall in common bricks in English bond, faced one side with facing bricks in gauged mortar (1:1:6) using direct labour. 5. Cavity wall comprising of half brick thick outer leaf in stretcher bond, faced one side in coloured mortar (1:1:6), internal leaf 150mm thermal block in stretcher bond in cement mortar (1:3). 6. A project includes the building of a 2m high one brick thick boundary wall in Edenhall facing bricks in cement lime mortar (1:1:6) around a site 200mm perimeter. This wall has been priced by the contractor at 80.00 per square metre inclusive of 8% for overheads and profit. During the course of the contract, the architect proposes to change the design of the wall by incorporating sunken panels of contrasting coloured brickwork in strawbone facing bricks

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bedded and pointed in coloured mortar. The panels are to be 1.0m x 1.0m in area at 3.0m centres for the full length of the wall. The contractor claims that the strawbone bricks are more easily damaged than the Edenhall and as such twice the amount of waste will be incurred. In addition, the contractor claims that the inclusion of the sunken panels involves more setting out and cutting and it would take 50% longer to complete Strawbone work compared to Edenhall walling. Furthermore, the cost of labour has risen by 15% since the original price was calculated. It is accepted that this increase in cost may be claimed. The contractor proposes to double their price per square metre in order to account for all the above changes.

Using the data below, determine, with justification, If the contractors proposal is reasonable.

All-In rate for labour Craft operative General operative 12.00 / hour 9.50 / hour

Material delivered to site: Edenhall facing bricks320.00 / tonne Strawbone facing bricks Building Sand Cement Hydrated lime Coloured mortar 420.00 / tonne 130.00 per m3 63.00 per m3 180.00 per m3 22.00 per m3

Mechanical Plant All-in rate for mixer Output constant for mixer MASONRY SAQ 5 Explain how the following factors may affect the cost of masonry items ; Type of work e.g. straight walls, complex plan shape, number of openings 75 20 per hour 0.5m3 per hour

Quality of work Type of bricks, blocks or stone used Allowances for waste Working overhand, at height Type of mortar Type of pointing Method of scaffolding used Accessibility of materials Weather conditions

Facts and Figures

Bricks The number of 215 x 65 bricks required per m2 of half brick thick (102mm) wall is 60. For a one brick thick wall (225mm) the number required is 120 etc. For any other thickness count the number of half brick thicknesses and multiply by 60 Waste on facing bricks varies between 7.5% and 12.5%. Waste on common bricks allow 5% above ground and 2.5% below ground. Note - . For different sized bricks the number required per m2 will of course vary.

TQ11 Calculate the number of 215 x 71 bricks required to build one m2 of half brick wall. Assume 10mm thick mortar joints.

Blocks The number of 440 x 215 blocks per m2 is 10. Waste on blocks say 5%.

Mortar For each half brick thickness of wall allow 0.02m3 of mortar per m2 of wall For each vertical joint allow 0.01m3 per m2 e.g. One brick wall (2 x 0.02m3) + 0.01m3 = 0.05m3 per m2

TQ12 Calculate the volume of mortar required per m2 for a 100mm thick block wall.

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Labour Bricklayers work in gangs, usually 2 bricklayers and one labourer. A 2 + 1 gang will; Lay approximately 70 facing bricks per hour in walls pointed one side. Lay approximately 100 common bricks per hour in walls. Lay approximately 2.5m2 of 100mm thick blocks per hour in walls. TQs 13-17 Express the above outputs in terms of "man hours" per m2 i.e. the time one operative will take to produce one m2 of wall. Using the following information calculate net unit rates for ; Half brick thick skins of hollow walls built entirely of facing bricks in coloured mortar and pointed with a flush joint - m2 (using indirectly employed labour) One brick thick wall built of common bricks in cement mortar - m2 (direct labour) 100mm lightweight block wall in gauged mortar - m2 (indirect labour) One brick wall in common bricks in English bond, faced one side with facing bricks in gauged mortar - m2 (direct labour)

Materials Facing bricks 240 per 1000 delivered and off-loaded, waste 10%. Common bricks 85 per 1000 ditto, waste 5% 100mm blocks 8.50 per m2 ditto, waste 5% Cement mortar 65 per m3, waste 5% Gauged mortar 60 per m3, waste 5% Coloured mortar 80 per m3, waste5% Directly employed labour costs Bricklayers 9.50 per hour. Labourers 7.00 per hour Indirectly employed labour costs Laying facings 190 per 1000. Laying commons 120 per 1000. Laying blocks 8 per m2

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WEEK 15: PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR TUTORIAL CLASS (15.0)

15.1 Questions Q1. Calculate the difference in cost per metre (m) for laying 100mm diameter flexible jointed clay drain pipes and the cost per metre (m) for laying 100 flexible jointed uPVC drain pipes in runs not exceeding 5.00m Labour: Productivity rate: 0.20hrs / m for 100mm diameter flexible jointed clay drainage. And 0.14hrs/m for 100mm diameter flexible jointed PVCu drainage. All - in rate 8.01 per hour plus 2.03 / hour enhancement for additional skill and responsibility. Materials: 100mm diameter flexible jointed clay drain pipe cost 5.50 each and are 1.60m long. 100mm diameter flexible jointed PVC drain pipe costs 21.00 each and are 3.0m long. Flexible joints cost 4.23 each assume one joint for every 1.4m for clay drainage and one joint for every 2.0m of pipe for uPVC drainage. Waste Allow 10% waste on pipes and 5% waste on couplings Q2. Calculate the unit rate / m2 for earthwork support in moderately firm earth not exceeding 2.0m apart and a maximum of 2.0m deep. As illustrated in the sketch, given: Labour: Productivity rate 1.28hrs / m2, Unloading timber 1.00hrs / m3. All - in rate 8.01 per hour plus 2.03 / hour enhancement for additional skill and responsibility. Materials: Timber supply price is 325.00 / m3 therefore: 100 x 100 150 x 150 Costs 3.25 Costs 7.31 150 x 100 200 x 50 Costs 4.88 Costs 3.25

Additional Information Allow 5% waste on materials and allow for all materials to be used Eight times Q3. Calculate the gross rate per square metre (m2) for brick wall: half brick thick skim of hollow walls built entirely of concrete common bricks in mortar (1:1:6) pointed with bucket handle joint using directly employed labour given: Labour: 2 + 1 gang Bricklayers 11.53 per hour & Labourers 8.68 per hour Productivity rate: One bricklayer will lay 40 bricks per hour. Materials: Common bricks cost 95.00 / 1000

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Pre-mixed Lime/Sand costs 35.80 per tonne Cement costs 78.30 / tonne Materials Usage: Bricks: There are 59nr bricks per m2 Cement Usage: 115 kg per 1000 bricks Sand/Line mix usage: 1.25 tonnes per m2 Additional Information Allow 7.5% waste on all materials Add 12.5% to net rates for contractors overheads and Profit

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