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CONTENTS
FORM 4 CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURE SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
9.1 The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid 9.2 The Manufacture of Ammonia and Its Salts 9.3 Alloys 9.4 Evaluating the Uses of Synthetic Polymers 9.5 Uses of Glass and Ceramic 9.6 Evaluating yhe Uses of Composite Materials 9.7 Appreciating the Impotance of Various Synthetic Industrial Materials

FORM 5 CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

5.1 Soap and Detergent 5.2 Usage of food additives 5.3 Medicine

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MANUFACTURED SUBTANCE IN INDUSTRY FORM 4

MOHD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MOHAMED ANAS 940403-02-5967 10536

CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE OF MERBOK, KEDAH DARUL AMAN

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CHAPTER 9 FORM 4: MANUFACTURE SUBTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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SUBTOPIC 1: SULPHURIC ACID

INTRODUCTION Sulphuric acid is a diprotic (dibasic) mineral acid which does not volatise. It is manufacture in a sulphuric acid production plant. In the pure, concentrated form, sulphuric acid is an oily, colourless liquid which is dense and vicious. It has a high boiling point that is 270o C. In the school laboratory, sulphuric acid is used as: y A strong acid, for example it react with alkalis to form salt and water y A dehydrated agent for example it dries gas such as hydrogen. y An oxidizing agent for example, it oxides substances( copper to Cu2+ ions) y A sulphonating agent y A catalyst, for example it acts as a catalyst in the esterification process

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Uses Sulphuric Acid In Industry Sulphuric acid is a very important chemical substance in industry as it uses to manufacture many substances. It is used directly and indirectly in almost industries. About 40 % is used to produce fertilizer. Modern detergent are produced through the sulphonation process, for example the reactant between duodecanly-benzene and concentrated gives rise to a product which is then reacted with NaOH to obtain detergent. Detergent are more effective then soap as they can be used in hard water too. Sulphuric acid is also used in manufactured of plastic and synthetic fibre. Rayon, a synthetic fibre is produce when acid react with cellulose.The white pigment caused by BaSO4 in paints is obtained when barium oxide react with sulphuric acid. The electrolyte used in lead acid accumulator or car battery is actually concentrated sulphuric acid. Its other uses is: y Hydrochloric acid in industry y Pesticide and herbicide

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MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID Sulphuric acid can be produce using Contact Process. The raw material used to produce this acid is water, air and sulphur. The acid is produce in three stage: y Stage One: the production of sulphur dioxide o Heating liquid sulphur with hot air in furnace S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) o Heating sulphides in air, for example: 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 SO2 is a side product in the extraction of the metal, iron. Zinc pyrites can also be heated in air as shown: 2ZnO + 3O2 2SO2 + 2 ZnO y Stage Two: Formation of Sulphur trioxide Pure, dry sulphur dioxide is mixed with dry oxygen in excess and passed over vanadium oxide as catalyst at temperature 4500 C to 5500 C and a pressure 1 atm. The condition ensure the maximum production of sulphur trioxide: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 The reaction takes place in heat converter. Excess air is used to ensure a higher percentage of SO3 produce. y Stage Three: the production of sulphuric acid o Sulphur trioxide is passed through an absorption tower when it is absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid to form a vicious liquid called oleum, H2S2O7. SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

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Environmental Pollution by Sulphur Dioxide The main source of sulphur dioxide is form the burning of fossil fuel like petroleum. Another source is from manufacture of sulphur based substance in industry for example is rayon and plastic which manufacture from sulphuric acid is. One of the waste product is sulphur dioxide which is acidic and poisonous gas. Sulphur dioxide can diffuse into our respiratory system and cause disease such as bronchitis, asthma and lung infection. Sulpurous and sulphuric acid can cause what we known as acid rain, which can cause : y Speeden the corrosion of metallic construction y It result in higher acidic soil which is not conducive for agriculture activities y It lower the PH value of the water in river and seas y It destroy the nutrient in the soil

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9.2 THE MANUFARTURE OF AMMONIA AND SALTS

AMMONIA 1. It uses: i.In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea. ii.To manufacture nitric acid and explosive. iii.In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon. iv.As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS 1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following: i.It colourless and has a pungent odour. ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution. iii.It less dense then water. iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool. 2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas: a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali. NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution: i. Turns red litmus paper blue. ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction. NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq) 2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates. Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)

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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY 1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3

2.The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam. CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas. i.Temperature: 450-500C ii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres iii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings N2(g) + 3H2(g)(bbalik) 2NH3(g) 4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.

5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.

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AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS 1.Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary for growth and cell repair. 2.Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots. 3.The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.

4.Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers. NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq) Ammonium nitrate 3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq) Ammonium phosphate 2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) Ammonium sulphate

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9.3 ALLOYS
PHYSICAL PRPERTIES OF PURE MATALS a) b) c) d) e) ductile malleable high melting and boiling point high density good conductors of electricity

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS 1.The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a hight density

2.The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point. 3.Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat.

4.The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors. 5.Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

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WHAT ARE ALLOYS? 1.Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily. 2.To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy. 3.An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion. For example: a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon) 4.The purposes of making alloys include the following: a) Increase the strength i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes. ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearance i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.

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ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making coins.

9.4 EVALUATING THE USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

WHAT ARE POLYMER 1.Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer.

2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer. 3.The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation. 4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber. 5.Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisation.

6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE 1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials: a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent. b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped. c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator. d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and chemical attacks. 2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer a.Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution. 13

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b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment c.Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes. d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of non- recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers

9.5 USES GLASS AND CERAMICS

GLASS 1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many products are made from glass because of its specials properties. 2.Glass is: a. Transparent, hard but brittle. b. A heat and electric insulator. c. Resistant to corrosion. d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack. e. Easy to maintain.

CERAMICS 1.Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to a very high temperature. 2.Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials in our everyday life. That: a. Are hard, strong but brittle b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature c. Are heat and electric instrument d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear e. Are chemically not reactive f. Do not readily deform under stress 3.Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as a. Construction materials i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and toilet bowls ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.

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b. Decorative items i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish easily and are durable. ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles. c. Electrical insulator i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters, fridges and electrical plug.

9.6 EVALUATING THE USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS 1.A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer. 2.Some common composite materials are: a. Reinforces concrete b. Superconductor c. Fibre optic d. Fibre glass e. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE 1.Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. It is more important construction materials. 2.The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR 1.Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission. 2.Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible. 3.One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h).

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4.Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer. Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet communication.

FIBRE OPTIC 1.Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave. 2.Fibre optic is used in a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. b. Domestic cable television network c. Closed circuit television security system.

3.Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS 1.Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre. 2.Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water but is brittle. 3.When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces plastic is formed. 4.Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It Is: a. Extremely strong b. Light weigh c. Resistant to fire and water d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted

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PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS 1.When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed. 2.The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet. 3.Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

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CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER FORM5

MOHD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MOHAMED ANAS 940403-02-5967 10536

CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE OF MERBOK, KEDAH DARUL AMAN

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rgent more effective in its cleansing action. Most of the materials that are used in our daily lives comprise of processed industrial chemicals. Soap, detergent, food additives and medicines are some of the chemicals that have become part of our daily needs.

5.1 SOAP AND DETERGENT

SOAP 1. Soap is a salt that is form the reaction between an alkali and fatty acid, RCOOH 2. Soap is a: a) Sodium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is sodium hydroxide. b) Potassium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is potassium hydroxide.

Alkali + fatty acid

sodium / potassium salt fatty acid + water ( salt )

3. The general formula of soap is RCOONa or RCOOK. R is a long chained alkyl group.

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4. Example of soap : a) Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14CC Na+ b) Sodium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+

c) Sodium laurate, CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+ d) Sodium oleate, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7 5. For example, sodium palmitate soap, CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+, is a sodium salt of palmitic acid acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, that is derived from paln oil.

CH3(CH2)14CO OSource found in palmitic acid, type of fatty acid that comes from palm oil

Na + Source found in an alkali, that is sodium hydroxide

Sodium palmitate is example of soap

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SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS 1.Soap can be prepared by heating fat or oil together with alkali through the saponification process. 2.The saponification process is a hydrolysis process of ester (oil or fat) by alkali. 3.The vegetables oil that is usually used to manufactured soap is palm oil, coconut oil and olive.

4.The manufacturing of soap can be divided into 2 stages a) Stage 1 -The two parts of the oil or fat (ester) molecule are separated by heating the oil with alkaline solution through the hydrolysis process. -In the hydrolysis process, the oil or fat (ester) molecule is broken up into fatty acid and glycerol by water in the presence of alkali which acts as a catalyst.

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hydrolysis

Fatty acid + water --------------------------glycero Alkali acts as a catalys fatty acid + glycerol

O II CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 O II CH3(CH2)14 C O CH O II CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 hydrolysis + 3H2O ---------------------(alkaly as a catalys)

O II CH3(CH2)14 C - OH O II CH3(CH2)14 C CH O II CH3(CH2)14 C OH Palmitic acid HO CH2 Glycerol + HO - CH HO CH2

Hydrolysis of oil or fat molecule

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The fatty acid that is released in Stage 1 react with alkali to form sodium salt fatty acid which is soap.

Fatty acid + sodium hydroxide (alkali)

sodium salt fatty acid + water (soap)

5.Generally, the soap manufacturing reaction is represented by a chemical equation in words. The reaction is as follows.

Vegetable oil + sodium hydroxide (ester) (alkali)

sodium salt fatty acid + glycerol (soap) (alcohol)

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O II CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 O II CH3(CH2)14 C O CH + 3NaOH ----O II CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 Glyceryl tripalmitate sodium hydroxide

HO CH2 O II CH3(CH2)14 C ONa + HO - CH HO CH2 glycerol

sodium palitate

Overall teaction between oil or fat molecule and alakli to form soap

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6.Type of soap that is produce depends on the type of fatty acid and alkali that is used. Type of soap Num of Carbon atom Type of Fatty acid Stearic acid, Sodium sterate, 18 CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+ Palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH 16 CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+ Oleic acid, Sodium oleate,
18
CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COOK+

Type of alkili

CH3(CH2)16COOH

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium palmitate,

Sodium hydroxide

CH3(CH3)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Potassium hydroxide

Lauric acid, Sodium laurate, 12 CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+ Linoleic acid, CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH Sodium hydroxide
17 (CH2)7COOH

CH3(CH2)10COOH

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium linoleate, CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH (CH2)7COO-Na+

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7.The soap that is produced can be precipitated out from the mixture by adding table salt that is sodium chloride. 8.Sodium chloride that is added to reduce the solubility of soap in water and causes the soap to be separated from the solution. 9.The soap that is produced is filtered, purified and added with additives such as biological enzymes, whitening agents, antiseptics, perfumes and colouring.

10.There are two types of soap : a) Solid soap -made from sodium hydroxide and saturated carboxylic acid that is found in animal fat. -used for bathing and washing clothes. b) Liquid soap -made from potassium hydroxide and unsaturated carboxylic acid that is Found in plant oil such as cotton seed oil. -used as liquid soap and shaving cream (more expensive)

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THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP 1. soap is cleansing agent that is used to remove organic dirt. 2. when added into water, soap molecules will dissociate into sodium (or and soap (soap anions). 3. soap ions consist of two parts that is the a) head that consist of the anion region is ionic called the hydrophilic region dissolve in water potassium) ions

b) tail that consist of hydrocarbon region (hydrocarbon chain) its molecule has covalent characteristics called the hydrophobic region dissolve in grease or oil (dirt)

4. soap molecules can reduce the surface tension of water to allow it to wet a materials surface better.

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Cleansing action of food

the soap molecule dissolve in water and reduce the surface tension of water. Water wets the dirty surface. The hydrophilic region dissolve in water. The hydrophobic region dissolve in dirt such as grease. The tail region emulsifies and breaks up the grease into small drops.

When shaken, the water molecules will attract the soap ions and cause the grease to detach from the surface of the material. The soap bubbles help to float the grease emulsion in the water. When rinsed, the grease will be removed together with the water.

DETERGENT 1. a detergent is a salt tht is produce from the reaction between an alkali and a sulphonic acid. 2. a detergent is the sodium salt of sulphonic acid. 3. synthetic detergents are made from hydrocarbons that are obtained as by-product of petroleum industry, for example propene gas, C3H6.

THE PREPARATION OF DETERGENT 1. sodium alkyl sulphate detergent can be prepared through a neutralisation reaction between an alkyl sulphonic acid with a sodium hydroxide solution.

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O II R O S OH + NaOH II O Alkyl sulphuric acid O II R O S O-Na+ +H2O II O sodium alkyl sulphate

2. the sodium dodecyl sulphate detergent is prepared through a neutralisation reaction between the dodecyl sulphonic acid and a sodium hydroxide solution.

O II CH3 (CH2)12 O S OH + NaOH II O

O II CH3 (CH2)11 O S O-Na+ + H2O II

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CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENT

1. The cleansing action of detergent and soap is fundamentally the same. 2. when a detergent dissolve in water, its molecule will dissociate to form sodium (or potassium) ion and detergent ion (detergent anion).

Detergent molecule dissociates to form sodium ion (or potassium ion) and detergent ion.

Hydropholic region (head) dissolve in water. Hydrophobic region (tail) dissolve in grease and emulsifies (breaks up) the grease.

When the water shaken, the detergent ion will remove the dirt.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

Soap
effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water (contain mineral salt calcium and magnesium salt) cannot be used in hard water because magnesium and calcium ions will react with soap anions to form a non-soluble precipitate in water (soap film or scum). Cannot produce bubbles in hard water.

Detergent
Does not form scum in hard water. Calcium or magnesium salt detergents dissociate easily in water. Form bubbles in both soft and hard water. Make dete

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5.2 FOOD ADDITIVES

1. various food additives are added into food, in the food industry, for the purpose of a) preserving food b) improving the taste of food c) making food look more attractive d) enriching food with certain nutrients

Food additives preservatives

function Prevent a slow down the growth of bacteria Slow dow the oxidation of fat in food Adds taste or fragrant smells to make food more edible. Mixes two liquid that usually do not mix together. Prevent the sedimentation process of liquid Thickens liquid such as soup and sauce Colours food to make it look more attractive

antioxidant

Example of chemical Benzoic acid Sodium nitrate Sulphur dioxide Ascorbic acid Citric acid Monosodium glutamate Aspartame (sweetener) Lecithin Gelatine Acacia gum (agar)

Example of food Sausage Canned food Margarine Cooking oil Ice cream Soft drinks

Flavouring agent

stabilisers

Chilli sauce Ice cream

Thickening agent

Gelain (agar) Starch Metanil yellow Caramel

Dark soy sauce Oyster sauce Ice cream Soft drinks

Colouring agent

2. some food additives can pose a danger to the bodys health.

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THE EFFECTS ON HEALTH DUE TO EXCESSIVE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES

PRESERVATIVES COLOURINGS     tiredness itchy skin food poisoning cancer      cancer asthma infertility hyperactive children skin disease

FLAVOURING       chest pains weakness in the body nausea shortness of breath headaches brain damage in babies and children

ANTIOXIDANTS   damage to the liver, brain and kidney hair loss

5.3 MEDICINE
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1. natural of synthetic chemical that are use for medical purposes are called medicine. 2. medicine are chemicals that can change the bodys functions. 3. two types of medicine a) traditional medicine b) modern medicine

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE not processed chemically knowledge of medicinal plants is passed down from generation to generation sources usually come from plants (herbs) or animals.

ALOE VERA GARLIC - treat skin disease - treat high blood pressure y apply on body - prevent cancer - prevent flu y eat BEES HONEY - relieves pain of skin that has been scalded by hot things. y Apply on body LIME -

TURMERIC - treat ringworm - treat liver disease y apply on body/ lngest

help digestion cures skin diseases increase bodys defence system y make into juice for drinking

MINT -

cures sore throats used as a natural flavour in sweets. y Eat/make juice

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prepared from chemicals, to treat certain disease. Sources is from animals or plants, or synthesised in the laboratory. Can be divided into.: a) analgesics b) antibiotics c) psychotherapeutic medicines

MODERN MEDICINE

ANALGESIC medicine that reduce pain three types: a) aspirin y cures body pain y reduce body temperature during fever y cannot be taken by children or pregnant mother b) paracetamol y replacement for aspirin to reduce pain and fever y can be taken by children c) codeine y used in headache and cough medicine.

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used to cure diseases caused by bacteria prodused by microorganism such as fungi and bacteria. Two types :

ANTIBIOTIC

a) penicillin y produced by fungi y treat diseases gonorrhoea, syphilis(srxually transmitted disease) b) streptomycin y produced by bacteria y cures tuberculosis and pneumonia

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES act on nervous system and brain. used to treat mental patients.

- taken by patients experiencing psychiatric problems (due to stress) such as a) depression b) anxiety c) insomnia d) nervousness or restlessness e) difficulties in sleeping used to treat psychiatric patients include a)stimulants b)antidepressants

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c)antipsychotic drug

OTHER MEDICINE Hormones are used to treat certain kinds of diseases. Hormones are produced by living cells that control certain body function. Example of homones include insulin and cortisone

HORMONE insulin cortisone -

DESCRIPTION controls the glucose content in the blood lack of insulin in the blood can cause diabetes obtain from animals as goat and cows. classified under steroids. Has anti-inflammatory haracteristics Used to cure joint diseases, asthma and allergies

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1. can only be taken under doctors supervision or obtained through a prescription. 2. antibiotic given by the doctor must be comsumed within the stipulated time frame, this important to ensure tat all bacteria has been killed.

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