3.

1 The Cytoskeleton Microfilaments: (outer side of cell) - Tension resistant - Made of actin monomers lined parallel, 7nm in diameter - eg. Myosin fibres in muscle movement, pseudopodia (gripping 'feet'), membrane pinching in cell division Intermediate filaments - Very thick, rigid and more fibrous - Made of different types of keratin - Found only in MULTI-CELLULAR organisms - Stabilise cell structure and shape (tension resistance) - ANCHORS organelles in place Microtubules: - Two subunits make a TUBULE DIMER (25nm diameter) - Made of tubulin polymers - Compression resistant - Are directional (have +ve and -ve ends) - Form tracks in which molecular MOTOR PROTEINS and organelles can move - Are 'POWERHOUSES' for flagella and cilia - Play crucial role in mitosis Centrosomes are where microtubules are generated from. These are DYNAMIC, i.e growing and shrinking Molecular Motor Proteins: - Their structure afford their ability to 'step' along microfilaments or microtubule tracks by SHAPE CHANGES. - Shape changes require energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) via phophorylation. Kinesin and dynein are good examples of molecular motors. They move organelles and VESICLES around the cell. Move in + or - direction Kinesin + Dynein, - (moves flagella) In effect, one microtubule moves in OPPOSITE direction to the other. Organelle attaches to TAIL of kinesin. MOTOR HEADS bond to microtubules --> ATP releases phosphate and ADP Dyneins bend bundles of microtubules.

CELL MOVEMENT: -Movement of microtubules powers movement of eukaryotes using flagella and cilia - In bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes), structure is almost identical, with different type of protein and movement is in a different direction.