Theoretical fundamentals

3 objectives, one is about acknowledging that when two or more bodies are in contact they undergo a process of energy transfer until both reach the same temperature. The other is about calculating the specific heat capacity of an object using heat transfer concepts. The last one is about realizing that when an object changes phase, it receives energy but does not increase its temperature until the phase change is completed. Hypotheses: 3 hypotheses (use if.. then format). One is about realizing that if two or more bodies at different temperatures are in contact, their final temperature after reaching thermal equilibrium will a value between the lowest and highest initial values. The other is about realizing that if the value of the specific heat capacity of an object is calculated, we can find out of what material it is done by using a table with values. The last one is about realizing that if a mix involves phase change, then energy is consumed without temperature change until the change is completed. Theoretical fundamentals: In this part, be sure you talk about thermal equilibrium and its conditions. Explain what is heat capacity and latent heat. Be sure you include the formula for heat and latent heat. Include the values for heat capacity of water and ice, and the latent heat constants for ice to water and for water to vapor. Make and x-y graph explaining how bodies use up energy to either increase their temperature or to change phase. Include a table of cps for different materials. EXPERIMENT 1 MIXING LIQUIDS: The purpose of this experiment is to find out the energy released and the equilibrium temperature. Be sure all masses are in kg. Ex: Mix : Water 0.2kg Water 0.1kg 23C 70C energy in energy out

Qin = Qout m T cp = m T cp 0.2 (Tf 23) (4186) = 0.1 (70-Tf) (4186)

Tf = 45C compare this value with the one you got in the lab (lets say 47C). Get the error.

%e = (47-45)/45 * 100 = 4% invented for this example)

(values are

Calculate the energy released :

Qout = 0.1 (70-45)(4186) = 12349 J

For the second part of this experiment, where you mix three you do the same as before but in this case you have two intervals to consider. So choose the interval in which you got the final temperature in the lab and calculate. Obtained lab final temperature : 13C Mix : Water 0.2kg Water Water 0.1kg 23C 70C energy out energy out energy in

0.3kg 1C

Qin = Qout 0.3 (Tf-1) 4186 = 0.2 (23-Tf) (4186) + 0.1 (70-Tf) (4186) Calculate Tf Tf = 10C the lab (13C). Get the error. compare this value with the one you got in (values are

%e = (13-10)/10 * 100 = 4% invented for this example)

Calculate the energy released :

Qout in Joules.

EXPERIMENT 2 FINDING THE CP OF A SOLID: The purpose of this experiment is to find the cp of a solid and find out of what material it is made of. Mix : Water Cylinder 0.2kg 0.1kg 70C 23C energy out energy in

Final temperature of mix = 65C

Qin = Qout

m T cp = m T cp 0.1 (65-23) (cp) = 0.2 (70-65) (4186) Calculate cp Compare this value with the values in the table, find out what material it is. Be sure the table is in J/kgC Calculate the energy released : Qout in joules

Do the same for the other case in which you used a hot pack. In this problem just get cp and Qout, do not compare it with a table value. EXPERIMENT 3 MIXING WATER IN DIFFERENT PHASES Obtained lab final temperature and phase : 13C all became water Mix : Water 0.2kg Water Ice 0.1kg 0.3kg 23C 70C 0C energy out energy out energy in

Qin = Qout mL + mTcp = mTcp + mTcp 0.3(333000) + 0.3 (Tf-1) 4186 = 0.2 (23-Tf) (4186) + 0.1 (70Tf) (4186) Calculate Tf Tf = 10C the lab (13C). Get the error. compare this value with the one you got in (values are

%e = (13-10)/10 * 100 = 4% invented for this example)

Calculate the energy released :

Qout in Joules.

Conclusions: Conclusions must reflect that you understand what the lab is about. Be sure you answer your hypotheses first. Answer the following questions:

1 What are the conditions for meeting thermal equilibrium? How do you know a system reached thermal equilibrium in the lab? 2 In the first experiment what was the equilibrium temperature and its error? How do you know you are right? 3 In the second part of first experiment, what was the equilibrium temperature and its error? How do you know which mass gains and which loses energy? 4 In the second experiment, how does energy transfer occur? Which element gains and which loses energy? What is the obtained cp for the metal? What is that metal? 5 In the second part of experiment 2, how much energy was released by the pack. Explain shortly how that happens. 6 In experiment 3, explain the process of energy transfer and temperature change. What was the final temperature? How much energy was used to change phase? 7 What was difficult about this lab? What affected the results? How can we improve our performance? 8 If you did the lab about thermal expansion, write a paragraph explaining what happened and what the results should have been. Does the cylinders volume expand as you increase temperature? Was it easy to see?

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