UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN

FACULTY OF ENG. & TECH. ELECTRICAL ENG. DEPT. ELECTRONICS LAB. 368

EXPERIMENT N0. 5

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR SERIES REGULATOR, SWITCH & AC AMPLIFIER

Prepared by: Ziad R. Al-Khatib

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this lab experiment is to investigate the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) applications as emitter-follower series-pass voltage regulator, a switching device and simple common-emitter and common-collector AC amplifiers biased in the active mode. EQUIPMENT and PARTS LIST: 1- Oscilloscope (Scope / CRO). 2- Function Generator (FG) or Signal Generator. 3- 2 Digital Multimeters (DMM). 4- DC power supply. 5- Project Breadboard. 6- Resistors of 100, 220, 2x1K, 10K and 470K. 7- Capacitors of 2.2F. 8- BC107 BJT and Zener diode. 9- Connection Wires. 10- Two oscilloscope 1 or 10 Probes. 11- Signal connection lead with two (alligator/crocodile) clips or (banana plugs) on one end and a BNC connector on the other.

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENTS:
Pre1. Read this lab sheet completely, and do all the problems indicated. Pre2. If a 15 VPP sinusoidal input voltage is applied to the circuit of Figure 5.2, sketch the output voltage waveform VO. Pre3. IF the input voltage Vin in Figure 5.2 is = 10V and R1 = 10 k, calculate the current in R1 and the Zener diode IZ. Is this enough current to drive the Zener beyond the knee in the I-V characteristic curve? Can you improve the circuit by reducing the value of R1? Find the optimum value of R1. Pre4. For the circuit in Figure 5.2, suppose VZ is kept constant at VZK, find an equation relating the output voltage VO and the load resistance RL, and sketch the result. Show the value of VO as an intersection point in your diagram. How does changing RL affect VO? Pre5. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 5.6. Using the data obtained in the last experiment (Exp. 4). Calculate the values of the DC currents IC, IB, and IE and DC voltages VC, VB, and VE. Pre6. You are required to design a BJT common-emitter circuit that will amplify the input signal vs. Based on the IC vs. VCE characteristic curves obtained in the last experiment (Exp. 4) and the region of operation as defined by the maximum power dissipating, PD (see the data sheet), use the circuit in Figure 5.6 for your design with an operating point (Q-Point, i.e. quiescent point) centered in the operating region. For your choice of resistors, define the range of a sinusoidal signal vs and the amplified range of the output VO. Pre7. By using the data obtained in the last experiment (Exp. 4) and the given circuit shown in Figure 5.6, find an appropriate value for the RB and RC such that VCE is approximately equals VCC/2. Assume that = 100, VBEon = 0.7V, VA = 100V, and VT = 25mV. The capacitors can be assumed as an open circuit to DC. Why is this a good bias point? Pre8. Use the above data to sketch the DC and AC load lines and determine the Q-Point for maximum output swing voltage. . Pre9. Consider the circuits shown in Figures 5.6. Using the h-Parameters of small signal model and assuming all capacitors as short circuits to AC signals, sketch the AC BJT model, then find the input and output impedances, Zi and Zo, respectively. Also, find the voltage gain Av = vo/vs. Pre10. Simulate all the circuits in the experiment sheet; using the PSpice or the Electronics Work Bench (EWB, MultiSIM) simulation packages, to verify your results.
Z.R.K

Exp. 5-1

PROCEDURE: PART-A BJT Emitter-Follower, Series-Pass, DC Power Supply Voltage Regulator

A half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with filter capacitors are quite bad for high performance applications, because if the load resistance RL decreases by a factor of two, the output voltage ripple doubles. Also the Zener diode voltage regulators as used in Exp. 3 are not efficient due to the limiting of the load resistance RL value, the high power dissipation in series resistance RS at full load, and the high power dissipation in the Zener diode specially at no load! The series-pass BJT voltage regulators (Linear regulator) should be used to ensure very low voltage ripple and excellent load and line voltage regulation. The basic design of series regulators consists a control BJT in series with the rectifier output and the load. Figure 5.1 shows a simplified block diagram of a series regulated power supply with the series element depicted as a variable resistor. The feedback control circuit continuously monitors the output and adjusts the series resistance to maintain a constant output voltage. Because the series element is actually one or more power transistors operating in the active region, regulators of this type are often called linear power supplies. These regulators also exhibit low ripple and noise, but not efficient and in some cases dissipate a lot of power. To solve this problem the rectified input voltage is usually a few volts (2 - 3 V) above the required output voltage, thereby resulting in a low power dissipation in the series regulator, and high regulation efficiency. Vin (Unregulated Input) Control Device (Series Element) Feedback Control VO (Regulated Output)

Reference Voltage

Comparator

Figure 5.1 Simplified block diagram of a series regulator. A simple series regulator circuit is shown in Figure 5.2. Transistor Q1 is the series control element, and Zener diode D1 provides the reference voltage. However, in this circuit there is no dedicated feedback and comparator parts (simply the reference comparator and feedback control voltage is VO = VZ VBE). The circuit provides an approximately constant voltage at VO. If the output voltage decreases, the increased VBE voltage causes transistor to increase IC, thereby raising the output voltage VO, and maintaining the output constant. If the output voltage increases, the decreased VBE voltage lowers IC; reducing the output voltage VO, thereby maintaining the output voltage VO constant.
BC107

Q1 R1 1K Vin
2 - 12V

RL
1K

VO

D1
5.1V

Figure 5.2 BJT Series Voltage Regulator with Variable Input Voltage.
Z.R.K

Exp. 5-2

A-1 Effect of the Input Voltage on the BJT Emitter-Follower Series Regulator
1- Construct the circuit shown in Figure 5.2, using BC107 BJT and Si Zener diode. (Make sure the BJT and the diode is connected with the correct leads). 2- Set the correct setting of the DMMs to measure Vin and VO. 3- Ask the instructor to inspect your circuit. 4- Set the DC power supply output to minimum by adjusting the potentiometers fully counter clock wise. Then switch it ON. 5- Vary the input voltage Vin according to Table 5.1. Use the DMM to measure the output voltage VO and record it in Table 5.1. Taking = 200, IZ-min = 0.5 mA. Calculate IL , IZ, PQ1 and PZ , Where:

IL = VO / RL , IZ =( Vin VZ )/R1 , PQ1 = IL x (Vin VL ) and

6- When finished, set the Vin to 0.0V.

PZ = IZ x VZ .

Explain what happens to VO and why. Calculate the value of Vin-min, for which the series BJT regulator will no longer provide voltage regulation. Verify your calculation experimentally. Calculate the value of Vin-max, for which the series BJT regulator will reach the maximum limits, (Assume that the maximum BJT collector current IC = 100 mA, and PQ-max = 300 mW). Calculate the percentage voltage regulation (V.R %) of your circuit, and record it in Table 5.1. Use the following equation:

V.R % = (( Vno load Vfull load ) / Vfull load ) x 100%

Sketch the output voltage VO vs. the input voltage Vin. Mark on the curve where VO is most sensitive to Vin. What is the percentage change in the output voltage VO, when the input voltage Vin is changed from 6 volts to 12 volts, a 50% change? Compare the results with the Zener diode regulator results in Exp. 3. Table 5.1 BJT series regulator with variable input voltage data.

Vin (V) VO (V) IL (mA) IZ (mA) PQ1 (mW) PZ (mW) V.R %

1234-

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

A-2 Effect of the Load Resistance on the BJT Emitter-Follower Series Regulator
Set the DC input voltage Vin to 10.0V as shown in Figure 5.2. Use the DMM to measure VO and record it in Table 5.2, then Calculate IL , IZ, PQ1, PZ and V.R %. Replace the load resistance RL according to Table 5.2, then repeat step 2 above. When finished, set the Vin to 0.0V, then switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the circuit. Table 5.2 BJT series voltage regulator with variable load resistance data.

RL () VO (V) IL (mA) IZ (mA) PQ1 (mW) PZ (mW) V.R %

Z.R.K

10K

1K

220

100

RL-min=

RL=

Exp. 5-3

Calculate the value of RL-min, for which the BJT operates under the maximum power dissipation. Sketch the BJT maximum power dissipation PQ-max curve on the IC vs. VCE plot. Compare the power dissipation of the BJT with the Zener diode at no load (RL = ). Sketch the output voltage VO vs. load current IL. If a 15 VPP sinusoidal input voltage is applied to the circuit, sketch the output voltage VO waveform, and discuss the results.

Further reading
Switching Mode DC Regulated Power Supplies: Linear regulators are not efficient especially if a large range of output voltages are needed. For high power systems a switching power supply is used. These supplies are very efficient (80-95%) and can deliver large amounts of power (50-1500 W). However, they do not offer excellent line and load regulation, low ripple and low noise as linear power supplies. For this reason, all analog, instrumentation, audio, etc. systems use linear regulators and all digital, computer, printer, etc. systems use switching power supplies.

PART-B BJT Switching Device

The basic element of logic circuits is the transistor switch. In an electronic circuit, mechanical switches are not used. Transistors can be used as simple electronic switches or logic gates. The basic element of logic circuits is the transistor switch. A schematic of such a switch is shown in Figure 5.3. When Vin = 0.0; is in low state, the BJT switch is OPEN; the transistor is OFF (in cut-off region), IC = 0.0; providing a constant voltage at collector to emitter, VO = VCE = VCC (open switch). When Vin is in high state, the BJT switch is CLOSED, IC = (VCC - VCE-sat) / RC, the transistor is saturated (in saturation region) (i.e. closed switch) providing a small yet constant voltage at collector to emitter, VCE-sat 0.2V 0.0 V.
VCC VCC

RC VO Vin SW Vin RB

RC VO Q1 BJT

(a)

(b)

Figure 5.3 Schematic of a mechanical switch (a), and a BJT simple electronic switch (b). The above BJT circuit is also called an "inverter" or a "NOT" logic gate. Let's assume that the low state is at 0.2 V and the high state is at 5 V, where VCC = 5 V. When the input voltage Vin is low ( 0.0 < Vin < VTh ), BJT will be in cut-off region, and VO = VCC = 5 V (high state). When input voltage Vin is high (Vin >> VTh), with proper choice of RB, BJT will be in saturation, and VO = VCE-Sat 0.2 V (low state).

B-1 DC Test of the BJT Switching Device

1- Determine RB and RC for the transistor inverter of Figure 5.4.a if: IC-sat > 3mA. (Note that proper design for the inversion process requires the operating point to be switched from cut-off to saturation region). Hint: IC-Sat VCC / RC and IB-max IC-Sat / . (By choosing IB-max greater than the value derived from the above equation the BJT is forced to switch to saturation region). 2- Construct the circuit shown in Figure 5.4.a. By using BC107 BJT. Use the VCC=+5V from the project breadboard power supply. (Make sure the BJT is connected with the correct leads).
Z.R.K

Exp. 5-4

3456-

Set the correct setting of the DMMs to measure Vin and VO. Ask the instructor to inspect your circuit. Set the DC supply output adjustment potentiometers fully counter clock wise, then switch it ON. Vary the input voltage Vin according to Table 5.3. Use the DMM to measure the output voltage VO and record it in Table 5.3. 7- When finished, set the Vin to 0.0V, then switch OFF and disconnect the power supply only. Explain what happens to VO and why. Calculate the value of Vin-min, for which the BJT will start to enter the saturation region. Verify your calculation experimentally. Calculate the value of Vin-max, for which the BJT switching device will reach the maximum limits, (Assume that the maximum BJT collector current IC = 100 mA, and PQ-max = 300 mW). Sketch the output voltage VO vs. the input voltage Vin. Table 5.3 BJT DC switching device data.

RB = RC =

Vin (V) 0.0 3.0 5.0

VCC=+5V

VO (V)

IB (mA)

IC (mA)

VBE (V)

VBC (V)

VCC=+5V RC VO VO RB VO
H1 H

RC Q1
BC107

RB Vin
0-5V

Q1
BC107

H2

Vin= 5 VPP
L1 L

L2

fin = 1 kHz

(a)

(b)

Figure 5.4 A Simple BJT electronic switching device as inverter.

B-2 Pulse Test of the BJT Switching Device

90%

Vin ON

Vin OFF

tOFF

The BJT is switched to ON state, by turning on the Vin. The sum of delay time td is the time at which the transistor collector current IC rises to 10% of its ON period maximum original value. The rises time tr is the time at which the transistor collector current IC rises from 10% 10% ts td to 90% of its maximum original value. The ON time is tr tf defined as tON = td + tr. The transistor tON which shows tON how fast the transistor turns to ON state and starting to Figure 5.5 Switching time. conduct IC after Vin voltage has been applied. Transistor is switched to OFF state by cutting off Vin, at point Vin OFF as shown in Figure 5.5. Storage time ts is the time in which the transistor holds its collector current IC after input voltage Vin been cut off, and falling time tf is the time in which transistor collector current IC falls from 90% to 10% of its maximum original value. Hence the total time for the transistor switching to OFF state is tOFF = ts + tf. A high performance switching transistor must have relatively small tON and tOFF times.
Z.R.K

Exp. 5-5

1- Connect the function generator and the oscilloscope to the circuit as shown in Figure 5.4.b. 2- Switch ON the Oscilloscope. 3- Switch ON the function generator and connect the input voltage Vin to the TTL output BNC socket. If the TTL output is not available, set the F.G to square signal waveform, 5 VPP, and adjust the DC offset voltage to +2.5V. 4- Vary the input frequency fin according to Table 5.4. Sketch the oscilloscope screen with the exact details on the respective grids in Table 5.4. (Note: set the input coupling switch of the oscilloscope to the DC coupling mode). 5- Vary the input frequency fin until the output of the BJT does not respond! Determine this value. 6- When finished, switch OFF the project breadboard supply and the function generator. Explain what happens to VO when varying input frequency fin. Why? What is the effect of the RB, RC and the BJT internal capacitance on the switching time? Calculate the value of Vin-max, for which the BJT switching device will reach the maximum limits, (Assume that the maximum BJT collector current IC = 100 mA, and PQ-max = 300 mW). Is the BC107 BJT a good switching device or not? Explain. Table 5.4 Pulse Test of the BJT Switching Device data. TTL i/p Pulse frequency fin = 1 kHz. TTL i/p Pulse frequency fin = 10 kHz.

Time/Div = . Volt/Div = .... TTL i/p Pulse frequency fin = 100 kHz.

Time/Div = . Volt/Div = .... TTL i/p Pulse frequency fin = 200 kHz.

Time/Div = .. Volt/Div = . Time/Div = .. Volt/Div = . td = .... ts = .... td = .... ts = .... tf = .... tf = .... tr = ..... tr = ..... tON = ...... tON = ...... tOFF = .... tOFF = ....
. .

Z.R.K

Exp. 5-6

PART- C BJT AC Amplifier

A typical integrated circuit (IC) and operational amplifier OP-AMP contains a large number of transistors that perform many functions. The simplest way to analyze such a circuit is to regard each individual transistor as a stage and to analyze the circuit as a collection of single transistor stages. In this part of the experiment, you will examine the behavior of some AC single-stage amplifiers with resistors supplying the bias voltages and currents. In this part, two BJT amplifier configurations will be investigated; the common-emitter, and the common-collector amplifier. Both amplifiers typically use a self biasing circuit and have a relatively linear output. You will also measure properties such as voltage gain Av, current gain Ai, input impedance Zi and output impedance Zo. From these measurements you should understand the relative relationships between amplifiers.

C-1 Common-Emitter Amplifier

The common-emitter (CE) amplifier is characterized by high voltage and current gains, Av and Ai, respectivelly. The amplifier typically has a relatively high input resistance Zi (1 to 10 k) and is generally used to drive medium to high resistance loads. The circuit for the common-emitter used in applications where a small voltage signal needs to be amplified to a large voltage signal. Since the amplifier cannot drive low resistance loads RL, if the load RL is low, then usually it is cascaded with a common-collector (CC) (some times called, emitter follower or buffer) circuit that can act as a driver. 1- Construct the circuit shown in Figure 5.6, using BC107 BJT. Use the VCC=+15V from the project breadboard power supply. (Make sure the BJT is connected with the correct leads). Do not connect the oscilloscope and the function generator at this stage. 2- Set the correct setting of the DMM to measure amplifiers Q-point. Do not apply any vs from signal generator, just apply VCC and measure VCEQ, ICQ and IBQ quiescent DC values. Also determine the DC current gain DC. ( Hint: ICQ (VCC VCE) / (RC + RE), and IBQ = VRB2 / RB2 ) 3- Connect the function generator and the oscilloscope to the circuit as shown in Figure 5.6. 4- Switch ON the Oscilloscope and the function generator and set the source voltage vs to sinusoidal signal, 100mVPP, 2kHz. (Note: set the input coupling switch of the oscilloscope to the AC coupling mode). 5- Using the oscilloscope, measure the small-signal voltage gains, Av1 = vo / vs and Av2 = vo / vin (for Av2, connect the high terminal of Ch1 probe to the base at point B). Sketch the oscilloscope screens on the respective grids in Table 5.6. (Make sure there is no distortion in the output waveform, if any adjust the input to remove the distortion and make note of the change). 6- Gradually increase the source signal vs amplitude and determine the onset of distortion at the output. 7- Further increase the source signal vs amplitude and determine the onset of clipping. Measure min., max. and the peak-to-peak maximum undistorted output voltage swing (unclipped). 8- When finished, set the source voltage vs to 100mVPP.

VCC=+15V RC
1k

RB1
470k 2.2F
H1 H

CS

C RB2 B
10k vin

vo Q1
BC107
H2

E RE
100
L2

L1

vs =100mVPP fin = 2 kHz

Figure 5.6 BJT Self Biasing Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit.

Z.R.K

Exp. 5-7

 From the above data check VBE and VBC to verify that the transistor is in its forward action region of operation. Why is VCE 7.5 V a good choice? Sketch the DC and AC load line on the plot of the transistor IC VCE characteristics, and indicate the Q-point. Comment on how the maximum undistorted output voltage swings value; is related to the location of the Q-point on the load line. Input Resistance Measurement: From the above. Why is Av2 greater than Av1? What is the relationship between Av2 and Av1 ? Using that relationship, you should be able to find the input resistance Zi. What is the value of hie? Draw the AC equivalent circuit model; assuming that the capacitors are short circuit. Table 5.5 BJT DC Q-point data.

VCC (V) VCEQ (V) 15

VRB2 (V) IBQ (mA) ICQ (mA)

DC

VBE (V)

VBC (V)

Table 5.6 BJT Common-Emitter Amplifier data. vs and vo signals. vin and vo signals..

Time/Div = . Volt/Div = .... Av1 = .. vs and vo distorted signals..

Time/Div = . Volt/Div = .... Av2 = .. vs and vo clipped signals..

Time/Div = .. Volt/Div = . Time/Div = .. Volt/Div = . Av = .. Av = ..

. .

Z.R.K

Exp. 5-8

C-2 Common-Collector (Emitter follower) Amplifier

The common-collector amplifier (emitter-follower), is a unity voltage gain Av and a high current gain Ai amplifier. The input resistance Zi for this type of amplifiers is usually (1 to 10 k). Because the amplifier has unity voltage gain (Av 1), it is useful as a buffer amplifier providing isolation between two circuits while providing driving capability for low resistance loads. 1- On the same circuit of Figure 5.6, connect the high terminal of the Ch2 probe to emitter at point E. 2- Repeat steps 5 to 7 in part C-1. Sketch the oscilloscope screens on the respective grids in Table 5.7. 3- When finished, set the source voltages to 0.0. Then switch off the supplies and disconnect the circuit. Compare the measured values for common-emitter and common-collector amplifiers with the values calculated. Explain any differences. Derive the voltage gain Av equations for the two types of amplifier. Draw the AC equivalent circuit model; assuming that the capacitors are short circuit. Discuss the difference you noticed between the two types of amplifiers. Table 5.7 BJT Common-Collector Amplifier data. vs and vo signals. vin and vo signals..

Time/Div = . Volt/Div = .... Av1 = .. vs and vo distorted signals..

Time/Div = . Volt/Div = .... Av2 = .. vs and vo clipped signals..

Time/Div = .. Volt/Div = . Time/Div = .. Volt/Div = . Av = .. Av = ..

. .

Z.R.K

Exp. 5-9