Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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DHCP
Simplifies problems associated with manual addressing Automates Assigning DHCP of Ips Tracking Ips Reassigning IPs DHCP

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History of DHCP
Came about as a result of challenges relating to configuring TCP/IP on large Networks Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Designed for diskless workstations with no means of permanently storing TCP/IP settings Broadcast the MAC address to discover the corresponding IP address

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History of DHCP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Opposite of RARP Broadcast an IP address to discover the corresponding MAC address. Medium Access Control (MAC) address- an address unique to a piece of hardware

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Disadvantages of RARP
Failed to provide much-needed settings to the client, such as: subnet mask Default gateway Gave way to the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) BOOTP enables a TCP/IP workstation to retrieve settings for all the configuration parameters it needs to run, including an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and Domain Name System (DNS) server addresses
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BOOTP
Using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), a workstation can download an executable boot file from a BOOTP server Disadvantage is that an administrator must specify settings for each workstation on the BOOTP server

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DHCP and BOOTP

DHCP is based heavily on BOOTP, but rather than push preconfigured parameters to expected clients, DHCP can dynamically allocate an IP address from a pool of addresses and then reclaim it when it is no longer needed DHCP is an open, industry-standard protocol that reduces the complexity of administering networks based on TCP/IP

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DHCP Benefits Network Administrators

Centralized administration of IP configuration DHCP IP configuration information can be stored in one location and enables the administrator to centrally manage all IP configuration information. A DHCP server tracks all leased and reserved IP addresses and lists them in the DHCP console, which shows all DHCP-enabled devices on the network

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 Dynamic host configuration DHCP automates the host configuration process for key configuration parameters. This eliminates the need to manually configure individual hosts when TCP/IP is first deployed or when IP infrastructure changes are required

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 Seamless IP host configuration Use of DHCP ensures that without user intervention DHCP clients get accurate and timely IP configuration parameters, such as the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, IP address of the DNS server, etc. Because the configuration is automatic, troubleshooting of misconfigurations such as mistyped numbers is eliminated

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 Flexibility Easy to change IP configurations when the infrastructure changes Scalability DHCP scales from small to large networks Can service networks with 10 clients as well as networks with thousands of clients

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How DHCP Works

Core function is to assign addresses Address allocation is done by clients sending application layer messages to the server and receiving application layer messages from the DHCP server All DHCP messages are carried in User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Datagrams use port 67 at the server and 68 at the client.

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Configuring Reliability and Redundancy

LON-DCLON-DC-01
Scope 1 192.168.16.1 to 192.168.28.254 (80%) Scope 2 192.168.93.1 to 192.168.95.254 (20%) DHCP Server 192.168.16.2/20

NY-DCNY-DC-01
DHCP Server

Leasing 192.168.16.3 to WRK-LONWRK-LON 192.168.16.1-001

Scope 1

Network Routers

Leasing 192.168.80.2/20 192.168.80.1 to 192.168.29.1 to 192.168.92.254 (80%) WRK-LON-003 WRK192.168.80.1 -LONWide Area
Scope 2 192.168.29.1 to 192.168.31.254 (20%)

Hubs
WRK-LONWRK-LON-001 WRK-LONneeds WRK-LON-003 an IP needs an IP address address

WRK-LONWRK-LON- WRK-LON-003 WRK-LON-001

Workstations
192.168.16.3 192.168.29.1

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Terms
DHCP client- receive its configuration information from a DHCP server Communicates with DHCP server to obtain IP addresses and TCP/IP configuration information as defined by the administrator DHCP Leases Defines the duration for which a DHCP server loans an IP to a DHCP client (1 minute to 999 days, or unlimited) Default lease duration is 8 days

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Examples of DHCP Leases

DHCPDISCOVER- sent by clients via broadcast to locate a DHCP server

DHCPOFFER- Sent by DHCP servers to a DHCP client in response to DHCPDISCOVER along with offered parameters

DHCPREQUEST- Sent by DHCP client as a broadcast message to signal its acceptance or rejection of offered address and parameters

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 DHCPDECLINE- Sent by the DHCP client to a DHCP server to decline an offered IP if the IP is already in use. Lease process must be restarted.

DHCPACK- Sent by a DHCP server to a DHCP client to confirm an IP address and provide the client with configuration requested parameters.

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Examples of DHCP Leases

DHCPNACK- Sent by a DHCP server to a DHCP client to deny the clients DHCPREQUEST. Occurs if requested address is incorrect because the client was moved to a new subnet, or because the clients lease expired and cannot be renewed. Lease process must be restarted

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 DHCPRELEASE- Sent by a DHCP client to a DHCP server that provided the lease to relinquish an IP and cancel the remaining lease.

DHCPINFORM- Sent from a DHCP client to a DHCP server to ask for additional local configuration parameters; the client already has a configured IP. Also used to detect unauthorized DHCP servers

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Initial Lease Process

Lease process is performed in the following situations: First time the client boots After releasing its IP address After receiving a DHCPNACK message, in response to a DHCP client attempting to renew a previously leased address

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Authorizing a DHCP Server

Prior to Windows 2000, any user could create a DHCP server on the network, this led to conflicts in IP assignments. In Windows 2000/ 2003 an unauthorized DHCP server (rogue) is not listed in the Active Directory and is not authorized. This is a benefit of Active Directory

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Authorization Process
At initialization the DHCP server contacts Active Directory to determine whether the server is on the authorized list. If server is authorized, DHCP service starts If server is not on the list, the DHCP Server service logs an error in the event log, does not start, and will not respond to client requests

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Protecting Against Improper Use of Workgroup DHCP Servers

When a DHCP server that is not a member of a domain (work group) initializes the following happens: The server broadcasts a DHCPINFORM message on the network Other servers receiving this message respond with a DHCPACK message and provides the name of the directory domain it is part of

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 If a workgroup DHCP server detects another member DHCP server of a domain on the network, the workgroup DHCP server assumes itself to be unauthorized on that network and shuts itself down If the workgroup DHCP server detects the presence of another workgroup server, it ignores it, this means multiple workgroup servers can be active at the same time as long as there is no directory service

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DHCP Scope
Scope determines which IP addresses are allocated to clients. You can configure as many scopes as needed for your network environment Scope must be defined and activated before DHCP clients can use the DHCP server for dynamic TCP/IP configuration An administrator can configure one or more scopes on one or more 2003 servers, but scope information is not communicated from server to server Be careful not to have servers assigning the same IPs to multiple clients, or assigning IPs that are statically assigned to IP hosts
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Multicast and Unicast Addressing

MS-DHCP Server allows Multicast addressing Assigned in the same fashion as unicast addressing Completely utilizes existing infrustructure Used with conferencing or audio applications, which require users to specifically configure multicast addresses.

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 Not the same as IP broadcast, which must be readable by all network computers, while multicast addressing points to a specific group of computers, using the concept of group membership to identify those who are to receive the message

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DHCP Reservations
 Used for DHCP-enabled hosts that need to have static IP addresses on your network, such as: Email servers, Application servers, File and Print servers  Enable permanent address lease assignment  Must be created within a scope  Excluded addresses are not available for client reservation

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 The reserved IP should be set aside for the device that has the MAC (physical) address associated with that reserved IP.  Therefore you must know the MAC address for each device needing to be reserved  MAC address can be determined by typing: ipconfig /all at the command line

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Using Superscopes
 A superscope is an administrative grouping of scopes used to support multinets, or multiple logical subnets (subdivisions of an IP network)  Multinetting commonly occurs when the number of hosts grows beyond the capacity of the original address space  Separate scopes are grouped into superscopes increasing address capacity

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DHCP Scope Options

Used to specify additional IP settings Router (gateway), DNS servers, WINS servers, etc. Option Types:
Option Type Server options Scope options Class options Reservation options Applies to: All scopes on the server

Clients from specific scope A specific vendor class To a single reserved client

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ALL THE BEST

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