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Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.

4, 2008

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND FARM YARD MANURE ON AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
ABDUL BASIR*, ZAHIR SHAH**, MOHAMMAD NAEEM**, JEHAN BAKHT* and ZAFAR HAYAT KHAN*

* **

Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan Email: abasir68@yahoo.com Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan

ABSTRACT Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the major legume crops grown in Pakistan having a considerable importance as a food, feed and fodder but due to imbalanced use of fertilizers its production is low. To find the optimum level of Phosphorus and FYM for chickpea and study their effect on agronomic characteristics an experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during winter season of 2002-03. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with split plot arrangement having four replications. Four Farm Yard Manure (FYM) levels (0, 5, 10, 15 t ha-1) were applied to main plots and four phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) were evaluated in sub-plots of area 12m2. The experimental results showed that as compared to other P treatments 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly improved agronomic traits. Maximum plant height (94.7 cm), number of pods plant-1 (81.9), thousand grain weight (241.5 g), number of nodules plant-1 (87), above groud biomass yield (7793 kg ha-1), straw yield (3475 kg ha-1) and grain yield (1993 kg ha-1) were recorded for 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Similarly, the results also showed that 15 t FYM ha-1 in comparison to other FYM treatments did not significantly increase all the parameters except number of pods plant-1, biomass yield, and straw yield. Maximum number of pods plant-1 (76.3), biomass yield (7522 kg ha-1), and straw yield (3180 kg ha-1) were recorded for 15 t FYM ha-1. The interaction of FYM and phosphorus was non significant for all the parameters. These results suggested that the application of FYM to chickpea did not affect its yield significantly while phosphorus fertilizer at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 proved effective for optimum production. Key Words: Agronomic Traits, Chickpea, FYM, Phosphorus Citation: Basir, A., Z. Shah, M. Naeem and J. Bakht. 2008. Effect of phosphorus and farm yard manure on agronomic traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Sarhad J. Agric. 24(4): 567-572. INTRODUCTION Chickpea is a major pulse crop grown in Pakistan for food and also used as a feed for animals. It is a valuable source of crude protein that varies among the cultivars from a low of 12.4 to a high of 31 % (Williams and Singh, 1987). Chickpea is not only a source of dietary protein but it also helps in the maintenance of soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixing capability. The total cropped area of chickpea in Pakistan during 2005-06 was 1028.90 thousand hectare and total production was 479.50 thousand tones with an average grain yield of 466 kg ha-1. The total cropped area to chickpea in NWFP during same year was 41.10 thousand hectare and total production was 21.1 thousand tones with an average grain yield of 513 kg ha-1 (MINFAL, 2006). Phosphorus deficiency is wide spread in almost 90% of the soils of Pakistan and the application of phosphatic fertilizers is considered essential for crop production. Current phosphorus fertilizer rates average approximately 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 , one third of what is actually recommended for optimal crop production (Rashid, 2001). Farm Yard Manure is the most important organic source of nutrients and organic matter addition in Pakistan. Much of the effects of FYM on soil and crop yield are due to its humus content, which serves as a slow release source of plant nutrient. The efficiency of FYM can be increased by the addition of phosphate fertilizers (Khalil and Jan, 2002). Despite its importance as a pulse and forage crop yield of chickpea is low in Pakistan. Fertilization is one of the important agronomic practices which greatly affects yield and profit of many crops including chickpea. It is, therefore, necessary to educate our farmers on the need for judicious use of fertilizers and manures. The current research was conducted to find out best dose of phosphorus with different levels of FYM for obtaining higher yield and nodulation as a seat of nitrogen fixation.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of phosphorus and farm yard manure on agronomic traits of chickpea was investigated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during winter season 2002-03. The experiment was carried out in a RCB design with split plot arrangements having four replications. Chickpea variety Hassan-2k was planted at the rate of 60 kg seeds ha-1 . Four phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) and four rotten FYM levels (0, 5, 10, 15 tons ha-1). FYM was assigned to main plots and phosphorus to sub-plots of 4m 3m. Row to row distance was kept 43 cm and plant to plant distance 15 cm by thinning manually. Composite soil sample at the depth of 0-30cm was taken from the experimental plot just before fertilizer application and then analyzed.. (Table I). The rotten FYM used was also analyzed. (Table I). After thorough seedbed preparation and demarcation of sub-plots, phosphorus fertilizer in the form of P2O5 and well-rotten FYM was applied to respective treatment plots just before sowing and then mixed into the soil. Table I. Concentration of N, P and K in composite soil sample and FYM used in the experiment
Sample Soil (mg kg-1) FYM (%) Total N 2500 1.65 K 2O 65 1.70 P2O5 3.44 0.032

Plant height (cm), number of pods plant-1 , number of grains pod-1 ,were determined at physiological maturity from five randomly selected plants. The 1000-grain weight was determined (g) by taking 100 grains from thoroughly mixed grains of each subplot, weighed by an electronic balance, and converted to 1000 grain weights. Above ground biomass yield (kg ha-1) was determined by harvesting the five central rows in each treatment, sun drying and weighing. Grain yield (kg ha-1) was determined by threshing those suns dried five rows. Straw yield (kg ha-1) was determined by subtracting the grain yield from the above ground biomass production. from each treatment and then converted to kg ha-1and number of nodules plant-1 at 50% flowering was counted by uprooting four plants in each subplot, washed carefully and then average was worked out. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant Height Plant height (cm) as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 is shown in Table II & Table III. Statistical analysis revealed that FYM application did not significantly (P>0.05) affected plant height (Table VI). While the effect of P2O5 levels were significant (P<0.05). Maximum plant height (94.7 cm) was recorded from those plots that had received 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, while minimum plant height (85.9 cm) was observed in control plots. Analysis of the soil showed that P content was slightly deficient (Table I), thus chickpea showed a positve response to its addition. These results are in conformity with those of Dahiya et al. (1993) who reported that 46, 57, and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 respectively increased plant height and number of branches. The interactive effect of FYM and P2O5 on plant height was non significant (Table IV). However, maximum plant height (97.9 cm) was attained by plots receiving 15 t FYM ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 , while minimum plant height (83.5 cm) was noted in plots that had received 5 t FYM ha-1 and 0 kg P2O5 ha-1. Table II. Mean values of agronomic traits of chickpea as affected by FYM
Treatments FYM (t ha-1) Control 5 10 15 LSD Plant height (cm) 89.5 88.6 90.4 91.1 NS Pods plant-1 61.0 c 67.3 b 72.3 ab 76.3 a 5.1 grains pod-1 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 NS 1000-grains weight (g) 214.3 227.3 226.4 236.8 NS Nodules plant-1 70 70 71 75 NS Bio. yield (kg ha-1) 6920 b 7123 ab 7445 a 7522 a 447.9 Straw (kg ha-1) 2528 c 2713 bc 2968 ab 3180a 359.4 Grain yield (kg ha-1) 1685 1828 1884 1919 NS

Means followed by different letters in columns are statistically significant at 5% probability using LSD Test. NS = Non significant.

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Table III. Mean values of agronomic traits of chickpea as affected by Phosphorus


Treatments P (t ha-1) Control 30 60 90 LSD Plant height (cm) 85.9 b 89.9 ab 94.7 a 89.2 b 4.82 Pods plant-1 53.5 d 66.3 c 81.9 a 75.3 b 3.43 Grains pod-1 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 NS 1000-grains weight (g) 212.3 c 221.5 b 241.5 a 229.5 b 9.02 Nodules plant-1 53 d 67 c 87 a 78 b 8.32 Bio. yeild (kg ha-1) 6739 b 7033 b 7793 a 7446 a 375.5 Straw (kg ha-1) 2287 d 2610 c 3475 a 3016 b 153.3 Grain yield (kg ha-1) 1682 c 1764 c 1993 a 1876 b 103

Means followed by different letters in columns are statistically significant at 5% probability using LSD Test. NS = Non significant. Number of Pods Plant-1 Data regarding number of pods plant-1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 is presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that both FYM and P2O5 application had significantly (p<0.05) affected the number of pods plant-1 . Treatments that had received 15 t FYM ha-1 produced maximum (76.3) number of pods plant-1, while minimum (61) number of pods plant-1 was observed in the control treatments. Plots that had received 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced maximum (81.9) number of pods plant-1, while minimum (53.5) number of pods plant-1 was noted in 0kg P2O5 ha-1. This increase in the number of pods plant-1 with the application of P2O5 and FYM might have resulted from more pronounced growth of the plant which in turn had increased number of pods plant-1. Similar results were reported by Siag (1995). The interactive effect of FYM and P2O5 on number of pods plant-1 was non significant (Table IV). However, maximum (91.5) number of pods plant-1 was recorded from those plots that were fertized with 15 t FYM ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 while minimum (46.6) number of pods plant-1 was produced by plots where no FYM and P2O5 was applied. Number of Grains Pod-1 The number of grains pod-1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 is presented in Table II & III. Analysis of the data indicated that both FYM and P2O5 application as well as their interaction had no significant effect (p>0.05) on number of grains pod-1 (Table VI) Table IV. Mean values of agronomic traits of chickpea as affected by Interaction (FYM P)
Treatments Interaction (FYM P) Cont. x cont. Cont. x 30 Cont. x 60 Cont. x 90 5 x cont. 5 x 30 5 x 60 5 x 90 10 x cont. 10 x 30 10 x 60 10 x 90 15 x cont. 15 x 30 15 x 60 15 x 90 LSD Plant height (cm) 85.7 89.8 94.3 88.4 83.5 88.8 91.9 90.4 86.8 88.8 94.6 91.3 87.5 92.3 97.9 86.6 NS Pods plant-1 46.6 56.8 73.4 67.4 53.3 65.6 78.6 71.7 54.4 71.4 84.2 79.1 59.6 71.5 91.5 82.9 NS grains pod-1 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 NS 1000-grain weight (g) 203 208 228.7 217.4 211.2 225.8 239.7 232.3 213.3 220.4 245.3 226.6 221.6 231.9 252.2 241.5 NS Nodules plant-1 53 63 84 80 55 55 81 75 53 65 89 76 53 72 94 83 NS Bio. yield (kg ha-1) 6294 6749 7456 7180 6492 6938 7669 7393 7361 7095 7791 7534 6807 7350 8256 7674 NS Straw (kg ha-1) 1928 2326 3193 2665 2277 2568 3198 2810 2374 2762 3585 3149 2568 2786 3924 3440 NS Grain yield (kg ha-1) 1541 1618 1841 1739 1671 1778 1972 1890 1744 1822 2040 1928 1773 1836 2117 1948 NS

Means followed by different letters in columns are statistically significant at 5% probability using LSD Test. NS = Non significant.

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Thousand-Grains Weight Data concerning 1000-grains weight as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical revealed that FYM application and its interaction with P2O5 had no significant (P>0.05) effect on 1000-grains weight (Table VI). However, maximum 1000 grains weight (236.8 g) was recorded from plots that had received 15 t FYM ha-1, while minimum 1000 grains weight (214.3 g) was noted from the control plots. The response of 1000 grains weight to various P2O5 levels was significant (P<0.05). Maximum 1000 grains weight (241.5 g) was observed in those treatments that had received 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, while minimum 1000 grains weight (212.3 g) was produced by control plots. Similar results were also reported by Shinde et al. (2000) who concluded that application of 63 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased 1000-grains weight of chickpea. In case of interaction , maximum 1000 grains weight (252.2 g) was recorded from plots that were treated with 15 t FYM ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1while minimum 1000 grains weight (203 g) was observed from plots where no FYM and P2O5 was applied. Number of Nodules Plant-1 Data pertaining to number of nodu1es plant-1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 are presented in Table II & III. Analysis of the data revealed that FYM application and its interaction with P2O5 did not significantly (P>0.05) affected number of nodules plant-1 (Table VI). However, maximum (75) numbers of nodules plant-1 were recorded from those plots which were fertilized with 15 t FYM ha-1, while minimum (70) were noted from those treatments where no FYM was applied. The response of number of nodules plant-1 to various P2O5 levels was significant (P<0.05). Maximum (87) number of nodules plant-1 was produced by plots that received 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, while minimum (53) number of nodules plant-1 was recorded from the 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 treated plots. These results agree with those reported by Deepali et al. (2003) and Sudhir et al. (2000) who concluded that phosphate sources (SSP and MRP) significantly increased nodulation, growth and yield parameter of the crop. In case of interaction, maximum (94) number of nodules plant-1 was noted in those treatments which received nutrition at the rate of 15 t FYM ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 while minimum (53) number of nodules plant-1 was recorded from plots where no FYM and P2O5 was applied. Above ground biomass Yield The biomass yield ha-1 data as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis revealed that both FYM and P2O5 application had a significant (P<0.05) effect on biomass yield (Table VI). Plots that had received 15 t FYM ha-1 produced maximum (7522 kg) biomass yield ha-1, while minimum (6920 kg) biomass yield ha-1 was observed in those plots where no FYM was applied. Similarly, plots that had received 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced maximum (7793 kg) biomass yield ha-1, while minimum (6739 kg) biomass yield ha-1 was observed in 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 treated plots. The possible reason may be the adequate supply of phosphorus and FYM that played a vital role in physiological and developmental process in plant life and the favorable effect of these important nutrients might have accelerated the growth processes that increased the biomass yield of the crop. Similar results were also obtained by Deepale et al. (2003) who reported that P2O5 and biofertilizer increased the growth and yield parameters of the crop. The interaction of FYM and P2O5 on biomass yield was non significant (Table IV). Straw Yield Data regarding straw yield ha-1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis (revealed that both FYM and P2O5 application had a significant (P<0.05) effect on straw yield Table VI). Plots that had received 15 t FYM ha-1 gave maximum (3180 kg ha-1) straw yield, while minimum (2528 kg ha-1) straw yield was observed in plots where no FYM was applied. For phosphorus the plots that had received 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced maximum (3475 kg) straw yield ha-1, while minimum (2287 kg) straw yield ha-1 was recorded in the control P2O5 plots. This may be due to adequate supply of P2O5 and FYM that played a vital role in physiological and developmental processes in plant life and the favorable effect of these important nutrients might have accelerated the growth processes that in result increased straw yield of the crop. These results are in agreement with those of Singh et al. (1995) and Ramamurthy and Shivasshankar (1996) who reported that P2O5 and FYM increases dry matter production at various growth stages. The interaction of FYM and P2O5 on straw yield ha-1 was non significant (Table VI). Grain Yield Data regarding grain yield ha-1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P2O5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the application of phosphorus had a significant (P<0.05) effect on grain yield while FYM application and its interaction with P2O5 had a non-significant (P>0.05) effect (Table VI). .

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Our results showed that on average, the maximum grain yield of 1993 kg ha-1 was obtained with the application of 60 kg P ha-1, which was significantly greater than the other treatments. The application of P beyond 60 kg ha-1 reduced the grain yield. Siag (1995) and Saraf et al (1997) reported similar results. Though the application of FYM had a non significant effect, however, maximum grain yield (1919 kg ha-1) was recorded from the plots that had received 15 t FYM ha-1; while minimum grains yield (1685 kg ha-1) was produced by those treatments where no FYM was applied.

Economic Return The economic return from the use of P and FYM was very similar but the cost benefit ratio of P application (0.0625) is much lesser than the application of FYM (0.185) (Table V). This was due to the high cost of the FYM as compared to the P fertilizer. Under these cost scenarios, the farmers are advised to apply P @ 60 kg ha1 to their chickpea crop for maximum return. However, if a farmer has an access to FYM at no or minimal cost, he/she would be advised to use FYM. Table V. Comparison of cost and economic return from P (TSP) and FYM
Item Cost TSP Value=Rs. 3000 bag-1 TSP Req.=130 kg ha-1 1Kg TSP= Rs.60. TSP cost=60*130= Rs.7800 Labour cot= Rs.300 Tot cost=7800+300=Rs.8100 1 full trolley of FYM=2 ton Cost of 2 tons (1 tro.)=Rs.3000 Cost of 15 tons=Rs. 22500 Labour cost=Rs.600 Total cost= Rs.22500+600 =Rs.23100 Benefit/Return Yield= 1993 kg 1 kg chickpea= Rs.65 0.0625 Return=Rs.129545 Cost benefit Ratio

P (60 kg ha-1) TSP (46% P2O5)

Yield=1919 kg 1 kg chickpea=Rs.65 0.185 Return=Rs.124735

FYM (15 t ha-1)

Table VI. Analysis of variance of various traits as affected by different phosphorus and FYM levels
SOV df Plant height (cm) 4.56 0.73NS Pods plant-1 grains pod-1 1000-grain weight (g) 0.24 0.64NS Nodules plant-1 Bio. yield (kg ha-1) Straw (kg ha-1) Grain yield (kg ha-1) 3.38 2.03NS

Replication FYM (F) Error Phosphorus (P) FxP

3 3 9 3 9

1.32 17.31*

10.8 0.44NS

1.26 0.45

3.47 4.03*

2.9 6.47*

4.68* 0.34NS

106.11* 0.66NS

2.67NS 0.55NS

15.47* 0.18NS

26.45* 0.31NS

12.48* 0.60NS

92.54* 1.03NS

14.15* 0.07NS

* NS

= =

Significant at 5% level of probability Non-significant

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS These results suggested that P was necessary for the production of chickpea in Peshawar Valley. The application of P at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in maximum grain yield of chickpea and that application of P beyond 60 kg was unnecessary. The combined applications of FYM with P fertilizer did not yield better than fertilizer P alone. This was due to the fact that P was deficient in the soil and that N2 fixers were likely present and effective to fulfill the requirement of plants for N from the atmosphere. However, application of FYM can result in the improvement of soil quality and long term sustainability of degraded soils.

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REFERENCES
Dahiya, S., S. Mehar and M. Singh. 1993. Relative growth performances of chickpea genotypes to irrigation and fertilizers application. Haryana J. Agron. 9(2): 172-175. Deepali, P., J.P. Singh, K. Namita and G.K. Dwivedi. 2003. Response of vasicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), rhizobium and phosphorus sources on nodulation, growth and yield of pea variety vl-7. College of Forestry and Hill Agric. G. B. Pant Univ. Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar, Ind. Crop Res. 25 (2): 333-336. Khalil, I. A. and A. Jan. 2002. Cropping Technology. National Book Foundation, Islamabad. pp. 126. MINFAL, 2006. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2005-2006. Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. Ramamurthy, V. and K. Shiva Shankar.1996. Effect of organic matter and phosphorus on growth and yield of soybean. Indian J. Agron. 41(1): 65-68. Rashid, A. 2001. Soil Science. National Book Foundation, Islamabad. pp.300-302. Saraf, C.S., B.G. Shivakumar and R.R. Patil.1997. Effect of phosphorus, sulphur and seed inoculation on performance of chickpea. Indian J. Agron. 42(2): 323-328. Shinde, S.H., N.T. Thakur and R.L. Bhilare. 2000. Effect of field layouts and fertilizer levels on productivity of chickpea. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 25(1): 76 -77. Siag, R.K. 1995. Response of Kabuli chickpea to genotypes phosphorus. Indian J. Agron. 40(3): 431- 433. Singh, A., R.P. Awashti and R.D. Singh. 1995. Effect of fertilizers, manure and lime on soybean grown in mid-hills of sikkim. Indian J. Agron. 40(4): 613-615. Sudhir, K., P.A. Sarangmath, S.R. Salakinkop, A.V. Gaddi and S. Kulkarni. 2000. Response of chickpea to rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizers in typic chromustert. Leg. Res. 23(1): 21-24. Williame, P.C. and U. Singh. 1987. The chickpea nutritional quality and the evaluation of quality in breeding programmes. In: Saxena, M. C; Singh, K. B. eds. The chickpea Willing Food Oxon, U.K. CAB. Int.

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