MALAYSIAN RESEARCH EXPERIENCE IN RAINWATER HARVESTING

PRESENTED BY: IR. AHMAD JAMALLUDDIN SHAABAN

NATIONAL HYDRAULICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTS UPCOMING WATER CHALLENGE CONCLUSION

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTS UPCOMING WATER CHALLENGE CONCLUSION

Drought Impacts
Melaka
1998 Water Rationing + Transfer

Selangor
1998 Water Rationing from April to September

Kedah
Released 15 Cumecs for 10 Days to augment Penangs Water Need in 1998

Kelantan 1998 KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise WL at Pasir Mas Pump House

Drought Impacts
Sabah (1998)

cont

State Wide RF Deficit ranging from 4 to 9 months 2,797 sq. km and 170,000 people affected 1580 sq. km affected by wild fire Of these, 100 sq. km are agricultural lands 7,200 Farmers affected and Damage Cost ~ RM 7.0 Mil. Water Rationing and Food Aids

Sarawak (1998)
Wild Fires Air Pollution - Schools Shut Down Coastal Areas Water Shortage

PERAK
Bernam River

Figure 5 : Spatial Distribution of the SPI Drought Severity

03 50

nce fere o f In it Lim

03 40

L
Kuala Kubu Bharu

LEGEND FOR SPI DROUGHT SEVERITY: Severe Moderate Normal/Near Normal LEGEND : Rainfall Station WL/Gauging Station Island State Boundary Existing Dam Proposed Dam Water Treat. Plant Town River
100 40
o

Tengi River

KUALA SELANGO R
Selangor River

03 30

J
03 20
o

PAHANG SELANGOR Batu 2 CA = 50km Petaling River H Klang I GCA = 77.16km2

Petaling

PETALING E JAYA SHAH Klang River ALAM KLANG

FEDERAL F TERRITOR W1 Y
Langat

Langat CA = 41km2 Semenyih

03 10

KUALA W.T Plant D CA= 56km2 LUMPU C R KAJANG

03 00

W2

Semenyih W.T Plant

A
Langat River

NEGERI SEMBILAN

02 50

STRAITS OF MALACCA
o

SEPANG KLIA

02 40

100 50

101 0 0

101 10

101 20

101 30

101 40

101 50

102 0 0

102 10

Rainfall 3000 mm per yr. Volume 990 billion m3 Evaporation 360 bill. m3 (36%) Surface runoff 566 bill. m3 (57%)

groundwater 64 bill. m3 (7%) -

Annual rainwater approximately 990 billion cubic meter. (Area = 330,000km square with Average Annual Rainfall 3,000mm). 566 billion meter cubic becomes surface runoff 360 billion meter cubic evaporated 64 billion meter cubic discharges as groundwater Water consumption approximately 12.5 billion meter cubic (year 2000) only about 2.2% of the surface runoff. But.. Malaysia still have water supply disruption?? (1998 drought brought unpleasant water supply disruptions to 1.8 million residents of Klang Valley)
7

Can Rainwater reduce the problem? What are the benefits of using rainwater??
Reduce the dependence and demand of public water supply Reduction of water bills (more attractive monetary Saving from SPAH with increase in water tariff in future) Additional water supply for fire protection or emergency use

Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting

To increase soil moisture levels for urban greenery Reduction of Peak Discharge, Time to Peak Discharge & Volume of Runoff Reduce salt accumulation in soil which can be harmful to root growth To increase the ground water table through artificial recharge Reduce land erosion and flooding Contribute in overcoming shortage of water during extreme droughts
8

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTS UPCOMING WATER CHALLENGE CONCLUSION

FOCUS OF RESEARCH
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Supplementing public water supply Peak Runoff Reduction Aesthetics Economics Quality

10

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTS UPCOMING WATER CHALLENGE CONCLUSION

11

NAHRIMS PILOT SPAH PROJECTS

DOMESTIC
-

A double storey terrace house at Taman Wangsa Melawati, Kuala Lumpur

PUBLIC FACILITY
-

A mosque Complex at Taman Bukit Indah, Ampang Secondary School, Sri Aman Girls School Bukit Jalil Secondary School

OFFICE COMPLEX
-

Head Quarters of Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Kuala Lumpur NAHRIM Complex

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Rainwater System Components

Catchment - roof Conveyance gutters and downpipes Filtering first flush Storage Tank Booster pump Roof tank Distribution - plumbing (to toilets, washing machine and general use)
13

Rainwater collected from roof

Rainfall Station

150mm. Gutter

Filter Media (mesh) Roof Storage Tank 75mm. Conveyance pVc Pipe 20mm. Overflow Pipe

Rainwater collected from roof

50mm. Scour Valve

15 mm. Distribution pipe

150 mm Gutter

Filter Media (mesh) 75 mm. Conveyance pVc Pipe 25mm. valve 1st FLOOR

Bathroom 2
W.C

Bathroom 3
W.C 1 valve

Ultrasonic Flow meter First Flush Device Connected to separate roof tank Water Level Indicator 25mm Main 40mm. Scour Valve W.C

Bathroom 1
15 mm.Tap

5,000 liters Storage Tank

Pumpset 25 mm (Electrical) Valve

14

15

16

Storage Cum Detention Tank

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Rainwater Use for various facilities

Item
Washing clothes Toilet Flushing (3 W.Cs) General Cleaning (including car and motorcycle washing) Total

Average daily use (liters) 300 90 65

Average monthly use (liters) 9,000 2,700 1,950

% 66 20 14

455

13,650

100

Monthly Rainwater use Monthly water use (from public water supply) Total Monthly Household Water Use

: 13,650 liters (34%) : 27,000 liters (66%) : 40,650 liters

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SYSTEM COST (Double Terrace House)

Items
Gutter (uPVC) Conveyance System Plumbing Works Water Tank (top) Brick Tank (ground) 5,000 liters capacity Water Pump (electrical) 1 No 1 No

Unit

Amount (RM)
150 200 400 200 2,500 750

Total

4,300

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UNIT COST OF RAINWATER (Brick Tank)

C = Initial Capital Cost N = Expected system life C = RM 4,300.00 N = 20 C/N Operating Cost Total Annual Cost Yield Unit Cost of Rainwater

= RM 215.00 = RM 53.08 = RM 268.00 = 102 meter cubic = Annual Cost/ Yield = RM 2.63/ meter cubic

The rainwater system (storage 5m, 6 person) could meet up to 34% of the domestic non-potable household water requirement. Peak storm runoff reduction )when rainwater cum detention storage systems are installed at all the houses) at the catchment outlet achieved is 24% (can be up to 70% if extend to the shop house, mosque, kindergarten and the community recreational park.
20

Figure 3 : Reliability (%) for 60 m2 and 100 m2 Roof Catchment Areas vs various Tank Sizes - Water Demand of 455 litres/day (Roof Runoff Coefficient = 0.8)
120
Roof Catchment = 100 m2

100
Roof Catchment = 60 m2

80

RELIABILITY (%)

60

40

20

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 TANK SIZE (m3)

21

A Mosque Complex at Taman Bukit Indah, Ampang

33 47 1 5 1 .7 23 20"

123 31.68 2 10" 47

123

80.905 10"

47 20"

22

The Installation of SPAH at Mosque Complex, Taman Bukit Indah (During Investigation)

MASJID BUKIT INDAH, AMPANG

TANK MODULE

HDPE SHEET

23

24

TANK MODULE HDPE SHEET

25

Figure 3 : Underground Storage Tank (Cross-section)

PARKING AREA
1300 200 12440 200

200mm THK. SAND 1224Om x 5785m x 0.89m DEPTH

4mm THK. CHEQUE PLATE

ATLANTIS STORAGE TANK EXIST. SUMP PARKING SURFACE

200 890 200 500

HYDRONET

HEAVY DUTY COVER

225mm THK BRICK 1224Om x 5785m x 0.89m DEPTH ATLANTIS STORAGE TANK OR APPROVE EQUIVALENT HYDRONET

COMPACTED EARTH

EXCAVATION EDGE

250mm INLET PIPE EXCAVATION EDGE 200mm THK. SAND BEDDING HDPE LINER 1:50
8360 2040 2040 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP WITH FLOATING INLET 1 LAYER DRAINAGE CELL

26

STRIP FILTER PIPE

27

RAIN WATER SENSOR UNIT

28

29

RAINWATER / STORMWATER CONVEYANCE PIPE COLD WATER TANK COLD WATER TANK

50mm discharge pipe

Permanently marked

COLD WATER TANK

RAINWATER / STORMWATER CONVEYANCE PIPE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

NON RETURN VALVE Sump SENSOR CABLE FLOW METER Mechanism for automatic switching on of Public Water Supply in the case of power failure (i.e. pumps not working) CONSTANT PRESSURE STARTER PANEL PRESSURE TANK, PRESSURE GAUGE, PRESSURE TRANSMITTER AND FLOW SWITCH

GRUNDFOS PUMP SQE 3-65

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WATER DEMAND
-

Daily water demand = 15,000 liters (based on 2,500 person utilizing 6 liters per toilet flush) Total daily water demand = 26,250 liters (for wudhu, toilet flushing and general cleaning)

SYSTEM COST

System Cost (C) = RM 95,000.00 Life Expectancy (N) = 25 Years C/N = RM 3,800.00 Operating Cost (est.) = RM 300.00 Total Annual Cost = RM 4,100.00 Rainwater Utilized = 3249 m per annum Unit cost of Water = RM 1.26 per m For comparison purposes the water rates in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor for selected categories are given below: -Religious Institution = RM 0.46 per m -Residential houses = RM 2.00 per meter cubic (for consumption > 35 m) -Government building = RM 1.61 per m

Can save up to 34% of public water supply annually with unit cost RM 1.26 per m.
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Mosque Complex at Taman Bukit Indah

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 90 120 Tank Size (m3) Catchment Area = 3569 m2 Catchment Area = 5477 m2 150 180 210

Reliability (%)

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WATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Collection and storage of rainwater introduces the potential for chemical, physical and microbial contamination. The most common hazards in water sources obtained from surface catchments worldwide, including roof run-off, are microbial pathogens origin (enteric pathogens). Collecting rainwater for drinking and cooking are not recommended in area affected by airborne pollution form very heavy traffic and industrial activities or agricultural crop dusting or spraying. Microorganisms may be present in rainwater collected in domestic tanks, but provided the systems are well maintained, the risk of harmful organisms being present is low.

33

MAINTAINING RAINWATER QUALITY

Ensuring the quality of rainwater collected requires sensible maintainance of rainwater tank and roof catchments. The following simple steps can be taken to help improve rainwater quality: Regularly inspect and clean gutters, roof catchments and tank screens. Remove overhead branches. Consider installing gutter screens or guards. Ensure tank does not become a mosquito breeding site by preventing access and cleaning screens regularly. Examine tank for accumulation of sludge every 2 to 3 years and remove by siphon or by empting the tank. 40 mm of liquids sodium hypo-chlorides or 7gm granular calcium hypo-chlorites per 1000 liters of water.

34

METHODOLOGY
Chemical Parameters: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) pH Sulphate Ferum Phosphate Copper Ammoniac Nitrogen Water Quality Parameters Measured are: Microbial Parameters: E- Coli Coliform Physical Parameters: Turbidity Temperature

35

WATER CLASSES
CLASSES
CLASS 1 CLASS II A CLASS II B CLASS III

USES
Conservation of natural environment water supply 1 practically n treatment necessary (Fishery 1 very sensitive aquatic species) Water supply II Conventional treatment required (Fishery II sensitive aquatic species) Recreational use with body contact Water Supply III extensive treatment required (Fishery III common of economic value and tolerant species livestock drinking) Irrigation None of the above

CLASS IV CLASS V

36

INTERIM NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MALAYSIA

CLASSES PARAMETERS/ UNIT Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) pH Colour/ (TCU) Salinity/ % Taste Total Dissolved Solid Total Suspended Solid Temperature Turbidity / NTU Faecal Coliform Total Caliform I 0.1 1 10 7 6.5 8.5 15 0.5 N 500 25 5 10 100 IIA 0.3 3 25 57 69 150 1 N 1000 50 Normal 2C 50 100 5000 50 400 5000 50 IIB 0.3 3 25 57 69 150 III 0.9 6 50 35 59 -150 Normal 2C 5000 (20000)* 50000 IV 2.7 12 100 <3 59 2 4000 300 5000 (20000)* 50000 V >2.7 >12 >100 <1 300 >50000

Notes: N: No visible floatable materials or debris or No objectionable odors, or No objectionable taste. : maximum not to be exceeded

37

ANALYSIS
Table 1: Analysis readings of rainwater monitoring in 2003
PARAMETER UNIT DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE MOSQUE COMPLEX CLASS II B (INTERIM MALAYSIA STANDARD)

Turbidity DO E-Coli Coliform pH Temperature SO4 Ferum Ammoniacal Nitrogen Copper

NTU mg/l MPN MPN (C) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

1.38 7.4 3.4 5.9 <1 410 <1 980 6.3 8.63 25 30.4 01 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.08

2.68 11.7 3.4 5.36 <1 1986 <1 2419 6.52 7.32 19.6 32.1 1 12 0.01 0.5 0.02 0.33 0.01 0.06

50 57 400 5000 69 Normal +2C 250 1 1 0.02 0.2

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ANALYSIS
Table 2: Analysis readings of rainwater monitoring in 2004
PARAMETER UNIT DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE MOSQUE COMPLEX CLASS II B (INTERIM MALAYSIA STANDARD)

Turbidity DO E-Coli Coliform pH Temperature SO4 Ferum Ammoniacal Nitrogen Copper

NTU mg/l MPN MPN (C) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

1.4 2.21 4.2 5.3 <1 53 <1 1011 7.72 8.03 25 01 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.19 0.06 0.11

1.11 5.21 2.8 4.4 23 69 184 829 6.98 7.61 25 8 13 0.05 0.8 0.07 0.41 0.16 0.19

50 57 400 5000 69 Normal +2C 250 1 1 0.02 0.2

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ANALYSIS
Table 3: Analysis readings of rainwater monitoring in 2005
PARAMETER UNIT DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE MOSQUE COMPLEX CLASS II B (INTERIM MALAYSIA STANDARD)

Turbidity DO E-Coli Coliform pH Temperature SO4 Ferum Ammoniacal Nitrogen Copper

NTU mg/l MPN MPN (C) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

0.4 2.74 3.5 6.4 <1 236 <1 2400 7.42 8.08 25.1 30.4 02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.18 0.13 0.18

0.13 7.38 4.5 5.5 <1 214 <1 2400 6.98 7.96 25.1 29.0 5 10 0.10 0.35 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.38

50 57 400 5000 69 Normal +2C 250 1 1 0.02 0.2

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RESULT
The quality of rainwater is within the acceptable limit except for E-Coli (2003). Standard Class IIB recreational use with body contact. Not for drinking purpose but useful for other purpose such as toilet flushing, watering plants, washing car, cleaning up porch, gardening, etc.

41

POLICY DEVELOPMENT

RWU GUIDELINES BY KPKT IN 1999 NWRC RESOLUTION (ENCOURAGING RWU)

42

ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TO ENCOURAGE RAINWATER UTILISATION

1234provision of subsidies tax and cost rebates education and raising awareness guidelines

43

1) Provision of Subsidies
Higher cost of installation, maintenance and usage of rain water harvesting than piped water. =>consideration for subsidies to encourage the public to install RWU systems. In Japan, there is no national legislation governing the practice of RWU, but local governments are very active in promoting RWU by way of subsidies.

44

For example, In Yamata City of Kanagawa, the local authorities installed 19 rainwater tanks in all 19 municipal primary schools as a means of promoting environment education. In the city of Kobe where a 150-200 liters rainwater tank costs between 30,000-50,000 yens, the government will subsidize up to 2/3 of the cost, as a step to encourage the installation of the system.

45

In Australia, Queenslands state government have set up a new program, the Home Water Wise Service, which is a subsidized service that sees licensed plumbers visiting homes to install a range of water efficient devices and providing advice on water saving strategies. Homeowners can receive a water audit on their home, replace their old showerheads for waterefficient ones, fix leaking taps and receive information and advice on how to make their home water efficient.

46

2) Tax & Cost Rebates

Tax Rebate
Consideration of offering homeowners/members of public who choose to participate in RWU and manufacturers and suppliers of RWU systems or equipment. This tax rebate for home owners has been implemented successfully in India. e.g. in the cities of Indore and Gwalior in the state of Madhya Pradesh, a rebate of 6 % on property tax has been offered by the municipal corporation as incentive to encourage the public for implementing RWU systems.
47

Consideration for tax rebate for various stakeholders such as manufacturers, suppliers, housing developers, contractors who are involved in RWU systems production and installation. e.g. In Texas, USA, the State Government provides a Sales Tax Redemption for water efficiency equipment including equipment for RWU. RWU materials are tax-free. Measures such as this will encourage the participation of the stakeholders.

48

Cost Rebates to Property Owners Providing rebates for the purchase and installation of RWU equipment and installation. This has been implemented successfully in Australia where each state government implements its own scheme to implement and encourage RWU among homeowners. e.g. in Queensland, under the Home Water Wise Rebate Scheme, most City Councils will offer various rebates for the purchase and installation of the water tanks and other related items such as showerheads, toilets, etc.
49

e.g. In Pine Rivers Shire, rebates are given to encourage homeowners to participate in RWU to reduce relying on piped water supply. Rebate is given for pumps and other RWU-friendly equipment, plumbing materials and installation cost. The council is also waiving the inspection fee. Rebate also given for the replacement from a single flush toilet to a dual flush toilet suite. In Sydney, rebates are given for the installation of rainwater tanks. Eligibility and amount of the rebate is determined on the fulfillment of required conditions, size of the tank and whether the rainwater is connected to your toilet or washing machine.

50

e.g. Brisbane City Council provides rebates for homeowners who purchase water tanks and fulfill other conditions that has been set by the Council. Residential or Body Corporate Rebate is provided for the purchase of tanks. An internal connection rebate is also available. e.g. in Toowoomba, rebates are offered for homeowner who purchases a rainwater tank. To be eligible for the rebate, the tanks must have a capacity of at least 5,000 liters, and be connected to at least one toilet cistern or alternatively, to the washing machine; and to a garden tap.

51

3) Education and Raising Awareness

Campaigns by various related Government Agencies and mass media to be conducted to promote benefit and importance of RWU. Steps should be taken to incorporate RWU into school education curriculum. In Australia, certain state governments have introduced a Rainwater Tanks in School Program whereby participating schools will be given a rebate for the installation of a rainwater tank. Besides that, awareness campaigns on importance of conserving water is also done in the schools.
52

4) Guidelines
Malaysia has Guidelines for Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System It generally does not deal with cost and implementation issues. A standardized and user friendly guideline, will be more convenient for consumers to install and maintain suitable rainwater harvesting systems .

53

Each city council in the state of Queensland has its own Guidelines for Installation of Rainwater Tanks In UK, although RWU is not mandatory, homeowners are free to install the system, but still need to comply with existing regulations and guidelines. In Germany, RWU has yet to be made mandatory and no specific legislation is available. However, there is a national guidelines to regulate RWU.
54

RECOMMENDATIONS
With regard to Malaysia, it is recommended that a combination of the methods stated above should be implemented. From a legal perspective, introducing RWU under a by law would be the more feasible method by amending the Uniform Building ByLaws to include a requirement for RWU installation in buildings.

55

Monetary or economic incentives like cash or tax rebates and subsidies in purchasing or installing RWU devices should be introduced to attract public interest. Education and awareness campaigns should start from the early stages to instill a sense of awareness.

56

TANGKI NAHRIM (Software Application)

NAHRIM has its own software called Tangki NAHRIM for RWH research purpose. contains meteorological data. Beneficial to researchers or engineers to design an accurate and suitable rainwater system. Contain whole Malaysia rainfall data in its database software.

57

Tangki Nahrim Dialogue Box

58

Tangki Nahrim Dialogue Box

59

OBJECTIVES UPGRADING TANGKI NAHRIM SOFTWARE

Measure an optimum storage tank size and its reliability

Tangki NAHRIM Objectives:

Measure total volume of collected and distributed rainwater Measure rainwater system efficiency To provide a user friendly software To support in SPAH development project around Malaysia

60

BENEFITS OF NEW TANGKI NAHRIM SOFTWARE Benefits:

User friendly Allow user to import rainfall data in Microsoft Access Format through floppy disk, CD and etc. Suitable to use for many states in Malaysia since it contains a lot of rainfall data in its software database. Better simulation result (more accurate) Flexible water demand input
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Proposal of Rainwater Harvesting System (SPAH) for NAHRIM Complex

NAHRIM Complex
62

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE FOR SPAH IN NAHRIM For general cleaning purpose For toilet usage (at administration and library buildings) at 2769.2 liter per day. For landscaping purpose

63

Tangki NAHRIM Application

Tank Size (m3)
10 20 25

Rainwater captured (m3)

39769.8 39769.8 39769.8

Rainwater Delivered (m3)

Reliability (%)

% Time Tank Empty

Coefficient of Rainwater Utilisation (%) 27.35 14.98 11.39

Storage Efficiency (%)

10877.9 12959.9 13488.4

71.69 85.41 88.90

29.28 14.98 11.39

29.52 33.93 35.10

-The size of rainwater storage tank estimated by using Tangki NAHRIM Software. -The Optimum size of storage tank is 20 m with reliability about 85.41%. -Propose to use underground tank to save the construction cost and to save space.
64

Propose Rainwater Tank Location

UnderGround Tank
PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA (PUSAT SUMBER TOILET)

PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA (BILIK PENGARAH TOILET)

PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA (MAKMAL TOILET)

PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA (GROUND AND FIRST FLOOR TOILET)

65

RAINWATER TANK

SUMP

CATCHMENTS AREA

66

PIPE DIAGRAM FOR SPAH SYSTEM AT ADMINISTRATION BUILDING IN NAHRIM.

67

PIPE DIAGRAM FOR SPAH SYSTEM AT LIBRARY BUILDING IN NAHRIM.

68

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTS UPCOMING WATER CHALLENGE CONCLUSION

69

CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTION

GLOBAL*
2050 Surface temperature (C) (Emission Scenario SRES A1B) Sea level rise (m) (Emission Scenario SRES A1B) Annual Rainfall (mm) River Flows (m3/s) 1.6 2100 2.8

MALAYSIA**
2050 1.5

0.210.48

+10% (Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang) -5% (Selangor & Johor) +11% to +43% (Flood Flows) -31% to 93% (Low Flows)

* IPCC WG1 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007 ** STUDY ON IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGIC REGIME AND WATER RESOURCES OF P MALAYSIA, NAHRIM, 2006

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Future Rainfall
In annual rainfall: 10% increase for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang 5% decrease for Selangor and Johor More droughts ie dry years (2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044) A increase in mean monthly rainfall over the North East Coastal region and over Kelantan A decrease in mean monthly rainfall over Selangor and Johor Higher maximum and lower minimum rainfall are observed in the future in many sub regions More extreme hydrological conditions may be expected

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Simulated annual rainfall (historical and future period) at sub regions of Peninsular Malaysia

72

1989

Wet Year

2043

73

1993

Dry Year

2044

74

Future River Flows

Future monthly flows - the maximum monthly flows will be significantly higher (11%-43%) for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and the minimum monthly flows significantly lower (31%93%) for Selangor and Johor An increase in inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability with increased hydrologic extremes (higher high flows, and lower low flows) in Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kedah watersheds

75

Periodic means and standard deviations of simulated monthly flows during the historical (1984-1993) and future (2025-2034 and 2041-2050) periods at Jambatan. Jerangau, Dungun, Terengganu (region no. 4)

76

Periodic means and standard deviations of simulated monthly flows during the historical (1984-1993) and future (2025-2034 and 2041-2050) periods at Rantau Panjang, Johor (region no. 9).

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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTS UPCOMING WATER CHALLENGE CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION For the Double Storey Terrace House: The Rainwater system (storage 5 m3 , 6 persons) could meet up to 34 % of the domestic nonpotable household water requirements. The unit cost is RM2.63/m3 Peak storm runoff reduction (when rainwater cum detention storage systems are installed at all the houses) at the catchment outlet achieved is 24% (Can be up to 70% if extended to the shophouses, mosque, kindergarten and the community recreational park
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CONCLUSION (contd) For the Mosque Complex: Can save up to 34% pf the public water supply annually The unit cost is RM1.26/m3

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Roofwater harvesting can make a substantial contribution to security of urban water supply especially when existing system is already stressed It doesnt drought proof urban area Need contingency plans Dont overlook social and institutional issues Roofwater harvesting will only work if people properly use and maintain it

CONCLUSION (contd)

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CONCLUSION
Rainwater Harvesting is a traditional practice picked up by a group of scientists and development practitioners, as a focus of their interest, study, and practice to help poor and rural communities in their quest for water to drink. Today we see the usefulness of the technology not only for the poor communities. It has made itself relevant in other aspects of living flood/ disaster mitigation, food and water security, environmental rehabilitation and now, in coping with climate change. As ancient wisdom meets science, Rainwater Harvesting is born.

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