1. Homology is evidence of ______. E) common ancestry 2. What is genetic drift?

C) chance changes in the gene pool of a small population 3. The ultimate source of all variation is ______. A) mutation 4. After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population? A) The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebot tleneck population. 5. Which of the following is an example of directional selection? A) the increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria 6. The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago. E) 3.5 billion 4. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the Amish having a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human populatio n as a whole? B) founder effect 9. All of the alleles of all of the genes within a population defines that po pulation's ______. A) gene pool 10. Which of the following is most likely to lead to the evolution of two dif ferent species? E) diversifying selection A) B) C) E) 7. Which of the following are most likely to be homologous? the structures of penguin and shark forelimbs the presence of a tail in both birds and monkeys the presence of saber teeth in marsupial and placental carnivores the presence of DNA in all cells

8. The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founde r effect ______. B) involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger populat ion 9. Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation? A) stabilizing selection 8. The smallest unit of evolution is the ______. B) population 10. Natural selection can be defined as ______. D) descent with modification 1. Any particular mutation is most likely to ______. D) be harmful 2. Which of the following is an example of directional selection? B) the increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria

3. In the African tropics the maintenance of the sickle-cell allele in the hu man population can be attributed to ______. E) stabilizing selection 4. Which of the following is a component of the fossil record? B) dinosaur bones 5. The presence of gills in both fish and human embryos is an example of ____ __. D) homology 2. Natural selection always results in ______. A) offspring better adapted to their parents' environment than were their parent s 8. Your physician gives you a prescription for an antibiotic. You take the an tibiotic until you are feeling better and decide to save the remaining doses for future use. What is the likely result of your behavior? B) You are contributing to that antibiotic being less effective the next time it is used. 9. Gene flow is accomplished by ______. D) migration 6. ______ is the study of fossils. A) Paleontology 10. The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is eviden ce of ______. E) common ancestry 3. What term is used to refer to structures that have a similar origin or anc estry even though they may be very different in appearance? C) homologous 6. Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection? E) the birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the a verage weight of newborn humans are about the same 10. What does Darwinian fitness measure? D) reproductive success 7. Which of the following is a population? B) the termites infesting your house 9. Which of the following is an example of diversifying selection? C) in different parts of Africa a tasty butterfly species mimics different dista steful butterfly species ================================================================== 2. Earthquakes are the result of ______. B) the movement of continental plates against one another 1. When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offsprin g die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ______. A) hybrid inviability

2. The wing of a bald eagle is ______ the wing of a penguin. C) homologous to 3. Which of the following is a species name? A) sapiens 4. The current geological era is the ______. B) Cenozoic 5. What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pa ttern? E) behavioral isolation 6. The wing of a penguin is ______ the flipper of a dolphin. E) analogous to 3. Biological species consist of groups of ______. C) populations 5. Cladistic analysis indicates that crocodiles are more closely related to _ _____ than to ______. B) birds . . . lizards 7. When brought together in a zoo, two species are capable of mating and prod ucing fertile offspring. Why may they still be considered two distinct species? A) The two species look very different. 8. According to island biogeography, the farther an island is from the mainla nd, the ______. E) lower the rate of colonization 3. The biological species concept cannot be applied to ______. E) asexual organisms 9. The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when two species mate but fai l to produce fertile hybrids is referred to as ______. E) a post-zygotic barrier 10. You are examining the fossil record and notice that through time a series of fossils exhibits very little change. During the period of time you are study ing, this fossil lineage can be described as exhibiting ______. D) stasis 1. Which of the following describes allopatric speciation? D) A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species. 2. What name is given to the single supercontinent that formed near the end o f the Paleozoic? A) Pangaea 3. On what basis are populations assigned to the same biological species? A) they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring 4. A period of mass extinction is often followed by ______. D) a massive increase in diversity 5. According to island biogeography, the larger an island, the ______.

E) greater the species richness 7. Macroevolution does NOT include ______. A) Natural Selection 8. A pattern of evolution in which most change in appearance takes place duri ng a relatively short period of time fits the ______ model of speciation. C) punctuated equilibrium 9. Speciation requires ______. E) genetic isolation 10. Analogous structures are evidence of ______. E) convergent evolution \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 10. The absence of ______ in the primitive atmosphere was essential to the or igin of life on Earth. C) O2 9. Bacilli are ______ prokaryotes. C) rod-shaped 2. ______ is an example of bioremediation. C) The use of Pseudomonas to help clean up oil spills 4. What accounts for the similarity between seaweeds and plants? D) Convergent evolution caused their similarity. 7. Land was first colonized about ______ years ago. A) 475 million 9. Which of these is arranged in the appropriate sequence from the earliest to t he most recent? C) origin of Earth, origin of prokaryotes, beginning of the accumulation of atmo spheric oxygen, oldest eukaryotic cell fossils, origin of multicellular eukaryot es, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first humans 1. Why is RNA thought to have been the first genetic material? C) RNA is capable of self-replication; DNA is not. 2. Prokaryotes reproduce by means of ______. A) binary fission 3. Animal life underwent its greatest diversification during the ______, whic h began about ______ million years ago. A) Cambrian . . . 570 4. Bacteria that occur in grapelike clusters are ______. E) staphylococci 5. The prokaryotic group that tends to inhabit extreme environments belongs t o ______. C) Domain Archaea 6. Which of the following are most plantlike? D) green algae 7. Large amounts of oxygen gas appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ ye

ars ago. C) 2.5 billion 8. Eukaryotes arose about ______ years after the first prokaryotes. E) 2.0 billion 9. The abiotic origin of life is referred to as ______. C) spontaneous generation 10. You discover a unicellular organism that moves by what appear to be pseud opodia. You conclude that this organism is ______. E) either a type of amoeba or a type of slime mold 1. ______ are responsible for toxic red tides. B) Dinoflagellates 5. The simplest eukaryotes are classified as ______. B) protists 7. Which kingdom(s) was(were) the first to colonize land? B) Plantae and Fungi 3. The Ebola virus is an example of a(n) ______. C) pathogen 4. Which of the following are primarily responsible for an unfortunate side e ffect of eating beans? D) methanogens 5. Bacteria that occur in grapelike clusters are ______. B) staphylococci 9. You discover a prokaryote that can make its own food in the absence of lig ht. Nutritionally, you would classify this prokaryote as a ______. C) chemoautotroph ============================================================== 1. Fungi are ______. A) heterotrophs 2. During the winter, what is an advantage of having needle-shaped leaves? D) Less snow and ice will accumulate on such a leaf. 3. Which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation to a terrestrial existenc e? B) photosynthesis 4. Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environme nt? B) Their sperm are flagellated. 5. What is a hypha? B) the basic structure of fungal bodies 7. Why does it make sense that many fruits are green when their seeds are imm ature? C) They are harder to see and thus less likely to be eaten than are other fruits .

9. Gametophytes are ______; sporophytes are ______. C) haploid . . . diploid 10. In ______ the gameotphyte is more obvious than the sporophyte. D) mosses 1. Which of the following lack vascular tissue? A) mosses 2. Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ______. D) mycorrhizae 10. Your friend with plant allergies sneezes and then says: "I sneezed becaus e ______ went up my nose." B) male gametophytes 4. What is the function of fruit? C) It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds 7. ______ are seedless vascular plants. B) Ferns 9. Like plants, fungi have ______; however, in plants it is composed of _____ _, whereas in fungi it is composed of ______. A) cell walls . . . cellulose . . . chitin 3. What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns? E) the climate becoming cooler and drier 4. ______ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring s perm to eggs. A) Gymnosperms 4. Nutritionally, all fungi are ______. C) heterotrophs 5. Exploring in the tropics, you discover a nonvascular plant that produces p ollen. What type of plant have you discovered? D) an entirely new type that you will get to name 6. In angiosperms, the male gametophyte develops within ______. D) anthers 7. Of the following, which is the earliest step in the formation of fossil fu els? B) incomplete decomposition of organic matter 8. The ______ helps plants retain water. B) cuticle 1. Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants? B) bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms 3. Why are bryophytes considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial envi ronment? B) Their sperm are flagellated. 6. Why are gymnosperms "naked seed" plants?

E) They do not produce fruit. 7. Plants first moved onto land by at least ______ years ago. B) 475 million ==================================================================== 1. There are more species of ______ than of any other type of animal. E) arthropod 2. Mollusks are recognized based on ______. C) the presence of a visceral mass 3. What does the term tetrapod mean? E) having four limbs 4. The feature present in reptiles and absent in amphibians that freed reptil es from dependence on water for reproduction is ______. E) the amniotic egg 5. How do New World monkeys differ from Old World monkeys? D) New World monkeys have a prehensile tail. 6. Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chorda tes? B) echinoderms 8. All of these characteristics are shared by annelids and arthropods EXCEPT: C) an exoskeleton 9. A characteristic of arthropods that has allowed for their great success is the presence of ______. A) highly specialized segments 10. The oldest known fossils of modern Homo sapiens are about ______ years ol d. D) 100,000 1. Sharks are a type of ______. D) cartilaginous fish 2. The group that may have given rise to amphibians are the ______. A) lobe-finned fishes 3. What name is given to the food-trapping cells of sponges? A) choanocytes 4. How do sponges differ from all other animals? A) Sponges lack true tissues. 5. The common ancestor of all animals is likely to have been a(n) ______. C) colonial, flagellated protist 6. A true coelom is ______. C) completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm 7. In what way is a sponge similar to a cnidarian? E) Both have a saclike body plan.

8. An animal with a and an adult form that as a larva and ______ B) radial symmetry . .

larval form that disperses by drifting in ocean currents is attached to a surface is most likely to exhibit ______ as an adult. . radial symmetry

10. Flatworms are similar to cnidarians in that both ______. B) have true tissues 3. Unique features of vertebrates include the presence of a(n) ______. C) backbone 5. The dispersive stage of the cnidarian life cycle is the ______ stage. A) medusa 6. The simplest animals to have a complete digestive tract are ______. D) roundworms 3. Most ______ are aquatic. B) crustaceans 7. Characteristics shared by both reptiles and birds include ______. E) the amniotic egg 8. What is the name given to the process by which a larva develops into an ad ult? C) metamorphosis 10. What characteristic is unique to echinoderms? E) a water vascular system 4. Having a true coelom distinguishes ______ from ______. C) annelids . . . roundworms 5. Which anthropoid is most closely related to humans? A) chimpanzees 9. ______ are the most diverse group of arthropod. B) Insects 10. Features unique to mammals include ______. C) the presence of hair