Malioboro The Nostalgia Lane

A Yogyakarta City Center Revitalization Through Traffic Management Habib Abdillah Nurusman Master Of Urban Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Do Minho E-mail: Habibnurusman@yahoo.com

KEYWORDS Yogyakarta, City Management. Center, , Malioboro Malioboro, Traffic The city is also known as the cultural capital of Java and the city of education, where students from all over Indonesia come to study in more than 30 universities, academies and colleges. This condition has created the city as an unforgettable multi cultural place, especially ral for the student whose have been there. About the economic activity, there are two areas that become the foundation of the city economy, the tourism industry and education services. Started grow in the 80s, had shaped the economy of the city. The city is pushed he to create new demand of investment. Dominated by micro / small and medium business and companies, the economics of the city grow rapidly. And the highest contributors are coming from hotels, restaurants and services.

ABSTRACT Malioboro is an area in the city center that has been developed as a center of culture and economy since the sultanate of Yogyakarta was established in October 7, 1756. Its existence has become an integrated icon of the city. Nowadays, the city grows more dense, the pressure of o economic, socio cultural and environmental issues, makes the city face far from convenience as the slogan of Yogyakarta Berhati Nyaman. The city that turned into a very dense (only 4% of available open space and agricultural areas) does not seem possible to possib give facilities, ecological and social convenience as well as the increase of attractiveness for economic growth that sustained by tourism. In this paper, we will discuss about the improvement of the city through the city center revitalization which focused on the development of city walk and traffic management. Revitalization is intended to improve environmental conditions and the attractiveness of the investment and tourism.

City Centre

INTRODUCTION Yogyakarta Profile Yogyakarta is a small scale city, with 32.5 km2, at the Java Island, the most populated island among the 17,000 (seventeen thousand) islands in Indonesia. The population reached 489,604 people with the density around 15,341 people /km2 in the year 2005.

Fig. 2: Yogyakarta City

The City Center and Malioboro Development of Yogyakarta city, starting from the built of the royal palace that used as the center of Yogyakarta Sultanate since October 7, 1756. At that time, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta was built by Prince Mangkubumi (the first king), considering the technical aspects and spiritual aspects. Center City takes the former forest Beringin area that located between two rivers. The first is River Winongo on the west and the

Fig. 1: Location of Yogyakarta

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second is river Code on the east. The choice of location is very strategic for the security of the city at that time, because the river is a natural defense tool.

restaurants, from handicraft making business to the more formal export-oriented furniture, and from the furniture rickshaw taxi service to more expensive services. But not all development of the city is always a positive contribution. Some impact / new challenges, it can even be reducing the carrying capacity of the sustainability susta and quality of the city. For example, the informal sectors not only dominate the city's economy, but also provide social challenges, especially with the way the fulfillment of their lives. For those belonging to poor condition usually will choose work as street vendors and live in slum areas with inadequate facilities. The number and use of motor vehicles as a means of transportation can not be ignored Private motor ignored. vehicles become a concept of social status. So that number continues to increase over the city and community economic development. The presence of development public transport which is expected to provide solutions instead led to new problems, especially in terms of comfort, vehicle maintenance and driver discipline. The climax is the increase in congestion that frequently occur in various city's main corridors that lead to social stress and lead to bad habits in driving driving. Adverse effects were not stopped, the pressure on environmental carrying capacity begins to be felt. Several air quality parameters have been used to determine the level of pressure as listed as follows.

Fig. 3: Imaginary Axis In addition, the spatial center of Yogyakarta, the important thing to note is the component of "imaginary nent axis" that connects the South Sea, Stage Krapyak, Palace, Tugu Palputih to Mount Merapi. Philosophically, the relationship implies a microcosmic microcosm and macrocosmic. Imaginary axis is then transformed . into the axis of the city which then became the central ame meeting point road network. At this point Malioboro as a city center and also the economic center of the city grows, up to now and become an icon of the city.

THE GROWTH OF YOGYAKARTA Yogyakarta has been growing rapidly. Similarly, the rapid development and attractiveness of the city of id Yogyakarta, to make the surrounding area directly adjacent to this city became the regional agglomeration.

Fig. 5: Air quality parameters

Fig. 4: Yogyakartas Built up Area : Since the 80s, tourism and education sectors have become the main motor city's economy. Both have 's pushed economic growth in the informal sector until the level is very dramatic, especially in the field of trade and services. Ranging from the food stalls to

With an increasingly uncomfortable conditions are, most likely will make decreases the attraction of Yogyakarta city. While the declining attractiveness of the city that will affect the carrying capacity of cities to the field of tourism which is one of the joint economies of Yogyakarta city.

CURRENT CITY CENTER The Malioboro area, as if were divided into 2 (two) , parts. The first is the parliament street called Jalan rliament 2

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Malioboro in the North. And the second way is Jenderal Ahmad Yani Street on the south side. Judging from the spread of buildings, the roads seemed to have divided this group of buildings.

Malioboro hawking wares, almost everything on offer are items / objects of Jogja as a souvenir / gift for tourists.

Fig. 8: Informal street vendor They traded handicrafts typical of Jogjakarta, among other craft rattan, leather, batik, silver, bamboo and others, in the form of batik clothes, leather bags, leather shoes, rattan ornament, leather puppets, bamboo key chains, spoons / forks silver, blangkon (a kind of typical cap Yogyakarta / Java), t-shirts with various models / writing and many others. The vendors are there who hold wares on the table, cart only those that hold the plastic on the floor, either on the right or left. So when visitors Malioboro pretty noisy / crowded, among the visitors will jostle each other because of the narrowness of space for the pedestrians. On the other hand, Malioboro is part of the cultural route. Its right above the imaginary axis of Yogyakarta city makes a lot of cultural events were held with the tapped region. Both events are regular cultural and temporal.

Fig. 6: Zones of Malioboro North side, zone A, as if to say more commercial value, with a row of shopping malls. While at the south part, or zone B, is an end of the commercial area and found some building that very valuable for history and knowledge. Most of the northern side of Malioboro, has long been one of the shopping area that quite popular in Yogyakarta, and even National level. This area is supported by shops, restaurants, shopping, and also never misses the street vendors.

Fig. 7: Malioboro surrounded by hotels/hostels, supermarket /mall No differences with a large shopping center in another city. Any goods with famous brands to local brands, from imports to local goods and even the daily necessities and other electronic goods can be found. Various furniture and various handicrafts, including batik, wayang, etc. are also very easy to find. In addition there are also places foreign currency exchange, banks, five stars hotel up to cheap hostel. Malioboro hustle and splendor cannot be separated from the many vendors that line the pedestrian corridor

Fig. 9: Some culture event on Malioboro Street Malioboro activity does not only happen on the road. There are lot of attractive tourism centers. Such as Bringharjo central market, Vredeburg fort, the Great House the president's office, Park Smart science park, Shopping bookstores, Sono Budhoyo museum, Keraton's mosque , and the museum of royal palace.

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Bringharjo central market is the biggest traditional trading center in Yogyakarta. It is a central market that was born along with the Yogyakarta city. Trading activity over there is occurred almost 24 hours. In this market not only traditional or modern trade in the morning or afternoon, but there is also a distribution process some goods from several villages to some traditional shopping center on Yogyakarta during the night. Vredeburg fort and Gedung Agung, the president's office, are the "must visit" for students during a study tour. In the both buildings are a lot of recorded national history. Not far from this location, to the east, there is a sicence park called Taman Pintar. Science park is often a family recreation destination on the weekends and students kindergarten or elementary school on weekdays.

of the religious tourist destination. Many visitors who enjoy the presence of the mosque as a symbol of Islamic acculturation and Javanese culture. At certain events, such as "Sekaten" which is always held in the square, the role of this mosque was so central. When Ramadan arrived, then atmosphere become increasingly crowded around the mosque. Still around North Square, adjacent to the palace, there is a museum Kereta Kencana. In this museum there are 18 collections of historic horse cart that used by kings and their families from several eras.

BNI 46 Building

BI and Central Post Office Building

Bringharjo Market

Gedung Agung Keraton Mosque Keraton Royal Palace

Fig 11: Some Object Surround Keraton The last is the Palace / Keraton. Of all the rows of tourist buildings around the city center, the Palace is the most southerly position. With these positions, make the palace is as an end of city center which become an icon that easy to remember. Today the palace is not functioning as the central government as its era. The existence of the palace today is more a cultural symbol that describes the exoticism of the past, with several museums and collections of historical objects in it. This exoticism is the interest thing for tourists to visit. The City Traffic Nowadays, the traffic concept in Malioboro area is set for one way traffic. This was originally intended to reduce the level of street usage, so that the density can be reduced. But over time, Malioboro appeal not only to bring people to attend to the area as tourists or consumers who will shop. Sometimes the visitors are deliberately passing simply to enjoy the atmosphere. It is increasing the street usage. The explosion of Malioboro traffic does not only happen when the holiday season with high level of visit number, but it can be said this occur every day. Nearly every peak of rush hour, (12:00 to 14:00 and 17:00 to 21:00) there is no convenient traffic. Neither congestion nor traffic chaos is always appear.

Taman Pintar Science Park

Vredeburg Fort

Fig 10: Some Object Surround Malioboro At the end of the street Jend. Ahmad Yani, before entering the beteng keraton Yogyakarta, we will see two groups of Dutch colonial heritage buildings. The first building is a building that is currently used as office of the one of private bank in Indonesia. Meanwhile, another group of buildings currently used as the Central Post Office and Indonesian Bank. The original shape and style of colonial buildings are still visible, so it is not surprising that often become the object of photography or painting. Entering the area in beteng, we were greeted by "North Square". North Square is a large field as communications room between the palace and the people at that time. The atmosphere of traditions lives are well preserved here. From this square, we can go to Sono Budhoyo museum. Its location is on the north side of the square. Inside the museum, there are a lot of historical objects that found in the Yogyakartas region and or some objects from the Keraton. In here is also often organized art shows and dance Java-Yogyakarta. Not far from the museum Sono Budhoyo is located Great Keraton Mosque, the mosque that belongs to the palace. Precisely in the west of the square. The mosque is not only function as a place of worship but also as one

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Fig.12: Traffic Congestion on Malioboro

Fig.14: TransJogjas route The number of horse cart and rickshaw which are stable, can be used as a benchmark that the "market" needs of them is quite high and they have become favorite vehicle to enjoy the beauty of the city or just reminisce. Finally the movement path of rickshaws and horse cart become "nostalgia" lane for the lover of the atmosphere of Yogyakarta especially the on the city axis. Fig.13: Mix traffic on the end of A. Yani street The public transportation which is available at this time are categorized in two kinds. The first is the traditional modes of public transport . Transportation is indeed destined for the public, but still using separate systems and networks that are managed by different private parties with very little coordination network. Disciplinary time of this concept is still low. All vehicles still depends on the crew concerned. Which are associated with waiting time and speed the movement of vehicles and order in the streets. The last is the low level of vehicle maintenance. These conditions in turn give a general picture that is negative for the public transport. The second type of the public transportation system in Yogyakarta is the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which was named TransJogja. This new system implemented since February 2008 and has been well received by the people of Yogyakarta. But until now TransJogja still has many limitations such as in the number of buses, route services and the number of bus stops. Include the limitation of services for the city center. So the role of TransJogja in reducing congestion is still far from what expected. Talking about the mix of traffic also cannot be separated by the existence of traditional non-motorized transport, namely becak (rickshaw) and andong (horse cart). The presence of rickshaw and horse cart had become special icon in tourism of Yogyakarta.

Fig.15: Non motorized route & The Nostalgia Lane

CITY CENTER REVITALIZATION Revitalizing the city center of Yogyakarta city is an inevitable requirement at this time. The rapid development of the city, yet balanced with the available facilities. The level of safety and comfort for pedestrians has not been a priority. Even the character and beauty of the city, slowly obscured by the bustle of the city.

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Tabel 1: SWOT Analysis

In an effort to revitalize the city center, it is necessary to n note about the hierarchy of road users and local elements that exist. Viewed from the hierarchy street user, the pedestrian should get priority. The existence of user, human, motorized and non-motorized vehicle must otorized be separated, so safety and comfort can be reached. On other hand, along the path malioboro, there were four local elements that must be considered, such as: Strength: Malioboro is part of Yogyakartas imaginer axis with some attractiveness Some wide side walk has already built Traditional vehicle still become favorite way for tourist to enjoy Yogyakarta City center Weakness: The use of sidewalks as motorbike parking Public transport is not optimal yet (some bad image ocur) Uncontrolled number of informal vendors along the side walk Opportunity: Malioboro is a Nostalgia Lane Reduce air pollution and global warming effect Threat: Undisciplined driver Leak of sanitation for some informal vendor Leak of new space

The relationship of the SWOT elements can be analyzed as in Table 1. From the analysis in Table 1, the area along Jalan Malioboro and A. Yani can be divided into 4 areas revitalization concept. The illustrations of planning for llustrations each section/area are shown in Fig. 16 to Fig. 20.

Fig.16 : Section area

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Section 1 (Fig.17) is the area within the zone A. Precisely in the vicinity of the office of parlement. In this region, traders "Lesehan" already open the tent on the afternoon, thereby inhibiting pedestrian paths, and cover the beauty of the building and surrounding environment. Another problem is the presence of a motorcycle parking on the side walk facilities. To overcome the problem in this area, it is proposed to build a motorcycle parking area below the ground. So as to create new spaces for food vendors and pedestrians. sidewalks are often covered by motorcycle parking (a) Current condition.

sidewalks are often covered by tent of food vendors and motorcycle parking (a) Current condition. New underground parking area give more space for pedestrian. (b) Propose Fig. 18: Section 2 illustration

Section 3 (Fig.19), is the area in zone B which has a condition similar to section 2. The difference in zone B is the end of the commercial area. New underground parking area, complete with good sanitation, give more space for food vendors and pedestrian. (b) Propose Fig. 17: Section 1 illustration Starting with the construction of underground parking will be acquired new space for pedestrian. In this area began to be separation between motorized vehicles and non motorized vehicles. For motorized vehicles will prepared underground tunnel. While non motorized vehicles and pedestrian paths are provided separately on the surface. The middle lane at the surface, initially was one-way lane for motorized vehicle is converted into two direction of non motorized lane. While the lane that initially was for non motorized changed to be a side walk facilities. Section 4 (Fig.20), this area is the end of Malioboro area. At this location many attractive attractions found in need of communal open space as a "binder". Same with in the previous section, the separation of motor vehicles be used to continue lines underground tunnel. This effort

Section 2 (Fig.18), still in the zone A, is an area that bordered with the shopping complex on both sides. Pedestrian just rely on shops corridor that have been crowded with street vendors. While the side walk is usually used as a motorcycle parking. With the construction of underground parking will be acquired new space for the pedestrian.

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Mix traffic

sidewalks are often covered by motorcycle parking (a) Current condition Separate Non Motorized Transportation (NMT), strengthening the nostalgia lane (a) Current condition Separate Non Motorized Transportation (NMT), strengthening the nostalgia lane

New underground motorcycle parking area & tunnel for motorized vehicle, give new opportunity. Increasing open space area and safety for people (b) Propose Fig. 19: Section 3 illustration

New underground tunnel for motorized vehicle, give new opportunity. Increasing open space area and safety for people. Bus stop also placed underground. (b) Propose Fig. 20: Section 4 illustration

intended to strengthen the value of safety, comfort and "nostalgia", including making a 2-way path for traditional transportation and presenting fountain that had once existed. Surface space that is only used by non-motorized vehicles and pedestrian experience of urban space that is free from air and noise pollution and congestion. Meanwhile, to increase parking capacity and access to the palace, it is necessary to build underground parking under the plaza north, with the access entrance from the direction of Jalan A Yani underground lines.

CONCLUSION

Some conclusions that can be delivered in an effort to revitalize the city center of Yogyakarta city are the following: 1. Malioboro as "Nostalgia" lane and traditional transport are the driving forces in the revitalization of the city center and city branding. Separation of pedestrian paths, non motorized vehicles and motorized vehicles is necessary to form a system of mobility that humane and environmentally friendly. Success indicators in this project in terms of: Increasing the air quality shown by decreasing number of pollution (CO2, Pb, HC, PM) and polluted areas that controlled every year. Increasing number of people walk and or biking (specially in the city center). This 8

2.

3.

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4.

number shows that the people enjoy the city center Well planed and implementation of parking Decreasing of street congestion (specially in the city center) Increasing of economic activity in tourist service Increase the conventional public transport service by adopting some BRT systems in TransJogja. Especially in the discipline of time waiting, hours of departure and arrival of buses, it will minimize the possibility of vehicle accumulation.

References
Kwon, C. (n.d.). IGES. Retrieved March 30, 2011, from Institute for Global Environmental Strategies: www.iges.or.jp/jp/news/event/event10/pdf/kwon.pdf Marwasta. (n.d.). ForUm NETWORK FOR URBAN FUTURE. Retrieved March 31, 2011, from Forum for Urban Future : www.forum-urbanfutures.net/files/Mr.%20Marwasta.pdf Waskitho. (n.d.). Crackbone's Blog. Retrieved April 23, 2011, from http://crackbone.wordpress.com/pengembangankawasan-trading-perdagangan-di-malioboro/ Zudiyanto, H., & Parikesit, D. (n.d.). IMPLEMENTING BLUE SKY PROGRAM: THE ROLE OF NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA. Zudiyanto, H., & Parikesit, D. (2003). PROMOTING LIVABLE CITY - Integrating local/global environmental concerns and local development challenges. MAPES - MAYORS ASIA-PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMIT. Honolulu.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Habib Abdillah Nurusman, was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Finished his Architecture degree in 2003, from Indonesian Islamic University. He had worked for five years. Two years in interior and furniture then three years in housing development before moving to Gadjah Mada University in 2008 for his first master program in Waste Management System on Mechanical Engineering Department. Since September 2010, He had got an exchange program from Erasmus Mundus to the University Of Minho where he study Urban Engineering on Civil Engineering Department.

E-mail: Habibnurusman@yahoo.com. 9