Management of Environment

Definition of Environment
The surroundings in which an organisation operates including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation "environment" includes water, air and land and the inter- relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property

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Sustainable development
Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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Global Environmental issues
Global warming Ozone depletion Disappearance of tropical forests Dwindling varieties of wildlife Marine Pollution Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste Desertification Acid Rain Environmental Pollution in economically developing countries

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Global warming
Global warming is a process in which the surface temperature of the Earth rises because of the "greenhouse effect." The greenhouse effect is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.), which we produce as we go about our daily life. The results of global warming are predicted to be higher sea levels, as the seawater expands from the heat, and harsh climatic changes. These changes are expected to exert a big effect on agriculture and ecosystems.

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Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone is a natural gas that exists in large quantities in the stratosphere, which is one of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere. There, ozone works to protect life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet rays and other harmful rays from the sun. This ozone layer is steadily being destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons, halons and other ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere. As the ozone layer is destroyed, more harmful ultraviolet rays reach the Earth's surface. This causes skin cancer, cataracts and other health problems and may exert dangerous effects on plankton, agricultural products and all kinds of plants and animals.

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Acid Rain
Since the industrial revolution, we have been using large quantities of oil, coal and other fossil fuels. The combustion (burning) of fossil fuels generates large amounts of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain is rain (or mist) that has picked up these oxides, which have been released into the atmosphere, and deposits them on the ground. In Europe and North America, acid rain and acidification of the soil is promoting the disappearance of forests and the deterioration of historical ruins and other structures. The acidification of lakes and marshes there is causing the extinction of certain fishes and having other ill effects.

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Disappearance of tropical forests
Tropical forests are an important source of lumber. At the same time, tropical forests serve the vital role of being wildlife habitats and of absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, which is the main cause of global warming. It is estimated that about 1,540 hectares of tropical forest disappear each year, because of large-scale, slash-and-burn agricultural practices and logging for commercial purposes. The disappearance of tropical forests is raising concerns about the large-scale extinction of certain species of wild life, the destruction of ecosystems, and effects on global warming.

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Dwindling variety of wildlife
There are about 1.75 million species of wild life on this planet that have been verified scientifically. The actual number of species could be 10 million or maybe even more than 100 million! But the destruction of wildlife habitats by human activity and the indiscriminate catching and killing of wildlife is causing a sharp decline in the number of wild plants and animals on this planet. This trend is causing concern regarding the loss of precious gene pools and changes in ecosystems.

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Marine Pollution
Pollution of the Earth's oceans and seas is getting worse. Pollutants are flushed down rivers and streams, and oil spills into the water when tankers and other ships collide and through off-shore drilling and other marine resource development. This pollution exerts harmful effects on fish and birds, and the resultant "red tides" cause problems for fisheries.

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Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste
Expanded human activity has brought with it an increase in the volume of waste generated. The cost for handling this waste has also skyrocketed. This has led industrialized nations to take some of their waste, including recyclable waste, to developing countries. But this waste also contains toxic substances. When the waste is not properly treated, it pollutes the rivers, groundwater and soil of these economically developing countries and becomes an international problem.

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Desertification
Desertification (the changing of productive land into barren land) occurs for various reasons: When regions dry out because of a decrease in rainfall caused by climatic changes; when land is overcultivated, overgrazed or too many trees are taken for firewood, because of increasing populations in economically developing countries; when land is not given enough time to rest between plantings and becomes barren; and other reasons. Today, desertification effects about one-fourth of the Earth's land surface and about one-sixth of its human population (or 900 million people).

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Environmental Pollution in developing countries
In economically developing countries, transportation facilities, sewers, waste treatment facilities and other parts of the basic infrastructure cannot keep pace with the rapid increase in population and the tremendous influx of people into cities. Also, antipollution measures at factories and other places are often insufficient, resulting in a deterioration of the general hygiene and a worsening of air, water and other forms of pollution.

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Major environmental issues in India
Intensive agricultural practices
Degradation of soils due to overuse of chemicals, fertilizers, mono culture degradation of groundwater quality increase in the use of pesticides leading to health hazards, and decline in crop diversity.

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Major environmental issues in India
Population explosion The failure to realize the link between poverty and environmental sustenance All these factors have snowballed into major environmental problems such as decline in forest cover, increased soil erosion, silting of reservoirs and lakes, decline in biodiversity etc., Problems related to industrialization and urbanization

Management of Environment
Major environmental issues in India
Lopsided development policies have resulted in degraded soils, depletion of water tables, increased floods, desertification, water logging and salinity, pollution of water and air and loss of biodiversity. Adoption of less environment friendly technologies Unchecked growth of the informal manufacturing sector

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International Treaties/Conventions
Stockholm Conference (1972) Montreal Protocol (1987) Basel Convention (1989) Rio Summit (1992) Kyoto Protocol (1997) Johannesburg Summit (2002)

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Environmental Governance
MOEF CPCB MPCB

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National Environmental Policy

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Environmental Legislation in India
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (1988) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977(1992, 2003) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (1987) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (1991) The Environment Protection Rules, 1986 (1998,99,2001,02,03,04,06)

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Environmental Legislation in India (contd)
Coastal Regulation Zone (30 notifications) Delegation of powers (16 notifications) Eco-mark scheme (2 notifications) Eco-sensitive Zone (10 notifications) Environmental Clearance (1994, 2006 Environmental Labs (1 amendment)

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Environmental Legislation in India (contd)
Hazardous Substances Management
The batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 (2003) Prohibition on the handling of Azodyes (1997) The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996

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Environmental Legislation in India (contd)
Hazardous Substances Management
The Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous microorganisms, genetically engineered organisms or cells (1989) MSIHC Rules, 1989 (2000) The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (2000, 2003, 2008, 2009) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 (2003)

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Environmental Legislation in India (contd)
Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control), 2000 (2000, 2002) ODS (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 2T Oil (Regulation of Supply and Distribution) order

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Environmental Legislation in India (contd)
PLI Act, 1991 (1993) and rules (and 5 notifications) The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (1993, 2002) The Indian Forest Act, 1927 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (1988) The Biodiversity Act, 2002

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Stakeholders
Government NGOs Industries General Public

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Book Environmental Management by Dr Balakrishnamoorthy

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Websites
www.unep.org www.envfor.nic.in www.cpcb.nic.in www.worldbank.org/nipr/india www.teriin.org www.narmada.org www.sanctuaryasia.com www.undp.org www.iema.net