QiZhou Geog LORMS(SEC4) Topic 3:Tourism WHO SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR CONSERVING AND PROTECTING TOURIST AREAS?

MEASURES EXAMPLES 1. Planning Authorities. This role is crucial in a. Establishment of the Bunaken National Marine Park controlling the rate and scale of development in tourist in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, has helped conserve coral areas. and marine life and ensure continued tourist arrivals in the long term. I. Threats to marine life such as use of cyanide and dynamite for fishing were banned. II. Tourists visiting the park are required to pay an entrance fee, of which 30% is channeled to help develop the local community. b. They may also restrict or control tourism development and visitor numbers. Bhutan, a country in the accepted only 18000 visitors in 2006 to guard against negative experience of tourism. I. Tourists were charged about US$240 per day for their entire trip. Policy of "high-value, low volume" tourism served to maximise economic benefits and minimise environmental damage. Either (a) or (b). Personally, I think (a) is easier to explain. I. International Tourism Partnership provides guidelines for hotels to adopt. a. Measures to conserve energy and water b. Educate guests and staff on environmental management, c. Purchase local products. d. Employ local people where possible. e. Provide means for guests to be involved in local community development projects. Maybe focus on just 1b & match with I II. Tour Operators Initiative(TOI) a. Advice tour operators on implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism in their tour packages.

LIMITATIONS a. There might be difficulties faced in enforcing laws and rules on proper tourists behaviour. They may also lack funds to employ park rangers and trained personnel. b. Restricting the number of tourists will result in less people knowing about the place, and not choosing to visit that areas due to high cost they have to pay.

2. Businesses. The tourism industry consists of many tourism-related businesses. These stakeholders provide employment, generate revenue and act as frequent point of contact between tourist and destination.

I. Educated tourists and staffs might not abide by the guidelines. Tourists may not feel the need to conserve water and energy. They may also feel that since they have paid for this service, they are entitled to relax and use the hotel resources. II. When tour operators brief tourists on responsible

3. Tourists. They should have responsibility to plan before visiting an area. This will help them appreciate the local's culture, tradition and background better.

4. Non-Government Organisation(NGOs). Independent pressure groups or campaign organisation formed to defend or promote a specific cause. These groups realise threats of and opportunities for tourism. They can conduct research and evaluate potential harms, thereby organising campaigns, solicit signatures for petition, or organise protests to exert pressure against these unfavourable plans.

(e.g. Brief tourists on responsible behaviour at their destinations). b. Help local communities make preparations for visitor arrivals provide feedback on their service standards and to improve the sustainability of their activities. 1. Trekkers at Annapurna regions in Nepal should be aware of deforestation problems to help manage environmental impacts by using less wood for hot water baths. 2. Tourists should pay attention to local customs, and choose not to take part in socially undesirable activities to minimise conflicts. 3. Tourists can refrain from causing disturbances to the wildlife in natural environment. An example: Not shining torches at turtles while they lay eggs on the beaches on the beaches of Turtle Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Either 1 or 3 1. World Wide Fund(WWF), which is concerned with conserving the natural environment and ensuring sustainable use of renewable natural resources. 2. The International Ecotourism Society(TIES) seeks to educate tourists, influence tourism industry, governments and other key organisations to integrate principles of ecotourism into their operations and policies. 3. Nature Society(Singapore). They organise activities and conservation projects to bring about greater public awareness. They have successfully campaigned for the protection of mangrove and bird populations at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. I think 3 sounds more detailed

1. However, these are often up to tourists to practice responsible behaviour at tourist destinations. Tourists may still offend the locals, create social problems and not abide by the customs. The code are only guidelines for them. 2. Tourists might not feel comfortable with local customs and not able to enjoy their trip. This will cause a lost in revenue for host country.

1. However, raising funds can prove to be challenging as they are non-profit organisations which lack government support. Thus, they might not be sustainable.

Approaches to Sustainable Tourism ECOTOURISM POSITIVE 1. Phang Nga Bay in Phuket, Thailand. Exploring limestone caves in area by rowing in sea canoes. Led by local

NEGATIVE However, when tourists take photos in their cameras cause limestone to break down due to the chemical reactions. The

COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM POSITIVE 1. Heritage Tours in Cameroon, Africa. They allow locals from village in North West Province Cameroon to earn income

NEGATIVE However, the scale is too small ,and relatively less revenue for locals to earn as much as mass tourism. Little

guides who educates tourists. Limestone features care less likely to be disturbed. Careful management and planning authorities allows tourists to contribute to the economy and development of local communities. Locals can obtain employment by working as guides. 2. Gabon, West Central Africa. Large area of pristine forests and wide variety of wildlife. Let visitors appreciate the scenery of the area and help them understand the local culture. Wildlife is preserved with the reserves. Revenue earned is put back into maintaining and protecting the area.

limestone caves may decompose which causes destruction to the environment.

as guides for tourists visiting the area. They also allow tourists to experience the community's lifestyle, gain more knowledge and appreciation of the place and its heritage, and promote their authentic culture. 2. Phou Khao Khouay, Laos. This is designated as a protected area as a national park. Local committees, tour operators and government conduct meetings to make decisions on tourist projects and collaborate. Visitors are able to experience daily life and activities of villages. Trainings are given to these people to act as guides or home stay hosts to tourists. 3. Phuket Thailand. Locals get gibbons to hold a performance of culture to promote understanding of local culture. This helps to preserve the cultures and traditions.

opportunities for tourists to spend a lot of money, little expenditure goes to the local community, not very beneficial to see marked improvement.

Lack of regulations to protect these places has resulted in frequent hunting and poaching of animals such as elephants and gorillas.

However, voice of locals may be shut off due to greed of tour operators, and thus tourism may revert back to that of mass tourism.

Animals are hunt down by locals may be condemned of their freedom in the trainings. Locals lack knowledge to manage the development of tourism in a sustainable manner, resulting to animals being endangered. It is also irresponsible of them to dump the gibbons when they reach maturity.

Topic 4:Development MEASURES TO ALLEVIATE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT:INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS MEASURES EXAMPLE Elaboration 1. World Bank(1944). It is an The World Bank Kecamatan An example would be the Sleepy international organisation made up of Development Programme(KDP) started Tirtomoyo, an Indonesian village 100 countries committed to provide aid to in 1998, providing aid to 25 villages in kilometres south of Surabaya. Before, reduce poverty in the world. It provides Indonesia in that year. Between 1998 and they were experiencing a severe lack of 2006, over US$890 million in funds aid in the form of money or technology, water. Now, the people have access to were supplied to KDP. Monetary grants to LDCs to help them develop clean and reliable water supply, and they are given directly to villages to pay for economically and socially. can use it for irrigation to increase the their own development plans. amount of crops cltivated. (Details to how clean & reliable water supply is

LIMITATIONS 1. Locals may be complacent and not work to be self-sufficient. Doesnt seem to correspond? Try this: While loans help with the immediate problems of water & food supply, these may not bring about enough economic benefits to enable the country to return the debts.

2. Asian Development Bank(1996). This is done to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of people in the Asia Pacific region. The government can make use of financial support to improve its country's economy and level of development.

Less Developed Countries like Bangladesh loan millions of dollars from ADB to build the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project, aimed at improving the country's transport infrastructure.

provided? You have to link back to how exactly devt has taken place here) This bridge is used to connect Bangladesh's less developed northwestern region to its more developed eastern region. It connects the agricultural areas in the northwest to the commercial centre of Dhaka and port of Chittagong, making it easy for farmers to transport their produce to the markets for sale.

3. United Nations is an example of leaders of countries working together to deal with issues that affect the world. Instead of laws, they would propose international agreements on certain issues.

1. United Nations Millennium Development Goals(2000) was drawn to help LDCs achieve greater development. It aims to alleviate uneven development by helping people in LDCs get out of poverty. 2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It was adopted by more than 160 countries in 1982. This was an attempt to control the usage of resources in the sea and oceans of the world. Coastal States have the exclusive right to use resources in the water within 200 nautical miles from their shorelines, know as Exclusive Economic Zone.

1. Vietnam has benefitted as the proportion of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 58.1 in 1993 to 24.1 in 2004. The measures taken include training people living in poor communities, so that they would have the necessary skills to look for jobs. 2. This agreement has proved to e beneficial for coastal LDCs. With the EEZ protecting the water off the shore of Peru, DCs with better technology cannot use their improved fishing boats and other advance fishing equipment to fish in LDCs' seas without permission.

1. Money could be misused by the government due to corruption. 2. There could be an over-reliance on banks as the funds might run dry one day. While the NW region is to be developed, the increased exposure due to the bridge, may also bring about more problems to the region. Such as becoming a dumping area, thus ruining the envt of the previously relatively untouched region 1. Due to political differences, effective help is prevented from reaching certain countries. An example would be in 2008, when Myanmar refused foreign aid from UN and US, when they were hit by cyclone Nargis. 2. However, land-locked countries such as Bolivia do not benefit from such an agreement.

MEASURES TO ALLEVIATE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT:NATIONAL SCALE Measures to promote national development Examples 1. Improving water supply and sanitation facilities. 1. Ahmedabad is a major commercial, industrial and Local authorities and leading business institution came financial centre in Gurjarat, India, with 41% of to improve living conditions of slum dwellers and population living in slums and squatter settlements. provide them with a better quality of life. They were provided with basic infrastructure so that 2. Parivartan Slum Networking Programme (midthey would have access to clean water supply and 1990s), within 5 years of implementation, 56 000 underground sewerage, individual toilets and solid people benefited in over 40 slums. Death rates

Limitations 1. People are used to their way of life and don not want any changes to affect them. 2. People might misuse the facilities given to them and take advantage of help given. 3. The villagers who are unfamiliar with technology may have difficulties picking up new skills. Focus on #1.

waste collection. This helped reduce spread of diseases caused by bacteria found in waste and contaminated water. People were given proper support during development phases. Training was provided for the proper usage of new facilities, to prevent them from getting damaged or to repair it. 2. Improving education standards. (a) Aimed at promoting literacy. Formal and informal education programmes were developed to suit the needs of hill tribe communities. e.g. People were taught the Thai language and mathematics, life and social skills. (b) Volunteer teachers were introduced to live with them and teach them. (c) Part of programme to teach sustainable development so that they could continue supporting themselves and improve standard of living. (e.g. sustainable farming methods) (d) They were able to find employment in the cities, increasing their incomes. Agricultural production improved as well. 3. Population Control. It was a population control strategy that allowed each couple in China to have only one child. This is to prevent the country's resources from being used up quickly. Many volunteers were recruited to promote late marriages, late childbearing and use of contraception. Abortion and contraception was also legalised and family planning clinics were easily available. 4. Job Creation and financial assistance. Plan aimed at improving standard of living of poor in Philippines. This includes increasing employment rate and income of the poor. (a) More attention and resources were given to help informal sectors develop. (b) Microfinance were given to small businesses to help them develop and grow. Government and NGOs assessed the business to ensure it is productive so that

decreased from 6.9 to 3.7 per 1000 people.

1. Royal Thai Government, Thailand developed the Hill Tribe Education Project to provide "Education for all" in 1998, they were able to depend less on handouts and yet, maintain arable land that gives high yields for long periods of time.

1. Parents might want children to stay at home and help them with work on the hills instead of sending them to school. 2. There might not be enough money as much of it is needed to buy materials to build community centres, provide food, lodging and transport means for the volunteer workers. 3. The people might be contented with their life and reject help from the outsiders. #2 sounds good

1. "One Child" policy, China(1970s).

1. The society may not be able to support the ageing population 20 years later, due to relatively smaller workforce. 2. However, it is difficult to implement this in rural areas. Furthermore, people in these regions would rather want males than females, and will continue giving birth till they have a male child. Focus on #2 1. However, there might be the misuse of funds, which will result in less money to develop the business, causing it to ultimately fail. 2. Some without experience at doing businesses may fail and funds entrusted to them will be wasted. Focus on (d) and then criticize it: While training & advice can be provided for the poor to run their business, the lack of experience to handle new situations, may render them difficulties to sustain their

1. KALAHI, the Philippines(2001), 3 million people were helped, and 600 000 agricultural jobs were created in rural areas. Furthermore, jobs were provided for the 1.7 unemployed.

money and effort will not be wasted. (c) Interest-free loans were given to the ultra poor. This helps to reduce the burden of paying off debts, and owners can concentrate on improving businesses. (d) Training and advices were given to help the poor to run business productively and effectively. This helped to reduce unnecessary production cost and they can use loans effectively. Topic 5:Geography of Food RESPONSES TO VARIATIONS IN FOOD CONSUMPTION Measures Examples 1. International Organisations. United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) has implemented "food-for-work" projects in Somalia.

business. As such their businesses may fail, and they still remain in poverty

Elaboration In these projects, people build important farming facilities such as roads and irrigation channels. Payment for the world is made in terms of food. Thus, they not only receive food, but also improve their country's farming technology and develop other skills which can help them make a living.

2. Government responses of food subsidies. Government provide aid such as food subsidies to help the poor obtain sufficient food. Food subsidies may come in the form of money, free food or food sold at a lower price.

In the UK, the government provides free school lunches to children of low-income families.

3. Stock Piling. This involves setting aside and storing food, and is often carried out to ensure food security during emergencies. To enable the stored food to last longer, expensive storage facilities

East Asian Emergency Rice Reserves Scheme, where Singapore stockpiles rice in the event of regional emergencies.

In times of crop failure or unforeseen circumstances disrupting food supplies, the stored food is released to make up for the shortage.

Limitations 1. By paying people with food instead of money, people do not have money to pay for healthcare and medical treatment. 2. There might be the possibility of corruption within the local government where food is siphoned for their personal use. Focus on #2 1. Food subsidies create a heavy burden on governments as a large amount of money has to be spent for this purpose. This is especially so in LDCs where there are many poor people. 2. The Government may not have enough funds to provide aid for the people in the country although they may have th intention to do so. 3. Should the food subsidy run out or get cut off, this group of people would then be in a vulnerable state as they have been over reliant for help. Focus on #1 1. While food can be stockpiled, the variety of food may be limited, and thus cannot be counted as a long term solution. 2. Farmers and Large food companies

are used.

4. Food producers in LDCs. Trade has allowed food producers in LDCs to sell their food products beyond the boundaries of their countries and enabled them to earn more profits.

An example would be coffee, which is consumed in many parts of the world. A large proportion of the world's coffee is consumed by people in DCs, attracting LDCs to grow coffee plants. There is an increase in the production of coffee in the LDCs to meet the demand.

Since DCs don't grow non-staple food crops, they are willing to pay more money for these raw materials. Thus, more profits can be earned, and farmers will be attracted to producing such crops.

might also practice stockpile so as to control the food supply and prices in the market, making it difficult for LDCs to obtain food. Either is fine 1. As productions of staple food decrease, LDCs may have to rely on imports which makes the cost of staple food increase. 2. With less concentration on staple foods, and should the LDCs be hit by certain natural disasters, availability of staple food might be further compromised. Either is fine

BLUE REVOLUTION AND GREEN REVOLUTION OUTCOME GREEN REVOLUTION CHEMICAL USAGE POSITIVE Fertilisers: Nutrients added to help in healthy crop growth. Chemical fertilisers are made to meet specific needs of crops and different soil type. Pesticides: Toxic chemicals used to destroy pests which affect crop growth. Example: India, Arsenic is used to kill rays that attack rice crops. Herbicides: Method is more efficient than weeding by hand. They are toxic chemicals designed to destroy weeds. Eutrophication: Excess fertilisers in water bodies causes rapid algae growth, blocking out sunlight. Plants cannot photosynthesize, and thus no

MODERN IRRIGATION METHODS This refers to supplying water to the land through artificial means, and machines to control the amount of water for crops. a. They will receive enough water during the dry season. b. Loss of crops due to water logging is also reduced. c. During dry seasons, if there is too little water, the crops will die. Example: Egypt, where rainfall is often insufficient.

BLUE REVOLUTION CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Fish farmers where farmers rear fish in tanks, ponds or enclosed area that promote growth. Thus, it is less likely to die, and will grow healthily. People will then benefit from the food. Example: India developed ways to increase the fertility of fish, to improve their growth rate and their resistance to diseases. The benefits include a stable supply of fishes and the price of fishes have fallen. Such enclosed areas may cause stress to the fish and may lead to outbreaks of diseases. Thus, farm owners may lose the fish stock and end up in debt, since

FEEDS Health and Nutritional Requirements have to be worked out in detail. This helped the fishes to mature faster overtime, and greatly increase the fish supplies.

NEGATIVE

Stalinisation: Building up of salts within the soil. This usually takes place after flood irrigation. Continuous irrigation can hasten this process, since

Should this species of tilapia escape into the wild, they may threaten the existing wild species due to greater competition for food. As such, it

oxygen is available, and the animals and water plants will die. Imbalance in soil nutrients: Chemical fertilisers are limited in restoring the land's nutrients and don't add humus to the soil. Water pollution: Chemicals seep into ground water/dissolve in surface runoff. Thus, people who drink contaminated water will be poisoned. Example: Rennes, France. All of BR sounds lucid GM FOOD GM FOOD 1. BT Corn. It is a pest -resistant corn created by inserting a bacterium, Bacillus Thuringiensis.

water contains natural salt. When water has evaporated, salt is left behind. Water Logging: Too much water in the fields, saturating the soil with water. Salinisation can cause water logging, thus air and nutrients cannot reach the roots of the plant, resulting in decreased productivity.

cost of input is high.

may cause recovery of wild stocks to slow down.

SOCIAL/ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES Less water pollution. People will have more food to eat, because less food are eaten by pests. Reduces environmental pollution as reliance on pesticides is reduced. More poor people will be able to have sufficient rice to eat. Super rice is also enriched with iron, improving the people's health conditions.

DISADVANTAGES Monarch Butterflies are dying, as it contains BT toxin which causes the larvae of the Monarch butterflies to grow more slowly and die at a higher rate as larvae eats the pollen.

ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES Increases income for farmers. Increase in food supply, decrease in food prices, LDCs will benefit from this.

DISADVANTAGES More expensive than normal food, LDCs at a disadvantage. Pest might attack crops that are not genetically modified, thus the farmers of these crops will suffer a loss. Farmers continuously purchase input from the agribusiness and thus the cost of production is increased.

2. Super Rice. It is a type of GM rice which produces double the output of normal rice.

There might be unfair distribution of food by local governments to the people.

3. Golden rice has been enriched with beta-carotene to supplement the lack of Vitamin A in rice diets in LDCs.

The introduction of Golden Rice in the LDCs can help reduce the number of malnutrition cases

1. Rice which has been enriched might be sold at a higher price than that of the usual rice. Hence, people in LDCs may not be able to afford it and

Increase in food supply leads to a decline in food prices making food more affordable. This helps the problem of malnutrition and improve people's health, leading to a more productive workforce. Farmers may be able to earn export income. Hence, increase the country's agricultural income as well.

A large sum of money need to purchase the costly seeds to grow Golden Rice. Moreover, people in LDCs may

4. Lectin, a protein found in beans that have been spliced into potatoes to prevent aphids from attacking potato plants. 5. Herbicide-resistant rapeseed plant allows the plant to grow well as herbicides kill the weed and the rapeseed plant does not get affected.

Fewer children are becoming blind. Prevents aphids from attacking potato plants, thus increasing food crops. Thus, more potatoes would be available. Farmers need not spend time to get rid of weeds manually and spend time with their family. Thus the quality of life is increased.

malnutrition may still persist. Some people might be allergic to lectin and may have allergic reactions if they unknowingly eat GM potatoes that contain lectin. When large amounts of herbicides are washed into water bodies, they will be polluted. If this happens, the farmers will have to fork out money to clear up the polluted bodies, thus decreasing profits. Farmers need not spend more money on buying new planting buds to replace the damaged crops. Reduce the loss of rapeseed oil extract, which can result in a higher amount of profit earned.

not purchase the enriched rice due to low purchasing power. Even country facing food shortages, rejected GM food imports, fearing potential health impact of such food. Thus, there is a loss of capital in that area. Need more research and large production for a new type of herbicides to get rid of newly genetically resistant to herbicides weeds.