2010 International Conference on Machine Vision and Human-machine Interface

Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility Test Technology

Lv Feng, Zhao Hua, Du Wenxia ,Jin Huilong
Electrical Department , Hebei Normal University Shi Jiazhuang, China 050031 e-mail:zhaohualunwen@126.com
AbstractWith the extensive application of electronic equipment, issues from electromagnetic compatibility caused by electromagnetic interference will directly affect the normal operation of the system or equipment. In this paper, the electromagnetic interference on the basis of research and analysis the two typical interference source the inverter and microwave ovens, to discuss the mechanism and performance of electromagnetic and microwave radiation, conduction, according to the electromagnetic characteristics of different structures, electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility problems ,it proposes some different approaches, through experimental testing, data analysis and comparison to verify the validity of the method, provide reliable technical basis for resolving the interference of the actual products. Keywords: ElectromagneticInterference, Electromagnetic Compatibility,Inverter, Microwave oven

and more attention. in recent years Therefore, the analysis of the mechanism of electromagnetic interference ,the study of the electromagnetic compatibility technology and detection methods is an effective way to enhance the reliable operation of the system [4]. In this paper, the analysis of electromagnetic interference, based on the electromagnetic induction coupling and inverter combination microwave electromagnetic radiation, the study investigated the measurement of electromagnetic compatibility and testing technical methods, mainly around the measuring equipment, measurement techniques and data processing, etc., to out of anti-interference measures, through the experimental testing, data analysis and comparison, to prove the validity of the method. II. CONDUCTION AND RADIATION OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

The electromagnetic interference is mainly referred to source of body that generated electromagnetic interference (electromagnetic noise), through the way of dissemination to put the work of other sensitive body into disorder. There are usually two main forms of electromagnetic interference, one is through the electrical conductor (or wire) transmission, known as conducted interference coupling; the other is transmitted through space, called the radiation interference coupling. In the electromagnetic interference testing, measurement of the frequency of the signal from 25Hz to the stretching of 40Hz,that is generally believed that when the disturbance frequency is lower than 30Hz,it is mainly for conductive media, and when frequencies above this one, due to the antenna effect, it is mainly for the RF transmission interference [5 ]. A. Capacitive coupling of electromagnetic induction Capacitive coupling is one of the major route of
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I.

INTRODUCTION

With the rapid development of electronic technology, various electrical and electronic equipment systems have been widely used, the number of electrical equipment soaring, space electromagnetic energy density increases ,so that increasingly complex electromagnetic environment, deterioration, resulting in electronics and electrical equipment failure, performance degradation, and even lead to serious failures or accidents [1,2].To ensure electronic systems or equipment work properly, how to reduce electromagnetic interference and make devices compatible work normally without interference in an electromagnetic environment is an urgent issues needed to solve [3].As the one subject related to mathematics, electromagnetic theory, circuit-based and many other fields Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) obtain more
978-0-7695-4009-2/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/MVHI.2010.36

electromagnetic interference transmission which based on the capacitance between the conductors. Capacitive coupling is formed through the capacitance between wires so that the formation of a circuit to another circuit is called power line cross-linking. Fig. 1 shows the capacitive coupling between the two wires, voltage U 1 on wire 1 is the source of interference voltage, wire 2 for the affected circuit (sensitive circuit), then noise voltage generated form wire 2 and ground can be used the following formula:
Un = j[C12 /(C12 + C 2 g ] j + 1 / R (C12 + C 2 g ) U1

interfering signals can be considered as radiation field, which radiate electromagnetic energy in the form of plane electromagnetic wave and get into the pathway of the object interference [6].Electromagnetic waves can radiate outward in the form of wave, cylindrical wave, spherical wave, the radiation field strength can use the following equation:

E j

Ilk 2 sin jkr e 4 r

Ilk sin jkr e 4 r

(4) (5) (6)

(1)
, then (2)

H j

When

R <<

1 j (C12 + C 2 g )

E r = E = H r = H = 0

U n = jRC12U1

It is equivalent to generate a current source ranged for I n = jC12U 1 . Therefore, capacitive coupling can be simulated by the current source that connects the wire 2 and ground.

In the equation, k = 2 , for the wavelength, I for the valid current, l for the length of electric dipole, r for the distance between the observation point and the origin, for this time with the spread of the field strength increases in inverse proportion to changes in the distance. To sum up, in the actual device or system, for the diversity of equipment, as well as a variety of coupling means of electromagnetic interference, we must research and analysis, then adopt corresponding electromagnetic interference suppression technology and advanced testing methods. III. INVERTERS CONDUCTED ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE

Figure1.

Capacitive coupling between the two wires

Assumed that voltage and frequency of interference sources constant, to reduce the capacitive coupling can be attributed to reduce the following two parameters .on one hand, the sensing circuit working in the low value of resistance, on the other hand reduce the capacitance C12 , while the reduce of the capacitor C 12 can be achieved by the wires direction, shielding, or separated, and then to reduce the induced voltage on the wire 2.When R is large, 1 and when R >> , j ( C12 + C 2 g ) then U = n
C12 U1 C12 + C 2 g

(3)

In this case, the noise voltage between the wire 2 and ground is caused by the capacitive voltage divider C12 and C2 g .

B. Electromagnetic radiation coupling

Electromagnetic radiation is another way of interfere coupling, when the frequency of interference sources is high, the wavelength of the interference signal is shorter of the target structure size, or the distance between the interference source and the interfered

Inverter is a non-linear circuit, its input and output voltage and current are rich in harmonics. When inverter generated harmonics, due to its greater power, it become a strong interference source, harmonics generated by inverter can make direct-drive motor generate electromagnetic noise through conduct circuit, and can also make measuring signals serious distortion caused by capacitive coupling through current transformer. Fig. 2 for interference when the input of inverter circuit is zero; Fig.ure (a) for the interference signal collected when the inverter circuit stops; Fig.ure(b) for the interference signal when working. In the Figures, it significantly displays that the signal amplitude increases by nearly a hundredfold when the inverter works. When the inverter access to low-voltage distribution network, the harmonic currents and noise caused by inverter reverse flow to the peripheral equipment then generate interference, the electric field generated by the motor stator of inverter output side couples through distribution of capacitive of the transformers secondary winding, so that the measuring circuit is affected by noise interference. According to electrical theory, transformer windings work under the current of high frequencies (generally above 1kHz ), its core does not work basically, the winding itself can be considered as a network formed by is linear resistance, capacitance, inductance.

r >> / 2 , then

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and equipment used in the test are as follows: 2 sets of microwave oven, standard antenna (EM-6952, 1-18GHz), Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer (RSA 3303A), Network Analyzer (HP8753E) and so on. Table1. MICROWAVE TECHNICAL DATA
Figure2.

Interference of measurement circuit when zero-input : (a) Current of oven A. (b) Current of oven B.

Oven Voltage Frequencies A B 100V 100V 50/60hz 50/60hz

Power 900/1300W 960/1230W

Electric Heating Device 1070W 1200W

Frequencies 2.45GHz 2.45GHz

Usually, induced voltage caused by capacitive coupling is proportional to the disturbance frequency, input resistance and coupling capacitance, indicating that capacitive coupling mainly interferences at the RF, the higher the frequency, the more obvious the capacitive coupling. Under normal circumstances, interference frequency and impedance are determined by the device electronics circuit, so in order to suppress capacitive coupling interference, and effective method is to reduce the coupling capacitance--the secondary winding of current transformer with the tin-foil shield grounding, the primary re-winding. Fig. 3 is the primary and secondary winding shield diagram of a transformer; L1, L2 for the primary winding terminals; k1, k2 for the secondary winding terminal. Fig. 4 for the transformer winding current signal measured before and after shielding, the Fig.ure; (a)for the current after shielding; (b)for the current before shielding. It is shown that it makes a significant interference reduced after transformer windings shielding, and the motor stator current signal is closer to the true value.

In electromagnetic radiation interference test, the characteristics of the tested parts of the radiation source are measured through testing the space radiation field strength, the receiver antenna receives the direct wave radiated by the tested device. When the microwave oven is in working condition, electromagnetic radiation from the antenna is put into the real-time spectrum analyzer or network analyzer, and it completes the signal analysis through computer programming. Experiments in the microwave in the heating process, by measuring different parts of microwave ovens and distances from microwaves, we received four directions of electromagnetic radiation data. Electromagnetic wave is a form of electromagnetic radiation, it rapidly decays due to the mediums absorption in the dissemination way. Its field strength is inversely proportional to the square of distance, and therefore under the conditions of transmitting power, the nearer from electromagnetic radiation field, the more serious the subjects suffer from the electromagnetic radiation. Table2 shows the electromagnetic radiation data at different locations, electromagnetic radiation decreases with the distance gradually increases, the radiation in front of microwave oven is the strongest. At the same time, the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation of B is more outstanding than A. Table2. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION UNDER DIFFERENT
POSITIONS FREQUENCY

Figure3.

The primary and secondary winding shield diagram Distance (cm) 20 30 40

Oven A(dBmV)
fore back left right

0.0082 0.0026 0.0016 0.0011

0.001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001

0.00038 0.00024 0.00018 0.00015

0.0007 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001

Figure4.

Current signal before and after shield

60 Distance (cm) 20 30 40 60

IV.

MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

INTERFERENCE

Oven B (dBmV)
fore back left right

The main reason for cavity radiation is microwave energy leakage. This phenomenon usually occurred in more peripheral joints, such as box board, as well as joints and so on, radiation emission is not a constant, but rather a function of time, and different values of radiation in all directions. In order to analyze the electromagnetic radiation interference when microwave oven is working, we test on two microwave oven of different manufacture; there are related technical data in Table1. Instruments

0.015 0.014 0.012 0.009

0.011 0.0049 0.0016 0.0010

0.014 0.013 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.0054 0.0042 0.003

Fig. 5 shows real-time spectrum analysis of microwave electromagnetic radiation, the Fig.ure of the upper half for the spectral distribution curve, lower half for real-time changes in the strength of electromagnetic radiation. Magnetron is a device that generates microwave, the
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center frequency is 2.45GHz, and the microwave frequency is called fundamental. In addition to fundamental frequency, magnetron can produce rich harmonics. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show respectively spectrums of electromagnetic radiation in the distance of 0.5m of A and B. Fig.ure (a) for the microwave oven in front, (b) for the back, (c) for the left, (d) for the right side. As we can see from the Figures, on both sides of 2.45GHz, there are a large number of harmonics and electromagnetic interference, the electromagnetic radiation in front of microwave oven is the largest. When the strength of electromagnetic radiation of four parts are compared, B is 10 times larger than A. Fig. 8 shows maxes of different directions of electromagnetic radiation of microwave oven A and B. Curve B is above A . Generally, the best shielding effect of microwave cavity is no gap in the entire cavity, with completely closed state. However, with the limitation of usage and production craft and other factors, the cavity cannot be completely sealed, there are unavoidable cracks and holes, that resulting in leakage of electromagnetic field, forming electromagnetic interference. From the test results, we can see the electromagnetic leakage of B is relative larger and should be repaired.

Figure8.

Electromagnetic radiation in different directions

V.

CONCLUSION

At present electronic equipment is widely used in industrial control, home appliances and other fields, and resulting in poor electromagnetic environment, making anti-electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility problems draw more and more people's attention. In recent years, anti-electromagnetic interference steps have developed from the passive prevent or remedies to take initiative predictive analysis, compatibility designs and protection. In this paper, on the basic of the electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility, combined with the two typical sources of interference--inverter structures of electromagnetic characteristic, it put forward different approaches, which have been tested and analyzed. Its feasible that the measures taken in this paper, which have highly practical value and provide a reliable technical basis. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (NO:F2008000197), Youth Foundation of Hebei Normal University (NO:L2008Q18), and Education Department of Hebei Province (NO:2006439). The paper has received the helps from Professor Chen Jiang and Professor Yuan Qiaowei in Tohoku University (Japan) for the experiments, and Doctor Wang Lin has also participated in the work. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to them. REFERENCES

Figure5.

Real-time detection of microwave electromagnetic radiation

Figure6.

Real-time detection of microwave electromagnetic radiation

Figure7.

Electromagnetic radiation in different directions of microwave oven B

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