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DrMSRMurty
GENERATORCONTROLS
SV Steam CV
Grid
ST
Power
SET POINT
TURBINE
ROTOR INERTIA
S P E E D
Mechanical Power
Fig2GOVERNINGSYSTEMFUNCTIONALBLOCKDIAGRAM
GoverningControlsystem
SpeedSensing :Mechanical(Flyballtype), Hydraulic(Pump),Electric(toothedWheel pickup) MWTransducerforPower Processing :Hydromechanical,Electro hydraulic,DigitalElectrohydraulic Amplification:Hydraulicamplifiersinvarious stages Actuation:HydraulicServomotor
TGUnitOnGrid:LoadControl
TGSpeed/Frequency doesnoteffectgrid frequency Aftersynchronization, changeinvalveopening cannotchangeTGunit speedbutchangesonly PowerOutput
InfiniteInertiaBus GRID
ControlRequirements
Startup:
To control machine speed proper synchronization for
Emergency:
Governingsystem:Technology
MechanicalHydraulicControl(MHC) Electro HydraulicControl(EHC) Sensing,Processing,primaryamplification usingelectroniccircuitry Transistorversion(BHEL/KWUSiemens Iskamaticmodules) DigitalElectro HydraulicControl(DEHC) Microprocessorbased
Processing
Decideshowvalvepositionshouldbechanged whenspeedchanges Objective:Minimumupsetsinthesystem SpeedController,LoadController:structure andtuningdecidetransientperformance Droopcharacteristic(4%or5%):important governingparameter
ElectronicControllerFeatures
SeparationofSpeedControlandLoad(Power) Controlfunctionswithseparateprocessing philosophy SpeedController:Proportional Derivative action:AnticipatoryControl LoadController:Proportional Integralaction InteractionwithATRS andTSE
SimpleSpeedgoverningsystem
SETPOINT
Command
/Gate AMPLIFICATIONANDACTUATION
PROCESSING
Oil
SENSING
Gate
Servomotor
Speed & MW
ST
Processing
Primary Amplification
Load
Spee d Ref.
SPEED CONTROLLER (PDP) SELECTION LOGIC (MIN MAX) VALVE OPENING COMMAN D
DroopCharacteristic
Speed Change Valve Opening Change SteamFlow Change Turbine Power Change =(Load)
SpeedOr Frequency
52Hz
104%
50Hz
100%
50
100
Load%
Frequency (Hz)
52
4% Drop
50
0%
50%
100%
Load
Oscillatory (Hunting)
Valve Opening
Speed / frequency
STEAMTURBINESCHEMEWITHHPANDIP CONTROLS
Steam HPCV
HPT
G LPT
IPT
TransferFunctionofSteamVolume
Steam inflow Steam Vessel
Steam outflow
Steam pressure
Wi
1 ---------(1 + TV. s)
Wo
Functionalblockdiagramofturbine governingsystem
TURBINECONTROLLER
Speed Controller: Proportional Derivative Ks(1+VsTs.S) (1 + Ts . S) droop Load Controller : Proportional Integral KPL + 1 TILS
Feed forward provision
29
Output (Y)
PDP
Output (Y)
PI
SpeedController
LoadController
Parametersinfluencingtheperformance
RotorInertia Droop Speed/LoadControllerparameters Deadband Valvecharacteristics IPTurbinecontrol Pressurecontrolmodes
GovernorRegulationorDroop
4%Droop:4%SpeedChangewillcause100 %changeinPowerOutput(Gain:25) Droopisnecessaryfor i)Sharingofload ii)Ensuringclosedloopstability:Lowervalueof droopincreasesgainandmakesthesystem oscillatory
GoverningSystemResponse
Responsetimesareimportant:delayin correctioncancausetransientspeedrisehigh andtriptheturbine Stabilityofgoverningsystemdependson processingalgorithm(PI,PID,PDPetc.,)and onsystemparameters&timeconstants
Performancespecifications:LoadRejection
Rejectiontozeroloadfromanyload Speedshallbereturnedtothesetpointas maybemodifiedbyspeeddrooporregulation Nomorethanoneunderspeeddeviation exceeding5% Nomorethanoneoverspeeddeviation exceeding5%afterinitialoverspeed deviation
Performancespecifications:Sustained conditions
Steadystategoverningspeedband:Notmore than0.3%(atnoloadoranyload).Also calledspeedstabilityindex. Steadystategoverningloadband:Notmore than0.4%(at5%speeddroop)Alsocalled powerstabilityindex.
StabilityIndex:Degreeofstability
Judgedbythemagnitudeofsustained oscillationsofspeedandpoweroutputfrom theturbinethatareproducedbythegovernor system Stabilityindexillustratestheregulating performanceforthegovernorandturbine GovernorDeadbandillustratesthe performanceforthegovernoralone
LoadRejection
GoverningSystemPerformancecanbejudged byfullloadrejectionbehavior:Transient SpeedRise(TSR),hunting EmergencyGovernorshouldnotgetactivated Influencingparameters:RotorAcceleration Time(Ta),Droop,SpeedControllergains, Incrementaldroop
LOADREJECTIONRESPONSE
Load
100%
Speed (%)
TSR
(6 10%)
0%
5%Droop
100%
Time(sec)
InteractionwithBoilerControls
DESH SH1 SH2 150ata 540C Q
DrumLevel control
3
DRUM Q
Spray
GOVERNOR
H T P IP T
Temperature Control
. Flue . Gas . Fuel Air
FW WW
COND
BOILER
MasterPressure Control
RH
STEAM HPCV
LPT
HPT
TypicalSteamandPowerSystem
Headers
Stream Generators
VHP
PRDS
HP
MP
LP
UBs
Steam Turbine
HRSGs
G G
45/ 400 C
20/ 340
5.5/ 220
SteamandPowersystemDynamics
Steam System
Fuel System Upsets in one system can influence the other
Power System
ModellingandSimulation
Instantaneousresponse
AssumesuddenLoadReductionandinstantaneouschangein generation
Power p.u 1.0 Load,PL .8 GenerationPg Frequency 50Hz
Time(Sec.)
Time(Sec.)
RotorInertia
Atsteadystate: TurbineTorque(Pm)=LoadTorque((Pel) Duringtransient: Speed=((Pm Pel)/Ta)dt Ta=Accelerationtimeorinertiaconstant (functionofmomentofinertia) Typicalvalues:Ta=9 12sec
Acceleration/Deceleration
Deviationareaisindicativeof acceleration/deceleration Pg
PL
me
Delayduetothecumulativeeffectsof Governor,hydraulicpassages,turbine Pg
PL
me
n or f
SettlingSpeedhigher
GovernorResponse
Hydraulicrelaystimeconstant
Xp Xsm
Levergain
HPTURBINETIMECONSTSANT
T4=Steammassinsideturbine MassflowthroughHPturbineKg/Sec207.4 VolumexDensity =0.844(m3)(1/0.02337) =36.114 T4=36.114/207.4=0.17Sec. VHPincludes: Volumeininletportionupto1st stage. allpipingconnections blading IPTurbine:0.27Sec LPTurbine:0.47Sec TReheaterr :10to20Sec.
NALCO
NALCO
GNFC Bharuch
GNFC Bharuch
GNFC Bharuch
GNFC Bharuch