Diet and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) affects the heart and blood vessels. It is the leading cause of death and permanent disability today. CVD could be acute or chronic.

Cardiovascular Diseases: ATHEROSCLEROSIS Arteriosclerosis is the general term for vascular disease in which arteries harden (become thickened), making the passage of blood difficult and sometimes impossible. Atherosclerosis is the form of arteriosclerosis that most frequently occurs in developed countries. It is believed to begin in childhood.

Atherosclerosis affects the inner lining of arteries (intima), where deposits of cholesterol, fats, and other substances accumulate over time, thickening and weakening artery walls. Plaque fatty deposits that gradually decreases the size of the lumen of the artery. This results lack of blood flow and then lack of oxygen supply as well as nutrients to other parts of the body. Ischemia the condition wherein theres lack of oxygen and nutrient supply. Angina Pectoris is the result of lack of oxygen supply therefore causing pain radiating from the chest to the left arm. This should be considered as a warning. When the lumen narrows, blood clot known as thrombus occurs in the coronary artery occurs therefore ending up with infarction or MI. Some clients undergo a procedure called Coronary Artey Bypass Graft (CABG) which is commonly referred to as bypass surgery. Risk Factors 1. Hyperlipidemia Tx: reduction of in the quantity and types of fat and often kcal in diet. This then reduces cholesterol and saturated fat induced in the body, and loss of weight. (Fat restricted diet) Foods to include and to avoid: breads and cereals (plain) but not those made with egg or cheese and butter crakers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

any fruits or vegies except coconut, palm oil, avocados and olives any fish or meat product but should be fat-trimmed except spare ribs, organ meats, ducks, geese and processed meat fat-free or low-fat milk, dry curd or low-fat cottage cheese, buttermilk, puddings but not those exceeding more than 1% fat, cream, non dairy creamers and most cheese. Hypertension Smoking Obesity DM Heredity Age Sedentary Lifestyle

Sample Menu: Breakfast = Orange juice, cream of wheat with 1tbsp sugar and 1 cup fat free milk, 1 slice toast, 1tbsp jelly, coffee Lunch = Tomato juice, uncreamed cottage cheese on fruit salad (no avocado), 2slices toast with 2tbsp honey, angelfood cake, 1 cup fat free milk, tea Dinner = 3oz chicken, baked potato, baked acorn squash with 1tbsp honey, lettuce salad, 1slice bread, 1tbsp jelly, canned peaches, 1cup fat-free milk, tea

HYPERTENSION When blood pressure is chronically high, the condition is called hypertension.

Essesntial or Primary Hypertension high blood pressure with unknown cause.

10% of the cases are caused by other diseases. Secondary Hypertension high blood pressure caused by another condition such as a kidney disease, adrenal glands, and use of oral contraceptives.

Blood pressure is measured in the artery on the upper arm with an instrument known as sphygmomanometer with the aid of a stethoscope. The top number wherein you hear the first sound is the systolic pressure and the last number wherein you hear the last sound is the diastolic pressure. The pressure is measured in millimetre Mercury (mmHg). The condition usually diagnosed when the BP is 140/90mmHg or more. Hypertension contributes to heart attack, stroke, heart failure and kidney failure. It is sometimes called the Silent Disease because sufferers can be asymptomatic.

Pre-disposing Factors: Heredity Obesity Smoking Stress Excessive use of regular table salt (contains 40%sodium plus chloride) Upset fluid balance

Prevention:

Increase intake of fruits and vegies (esp. those high in K) Lifestyle change Regular exercise starting at an early age

Dieatry Tx for Hypertension: Sodium Restricted Diets limited amount of sodium An average adult consumes 7g of sodium a day. The Food and Nutrition Board Suggests that sodium should be limited to 2,400 mg and set a safe minimum of 500mg/day for adults.

Frequently Added Sodium-Containing Products to Food: 1. Salt (NaCl) 2. MSG 3. Baking Powder 4. Baking Soda 5. Brine 6. Disodium Phosphate 7. Sodium Alginate 8. Sodium Benzoate 9. Sodium Hydroxide 10.Sodium Propionate 11.Sodium Sulfite Adjustments to Sodium Restriction: May vary from different to tasteless. It is usually done gradually especially to patients accustomed with salt intake. Foods to avoid: Tomato juice and vegies cocktail, canned vegies, sauerkraut, frozen vegies if prep. with salt, dried breaded smoked or canned fish or meats, cheeses; salted butter or margarine, salt topped crackers or breads, salty foods, processed meat, prep.relishes, salad dressings, catsup, soy sauce, MSG, baking soda and baking powder.