IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.

Chapter - 4 SQL & Advanced SQL

IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL & Advanced SQL

1. SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types, Constraints, Rules 4. Data Definition Language 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Column

2. Advanced SQL
1. User Defined Data Types 2. Sequences 3. Advanced Functions

IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

What is SQL ?
Standard language of relational database access is SQL (Structured Query Language). Designed for accessing tabular data. Three major categories..
DDL (Data Definition Language) - Used to create, modify, or drop database objects DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Used to select, insert, update, or delete database data (records) DCL (Data Control Language) - Used to provide data object access control

Data Types
Each column in DB2 table must be associated with a data type. The data type indicates kind of data that is valid for column. There are two major categories of data types in DB2...
Built-in data types User-defined data types

User-Defined Data Types

User-defined distinct type:
To create a new data type that has its own semantics based on existing built-in data types.

User-defined structured type:

To create a structure that contains sequence of named attributes each of which has a data type. Is an extension of DB2 Object Relational functions

User-defined reference type:

Is a companion type to a user-defined structured type Is a scalar type that shares a common representation with one of the built-in data types. May be used to reference rows in another table that uses a user-defined structured type.

IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

Tables
Is an unordered set of rows. Rows consist of columns. Each column is based on a data type. There are three types of tables:
Permanent (base) tables Temporary (declared) tables Temporary (derived) tables

Schema
Schemas are database objects used in DB2 to logically group other database objects. Most database objects are named using a two-part naming convention (SCHEMA_NAME.OBJECT_NAME ). When an object is created without specifying a schema, object will be associated with an implicit schema using the authorization ID. When an object is referenced in an SQL statement, it is also implicitly qualified with authorization ID of issuer (dynamic SQL) if no schema name is specified in SQL statement.

Schema
The CURRENT SCHEMA special register contains default qualifier to be used for unqualified objects referenced for dynamic SQL statements issued from within a specific DB2 connection. Value can be modified by user with SET CURRENT SCHEMA statement. Can use the QUALIFIER option of BIND command to define default qualifier at bind time. NOTE: for temporary tables 'session' qualifier is used

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Tablespaces
Logical layers between database and tables stored in that database. Table spaces are created within a database, and tables are created within table spaces. DB2 supports two kinds of table spaces:
System Managed Space (SMS) Database Managed Space (DMS)

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Views
Virtual tables derived from one or more tables or views Can be used interchangeably with tables when retrieving data. When changes are made to data through a view, the data is changed in underlying table itself. Views do not contain real data. Created to limit access to sensitive data while allowing more general access to other data. Can be deletable, updatable, insertable, and read-only.

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Indexes
Physical objects that are associated with individual tables. Can not be defined on a view. Can define multiple indexes for a single table. Used for two primary reasons:
Ensure uniqueness of data values Improve SQL query performance

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Indexes
Can be created on computed columns ...
So that optimizer can save computation time by using index instead of doing calculations.

Indexes are maintained automatically by DB2 as data is inserted, updated, and deleted.

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Indexes
Can be defined ... In ascending or descending order,

Is unique or nonunique, and On a single column or multiple columns, To support both forward and reverse scans.

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Buffer Pools
Are database objects used to cache data pages in memory. Once a data page is placed in a buffer pool, physical I/O access to disk can be avoided. Buffer pools can be assigned to cache only a particular table space, if required. Every database will have atleast one bufferpool

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Transactions
Is a sequence of SQL statements that execute as a single operation. Term 'unit of work' is synonymous with the term 'transaction'. Starts implicitly with first executable SQL statement in a program. Ends when either an explicit or implicit COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement is encountered. SAVEPOINTs are like the bookmarks in a transaction, used to control the scope of ROLLBACK statement. SAVEPOINT does not end the current transaction.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

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Data Types
Categories of DB2 supplied datatypes:
Numeric String (Binary, Single Byte, Double Byte) Datetime

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Numeric Data Types

DB2 data types that can be used to store numeric data are:
SMALLINT INTEGER BIGINT DECIMAL/NUMERIC REAL DOUBLE

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Numeric Data Types

Small Integer (SMALLINT)

Uses least amount of storage in database for each value. Data value range for a SMALLINT is -32768 to 32767. Precision for a SMALLINT is 5 digits (to the left of the decimal). Two bytes of database storage are used for each SMALLINT column value.

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Numeric Data Types

Integer (INTEGER)

Takes twice as much storage as a SMALLINT but has a greater range of possible values. Range value for INTEGER data type is -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 . Precision for INTEGER is 10 digits to the left of the decimal. Four bytes of database storage are used for each INTEGER column value.
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Numeric Data Types

Big Integer (BIGINT)

Is available for supporting 64-bit integers. Range is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 . Eight bytes of database storage are used for each BIGINT column value.
NOTE: As platforms include native support for 64 bit integers, processing of large numbers with BIGINT is more efficient than processing with DECIMAL and more precise than DOUBLE or REAL .

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Numeric Data Types

Decimal (DECIMAL/NUMERIC)

Is used for numbers with fractional and whole parts. DECIMAL data is stored in a packed format. Precision and scale must be provided
NOTE: The precision is the total number of digits (range from 1 to 31), and the scale is the Number of digits in the fractional part of the number.

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Numeric Data Types

Decimal (DECIMAL/NUMERIC):

Terms NUMERIC,NUM,DECIMAL, and DEC can all be used to declare a decimal/numeric column. If a decimal data type is to be used in a C program, host variable must be declared as a double.
NOTE: A DECIMAL number takes up p/2 + 1 bytes of storage, where p is the precision used. For example, DEC(8,2) would take up 5 bytes of storage (8/2 + 1), whereas DEC(7,2) would take up only 4 bytes (truncate the division of p/2).

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Numeric Data Types

Single-Precision Floating-Point (REAL/FLOAT): A REAL data type is an approximation of a number. Approximation requires 32 bits / 4 bytes of storage. To specify single-precision number using REAL datatype,its length must be defined between 1 and 24 Double-Precision Floating-Point (DOUBLE/FLOAT) DOUBLE/ FLOAT data type is an approximation of a number. Approximation requires 64 bits or 8 bytes of storage. To specify double-precision number using FLOAT data type, its length must be defined between 25 and 53.
Note:
Exponential notation is used to represent REAL ,DOUBLE, and FLOAT data values.
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String Data Types

Fixed-Length Character String (CHAR)
Strings are stored in database using entire defined amount of storage. Length of a fixed-length string must be between 1 and 254 characters. If value for length is not specified, a value of 1 is assumed.

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String Data Types

Varying-Length Character String (VARCHAR)
Strings are stored using only amount of space required to store data. Term CHAR VARYING or CHARACTER VARYING can be used Maximum length of VARCHAR column is 32,672 bytes.

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String Data Types

Varying-Length Long Character Strings (LONG VARCHAR) :

Used to store character data with a varying length. Maximum length of a LONG VARCHAR column is 32,700.
Notes: LONG VARCHAR data types are similar to CLOB data types. The FOR BIT DATA clause can be used following character string column definition. During data exchange, data is treated and compared as binary (bit) data.

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String Data Types

Character Large Object (CLOB)

Are varying-length SBCS (single-byte character set) or MBCS (multibyte character set) character strings. Used to store greater than 32KB of text. Maximum size for each CLOB column is 2GB (gigabytes).

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String Data Types

Double-Byte Character Strings (GRAPHIC): GRAPHIC data types represent a single character using 2 bytes of storage. The GRAPHIC data types include: GRAPHIC (fixed length - maximum 127 characters) VARGRAPHIC (varying length - maximum 16336 characters) LONG VARGRAPHIC (varying length - maximum 16350 characters).

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String Data Types

Double-Byte Character Large Objects (DBCLOB) Are varying-length character strings Are stored using 2 bytes to represent each character. Are used for large amounts (>32KB) of double-byte text data such as Japanese text.

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Binary Data Type

Binary Large Object (BLOB) Are variable-length binary strings. Data is stored in a binary format . Is useful for storing nontraditional relational database information (audio, video). Maximum size of each BLOB column is 2GB (gigabytes).

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Date and Time Data Types

DATE : Is stored internally as a (packed) string of 4 bytes. Externally, string has a length of 10 bytes (MM-DD-YYYY - can vary and is dependent on country code). TIME : Is stored internally as a (packed) string of 3 bytes. Externally, string has a length of 8 bytes (HH-MM-SS this representation may vary). TIMESTAMP : Is stored internally as a (packed) string of 10 bytes. Externally, string has a length of 26 bytes (YYYY-MM-DD-HH-MM-SS-NNNNNN ).
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External File Data Types (DATALINK)

Is an encapsulated value Contains a logical reference from database to a file stored in a Data Links Manager Server, which is outside database.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

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Managing Database Objects - DDL

To create, modify, delete objects in a database, SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) is used. DDL has four basic SQL statements:
CREATE ALTER DROP DECLARE

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CREATE Statement
Table Index Schema View User-defined function User-defined data type Buffer pool Stored procedures Trigger Alias Method Transform Nickname Sequence Table space

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DECLARE Statement
It is used to create temporary tables that are used only during a session. The only object that can be DECLARED is a table DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE T1 LIKE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS NOT LOGGED IN SESSIONTEMP; Note:
'LIKE' clause defines a table with same column names, data types and nullability characteristics of each of the columns of specified table.

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DROP Statement
To delete objects from database. Can drop any object created with CREATE <database object > and DECLARE <table> statements.

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ALTER Statement
Table Table space Database partition Procedure Function Nickname Sequence Type View Method User mapping Buffer pool

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Important...
Index can not be altered.
It has to be dropped and re-created.

Every time a DDL statement (except for DECLARE statement) is issued, catalog is updated.
Update includes a creation or modification timestamp and authorization ID of the user issuing the statement.

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Constraints
Three types of constraints: Unique constraint Ensures unique values of a key in a table. Referential integrity Enforces referential constraints on insert, update, delete operations. Are imparted using insert rules, delete rules and update rules. Table check constraint Verifies that changed data does not violate conditions specified when a table was created or altered.
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INSERT Rules
INSERT rule is implicit when a foreign key is specified. A row can be inserted at any time into a parent table without any action being taken in dependent table. A row cannot be inserted into dependent table unless there is a row in parent table with a parent key value equal to foreign key value of row being inserted, unless foreign key value is null. If an INSERT operation fails for one row during an attempt to insert more than one row, all rows inserted by the statement are removed from the database.
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DELETE Rules
RESTRICT Prevents any row in parent table from being deleted if any dependent rows are found. NO ACTION Enforces the presence of a parent row for every child after all the referential constraints are applied. This is the default. The difference between NO ACTION and RESTRICT is based on when constraint is enforced.

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DELETE Rules
CASCADE Implies that deleting a row in parent table automatically deletes any related rows in dependent table. SET NULL Ensures that deletion of a row in parent table sets values of foreign key in any dependent row to null (if nullable). Other parts of row are unchanged.

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UPDATE Rules
RESTRICT Update for parent key will be rejected if a row in dependent table matches original values of key. NO ACTION Update operation for parent key will be rejected if any row in dependent table does not have a corresponding parent key when update statement is completed . This is the default.

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Table-Check Constraint
Will enforce data integrity at table level. Once defined for a table, every UPDATE, INSERT statement will involve checking the constraint. If constraint is violated, row will not be inserted or updated. Can be defined at table creation time or later using ALTER TABLE statement.

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Adding Table-Check Constraint

When a check constraint is added to a table that contains data, following can happen: All rows meet check constraint... Check constraint will be created successfully. Some or all rows do not meet check constraint... Check constraint will not be created ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD CONSTRAINT check_job CHECK (JOB IN ('Engineer','Sales','Manager'));

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Create Table Statement

CREATE TABLE Department (Deptnumb SMALLINT NOT NULL, Deptname VARCHAR(20), Mgrno SMALLINT,PRIMARY KEY(Deptnumb) ) CREATE TABLE Employee (Id SMALLINT NOT NULL,Name VARCHAR(9) NOT NULL, Dept SMALLINT, Job CHAR(5) CHECK (Job IN ('Sales','Mgr','Clerk')), Hiredate DATE WITH DEFAULT CURRENT DATE, Salary DECIMAL(7,2), Comm DECIMAL(7,2), CONSTRAINT UNIQUEID PRIMARY KEY(Id), FOREIGN KEY(Dept) references DEPARTMENT(Deptnumb) ON DELETE RESTRICT) IN HUMRES INDEX IN HUMRES_IDX NOT LOGGED INITIALLY

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Alter Table Statement

Adding one or more columns to a table Adding or dropping a primary key Adding or dropping one or more unique or referential constraints Adding or dropping one or more check constraint definitions Altering the length of a VARCHAR column Altering a reference type column to add a scope Altering or dropping a partitioning key Changing table attributes such as the DATA CAPTURE , PCTFREE , LOCKSIZE , or APPEND mode option Activating the not logged initially attribute of the table

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Alter Table Statement

ALTER TABLE Employee ACTIVATE NOT LOGGED INITIALLY LOCKSIZE TABLE APPEND ON VOLATILE LOCKSIZE : indicates the granularity of locks APPEND ON : indicates whether data is appended to end of a table or inserted where free space is available. VOLATILE : indicates to optimizer that cardinality of table can vary significantly at run time, from empty to quite large.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

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Data Manipulation Language

Retrieving Data Inserting Data Updating Data Deleting Data

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Retrieving Data
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE SELECT EMPNO, FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY FNAME SELECT EMPNO, FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 150 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY SELECT EMPNO, FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE MIN(SALARY) < 1000

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Retrieving Data From More Than One Tables Joins

Process of combining data from two or more tables is achieved using joins. Database manager forms all combination of rows from specified tables. For each combination it checks the join condition. Data types of the columns invloved in the join condition do not have to be identical but they have to be compatible.

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SAMP_PROJECT Table
NAME Haas Thompson Walker Lutz PROJ AD3100 PL2100 MA2112 MA2111

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SAMP_STAFF Table
NAME Hass Thompson Lucchessi Nicholls JOB PRES MANAGER SALESREP ANALYST

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Query With-Out Join Condition

SELECT SAMP_PROJECT.NAME, SAMP_PROJECT.PROJ, SAMP_STAFF.NAME, SAMP_STAFF.JOB FROM SAMP_PROJECT, SAMP_STAFF

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Cartesian / Cross Product

NAME ---------Haas Thompson Walker Lutz Haas Thompson Walker Lutz Haas Thompson Walker Lutz Haas Thompson Walker Lutz PROJ -----AD3100 PL2100 MA2112 MA2111 AD3100 PL2100 MA2112 MA2111 AD3100 PL2100 MA2112 MA2111 AD3100 PL2100 MA2112 MA2111 NAME ---------Haas Haas Haas Haas Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Lucchessi Lucchessi Lucchessi Lucchessi Nicholls Nicholls Nicholls 60 Nicholls JOB -------PRES PRES PRES PRES MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER SALESREP SALESREP SALESREP SALESREP ANALYST ANALYST ANALYST ANALYST

Main Types of Joins

Inner Join:
Keeps only the rows from the cross product that meet the join condition. If a row exists in one table, but not the other, the information is not included in the result table.

Outer Join:
Are a concatenation of the inner join and rows from the left table, right table, or both tables that are missing from the inner join.

NOTE:
When you perform an outer join on two tables, you arbitrarily assign one table as the left table and the other one as the right table.

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Types of Outer Joins

Left outer join
Includes the inner join and the rows from the left table that are not included in the inner join.

Right outer join

Includes the inner join and the rows from the right table that are not included in the inner join.

Full outer join

Includes the inner join and the rows from both the left and right tables that are not included in the inner join.

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Example of Inner Join

The inner join lists full-time employees who are assigned to project :
SELECT SAMP_PROJECT.NAME, SAMP_PROJECT.PROJ, SAMP_STAFF.NAME, SAMP_STAFF.JOB FROM SAMP_PROJECT, SAMP_STAFF WHERE SAMP_STAFF.NAME = SAMP_PROJECT.NAME

OR
SELECT SAMP_PROJECT.NAME, SAMP_PROJECT.PROJ, SAMP_STAFF.NAME, SAMP_STAFF.JOB FROM SAMP_PROJECT INNER JOIN SAMP_STAFF ON SAMP_STAFF.NAME = SAMP_PROJECT.NAME

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Result of Inner Join Query

The result : NAME ---------Haas Thompson PROJ -----AD3100 PL2100 NAME JOB ----------------Haas PRES Thompson MANAGER

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Left Outer Join

SELECT SAMP_PROJECT.NAME, SAMP_PROJECT.PROJ, SAMP_STAFF.NAME, SAMP_STAFF.JOB FROM SAMP_PROJECT LEFT OUTER JOIN SAMP_STAFF ON SAMP_PROJECT.NAME = SAMP_STAFF.NAME The result: NAME PROJ ---------- -------------------Haas AD3100 Lutz MA2111 Thompson PL2100 Walker MA2112 NAME ---------Haas Thompson 65

JOB -------------------PRES MANAGER -

Right Outer Join

SELECT SAMP_PROJECT.NAME, SAMP_PROJECT.PROJ, SAMP_STAFF.NAME, SAMP_STAFF.JOB FROM SAMP_PROJECT RIGHT OUTER JOIN SAMP_STAFF ON SAMP_PROJECT.NAME = SAMP_STAFF.NAME The result : NAME ---------Haas Thompson PROJ -------------------AD3100 PL2100
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NAME JOB ---------- -------------------Haas PRES Lucchessi SALESREP Nicholls ANALYST Thompson MANAGER

Full Outer Join

SELECT SAMP_PROJECT.NAME, SAMP_PROJECT.PROJ, SAMP_STAFF.NAME, SAMP_STAFF.JOB FROM SAMP_PROJECT FULL OUTER JOIN SAMP_STAFF ON SAMP_STAFF.NAME = SAMP_PROJECT.NAME The result : NAME PROJ NAME JOB ---------- -------------------- ----------------------------Haas AD3100 Haas PRES Lucchessi SALESREP Nicholls ANALYST Thompson PL2100 Thompson MANAGER Lutz MA2111 Walker MA2112 67

Retrieving Data using - DB2 Functions

Scalar functions
Also known as row functions Provide a result for each row of the result table. A scalar function can be used any place an expression is allowed.

Column functions
Also known as vector functions. Work on a group of rows to provide a result. The group is specified using a fullselect and optionally grouped using GROUP BY clause.

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Retrieving Data using - DB2 Functions

Scalar Functions:
SELECT lname, SUBSTR(CHAR(wphone),1,3) FROM db2cert.candidate SELECT fname, MONTHNAME(date_taken) FROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid=tt.cid SELECT empno, sal FROMemployee WHERE UCASE(firstnme) = 'BILL'

Column Functions:
SELECT MAX(smallint(length)) FROM test SELECT AVG(noseats) FROM test_center SELECT country, AVG(noseats) FROM test_center GROUP BY country

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Searching for String Patterns

SELECT fname,lname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate WHERE fname LIKE 'G%' ORDER BY lname, fname SELECT fname,lname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate WHERE fname LIKE '_a%' ORDER BY lname,fname

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Searching for Data in Ranges

SELECT DISTINCT fname,lname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid=tt.cid AND integer (score) BETWEEN 60 AND 75 SELECT DISTINCT fname,lname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid=tt.cid AND integer(score) BETWEEN 60 AND 75 AND lname BETWEEN 'B' AND 'G'

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Searching for NULLs

SELECT fname,lname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid=tt.cid AND score IS NULL

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Searching for Negative Conditions

SELECT DISTINCT fname,lname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate WHERE lname NOT LIKE 'S%' ORDER BY lname,fname SELECT fname,lname,wphone,hphoneFROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid=tt.cid AND integer(score) NOT BETWEEN 60 and 75

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Searching for Set of Values

SELECT name,phone FROM test_center tc, test_taken tt WHERE tc.tcid=tt.tcid AND char(number) IN ('500','502')

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Subqueries
Subqueries can be used in IN clause to specify search arguments for SQL statement. SELECT DISTINCT name,phone FROM test_center tc, test_taken tt WHERE tc.tcid=tt.tcid AND number IN (SELECT number FROM test WHERE name LIKE 'DB2%') The subquery used in this example is known as an uncorrelated subquery.
An uncorrelated subquery is one where the values retrieved by the subquery are not directly related to the rows processed by the outer SELECT

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Subqueries
A correlated subquery is a query in which subquery references values of the outer SELECT SELECT tc.name, count(*) FROM test_center tc,test t WHERE tc.tcid IN (SELECT tcid FROM test_taken tt WHERE tt.number=t.number) GROUP BY tc.name The WHERE clause in the subquery references a table in the outer FROM clause.

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Quantified Predicates
Used to compare a value or values with a collection of values. 'SOME', 'ANY', 'ALL' SELECT c.cid, lname, fname FROM db2cert.candidate c WHERE cid = SOME (SELECT tt.cid FROM db2cert.test_taken tt WHERE c.cid = tt.cid)

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Case Expression
SELECT fname,lname, CASE WHEN integer(SCORE) < 65 THEN 'Not Passed' WHEN integer(SCORE) <=90 THEN 'Passed' ELSE 'Excellent' END FROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid=tt.cid AND char(number)='500'

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Set Operators
Union (UNION operator), Intersection (INTERSECT operator), Difference (EXCEPT operator).

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Union (UNION Operator)

Allows to combine results of two or more different SELECTs into one result table. Up to 16 different result tables can be combined using UNION operator
Every table or SQL statement must be UNION compatible, i.e., have same type, number, and order of columns.

UNION operator combines results of two or more separate queries into a single result.
SELECT number,'Minimum:', MIN(integer(score)) FROM test_taken GROUP BY number UNION SELECT number,'Maximum:', MAX(integer(score)) FROM test_taken GROUP BY number

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Intersection (INTERSECT Operator)

To find rows that belong to two different result tables. SELECT cid FROM candidate INTERSECT SELECT cid FROM test_taken

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Difference (EXCEPT Operator)

Can find out which rows of one result table are not present in another result table. SELECT cid FROM candidate EXCEPT SELECT cid FROM test_taken First part of example retrieves all candidate IDs. The second section of the query retrieves candidate IDs present in TEST_TAKEN table. Finally, EXCEPT operator performs difference operation that selects only those candidate IDs not present in TEST_TAKEN table.

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Data Modifications
Inserting Rows Updating Rows Removing Data

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Inserting Rows
INSERT INTO test (number,name,type,cut_score,length,totaltaken,totalpassed) VALUES ('508','DB2 Data Propagation','P',NULL,90,0,0) INSERT INTO test VALUES ('508','DB2 Data Propagation','P',DEFAULT,90,79,11) INSERT INTO test_taken (CID,TCID,NUMBER,DATE_TAKEN,SEAT_NO) VALUES ('888','TR01','500','2000-06-04','1'), ('888','TR01','501','2000-07-11','2'), ('888','TR01','502','2000-11-08','1')

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Updating Rows
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET salary = salary + 1000 WHERE deptid = 10 AND age > 24 UPDATE test_taken SET (date_taken,tcid) = (SELECT current date,tcid FROM test_center WHERE substr(city,1,7)='Toronto' AND country='Canada') WHERE CHAR(cid)= '888' AND number=test_id('500')

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Removing Data
DELETE FROM candidate WHERE hphone IS NULL AND wphone IS NULL DELETE FROM candidate WHERE cid IN (SELECT cid FROM test_taken WHERE MONTH(date_taken)=2)

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

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Index
An index is a list of locations of rows sorted by contents of one or more specified columns. Indexes contain a pointer, known as a record id (RID), to physical location of rows in table. These are two main purposes for creating indexes:
To ensure uniqueness of values To improve query performance

There are three types of Indexes

Index Unique Index Clustering Index

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Unique Index
Guarantees uniqueness of data values in one or more columns. Uniqueness is also checked during execution of CREATE INDEX statement.
If table already contains rows with duplicate key values, index is not created.

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Referencial Integrity and Index

Primary key is maintained using an index. Index supporting a primary key is known as primary index of table. Indexes supporting primary or unique key constraints cannot be dropped explicitly. Primary key indexes are dropped with DROP PRIMARY KEY option. Unique key indexes are dropped using DROP UNIQUE (CONSTRAINT NAME) option.

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NULL Values and Indexes

Unique indexes do not enforce primary key constraint by themselves
they allow nulls.

Nulls, when it comes to indexing, are treated as equal to all other nulls. Null can not be inserted twice if the column is a key of a unique-index because it violates uniqueness rule for index.

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Create Index Statement

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX EMP_IX ON EMPLOYEE(EMPNO) INCLUDE(FIRSTNME,JOB) NOTE:
Index attributes cannot be changed without recreating the index definition.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Index 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

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Views
Are logical tables which are derived from one or more base tables or views. Can be used interchangably with base tables when retrieving the data. Does not contain real data. View can be ....
Updatable Deletable Insertable Read-only.

NOTE: constraints defined on base table are independents of operations that can be performed using a view.

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CREATE VIEW Statement

CREATE VIEW view1(tcid,cid,number, date_taken,start_time,seat_no,score) AS SELECT tcid,cid,number,date_taken,start_time,seat_no, score from test_table WHERE tcid=center_id('TR01')

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Deletable View
A view meet all rules listed below to be considered a deletable view...
Each FROM clause of outer fullselect identifies only one base table, deletable view , deletable nested table expression, or deletable common table expression. The outer fullselect doesn use VALUES clause. t The outer fullselect doesn use GROUP BY or HAVING clauses. t The outer fullselect doesn include column functions in its select list. t The outer fullselect doesn use set operations (UNION,EXCEPT, or t INTERSECT) with exception of UNION ALL . The base tables in operands of a UNION ALL must not be same table, and each operand must be deletable. The select list of outer fullselect does not include DISTINCT .

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Updatable View
Is a special case of deletable view A deletable view becomes a updatable view when at lease one of its columns is updatable. Column of a view is updatable when...
View is deletable Column resolves to a column of a base table All the corresponding columns of UNION ALL have exactly matching data types (including length or precision and scale).

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Insertable Views
Allows you to insert rows using view definition. A view is insertable when.....
All of its columns are updatable.

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Read-Only Views
Is a non-deletable view. A view can be read-only if it does not comply with at least one of the rules of the deletable views. CREATE VIEW view1 (name,work_phone,home_phone) AS SELECT DISTINCT fname,wphone,hphone FROM candidate c, test_taken tt WHERE c.cid = tt.cid

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Inoperative Views
Is no longer available for SQL statements. A view becomes inoperative if...
Privilege upon which view definition is dependent, is revoked. Object upon which view definition is dependent, is dropped View, upon which this view definition is dependent, becomes inoperative.

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View With CHECK OPTION

CREATE VIEW xyz(EMPNO,ENAME, DEPTNO) AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DEPTNO FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DEPTNO = 10 WITH CHECK OPTION. 'WITH CHECK OPTION' ensures that the condition is aways checked. If the view is used in INSERT statement, row will be rejected if value of DEPTNO column is not 10.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

SQL
1. SQL Getting Started 2. Database Objects 3. Data Types 4. Data Definition Language, Constraints & Rules 5. Data Manipulation Language 6. Indexes 7. Views 8. Identity Columns

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Identity Columns
A numeric column in a table for which DB2 automatically generates a unique numeric value for each row that is inserted into the table A table may have a single column that is defined with the identity attribute Intended to be used for generating unique primary key values
Examples: order number, employee number, stock number

Values can be generated by DB2 always or by default

Always Values are always generated by DB2 Applications are not allowed to provide an explicit value. By default Values can be explicitly provided by an application or if no value is given, then DB2 generates one DB2 cannot guarantee uniqueness

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Creating Identity Columns

CREATE TABLE INVENTORY (partno INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY (START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 1), description CHAR(20));

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES (empno INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 1000 INCREMENT BY 1 CACHE 10), name CHAR(20));

Cache: minimum value is 2 and the maximum value is 32767

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Notes:
Identity column Must be numeric: SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, DECIMAL with precision 0 Implicitly NOT NULL Identity column does not imply a unique column. If uniqueness is required must create a unique index or primary key on the column. START WITH n INCREMENT BY m n specifies the first value for the column, can be positive or negative, default is 1 m specifies the interval between consecutive values of the column, can be positive or negative resulting in ascending or descending sequence CACHE or NO CACHE Specifies whether to keep some pre-allocated values in memory for faster access Performance option - reduces synchronous I/O to the log when values are generated When a database is deactivated (normally or by failure), all cached sequence values are lost

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Inserting into Identity Columns

CONNECT TO sample; CREATE TABLE inventory (partno INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY (START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 1), description CHAR(20) ); COMMIT; INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (DEFAULT,'door'); --->inserts 100,door INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('hinge'); --->inserts 101,hinge INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (200,'windor'); --->error COMMIT; INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('lock'); --->inserts 102,lock ROLLBACK; INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('frame'); COMMIT; SELECT * FROM inventory; 100 door 101 hinge 103 frame
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--->inserts 103,frame

Inserting into Identity Columns

CONNECT TO sample; CREATE TABLE inventory (partno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 1), description CHAR(20) ); COMMIT; INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (DEFAULT,'door'); INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('hinge'); INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (200,'window'); INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (102,'handle'); INSERT INTO inventory VALUES (101,'bolt'); COMMIT; INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('lock'); INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('lock'); ROLLBACK; --->inserts 100,door --->inserts 101,hinge --->inserts 200,window --->inserts 102,handle --->error, duplicate

--->error, duplicate --->inserts 103,lock

INSERT INTO inventory (description) VALUES ('frame'); --->inserts 104,frame COMMIT; SELECT * FROM inventory order by partno; 100 door 101 hinge 102 handle 104 frame 200 window

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Retrieving Generated Value

Function available to retrieve the last value generated: identity_val_local() Must be used with a VALUES clause Function has no input parameter Result returned is a DECIMAL(31,0) data type, regardless of the actual data type of the identity column Function returns the most recently assigned value for an identity column, where the assignment occurred as a result of a single row INSERT statement Value can only be retrieved within the same unit of work as the INSERT statement The assigned value could be values supplied by the user or by DB2

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IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL()
(SET AUTOCOMMIT OFF) CONNECT TO sample; CREATE TABLE T1 ( C1 INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY, C2 INTEGER ) ; INSERT INTO T1 (C2) VALUES (5); INSERT INTO T1 (C2) VALUES (6); SELECT * FROM T1;
C1 ----1 2

C2 ----5 6

VALUES IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL( );
IDENTITY_VAL_LOCAL( ) -------------------2

COMMIT;
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Notes:
Identitymissing: when input data file does not contain any values for the identity column. Example: a table tab1 has C1 identity, C2, C3, C4 columns. Input file contains data for columns C2, C3 and C4 only. To invoke load: load from data.del of del replace into tab1 (C2,C3,C4) ....is equivalent to... load from data.del of del modified by identitymissing replace into table1 Identityignore: even though the input data file contains data for the identity column, the data should be ignored and identity values should be generated for each row. Identityoverride: used for loading user-supplied values into a table having a GENERATED ALWAYS identity column. Useful when migrating data from another database.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

Advanced SQL
1. User Defined Data Types 2. Sequences 3. Advanced Functions

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User Defined Types

User defined distinct types User defined structured types

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User Defined Types

User-defined distinct type : Can be created on an existing data type. Strong typing: If columns are defined using different UDTs based on the same base data type, these UDTs cannot be directly compared. Only functions/operators defined on distinct type can be applied to its instances. Hence DB2 does not allow direct comparison between 'distinct' type and 'source' type (ie. US_DOLLAR and DECIMAL) Casting functions: When UDTs are defined, system-generated SQL functions are created. Casting functions allow comparison between the UDT and its base type.

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User Defined Types

User-defined distinct type :
CREATE DISTINCT TYPE pound AS INTEGER WITH COMPARISONS CREATE DISTINCT TYPE kilogram AS INTEGER WITH COMPARISONS CREATE TABLE health (f_name VARCHAR(30), weight_p POUND, weight_k KILOGRAM) SELECT f_name, weight_p FROM health WHERE weight_p > POUND(30)

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User Defined Types

User-defined distinct type :

CREATE DISTINCT TYPE PHONENO AS CHAR(10) WITH COMPARISONS

Creation of this user-defined data type will result in creation of following casting functions: CHAR(PHONENO): translates data values from the PHONENO data type to base data type CHAR PHONENO(CHAR): translates data values from base data type CHAR to PHONENO data type

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User Defined Distinct Types

CREATE DISTINCT TYPE US_DOLLAR AS DECIMAL(9,2) WITH COMPARISONS CREATE TABLE US_SALES ( PRODUCT_ITEM INTEGER, YEAR INTEGER CHECK(YEAR>1985), TOTAL US_DOLLAR)

116

User Defined Distinct Types

As a part of distinct type generation, DB2 generates 'cast' function. E.g.
SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM FROM US_SALES WHERE TOTAL > US_DOLLAR(100000) OR SELECT PRODUCT_ITEM FROM US_SALES WHERE TOTAL > CAST (100000 AS US_DOLLAR)

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Important Functions...
CREATE FUNCTION SUMDOLLAR(US_DOLLAR) RETURNS US_DOLLAR SOURCE SYSIBM.SUM(DECIMAL()) SELECT SUMDOLLAR(TOTAL) FROM US_SALES CREATE FUNCTION DOLLAR_AVG(US_DOLLAR) RETURNS DECIMAL SOURCE SYSIBM.AVG(DECIMAL()) SELECT DOLLAR_AVG(TOTAL) FROM US_SALES

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Important Functions
SELECT DOLLAR_AVG(TOTAL) - 10 FROM US_SALES SELECT ((SELECT DOLLAR_AVG(TOTAL) FROM US_SALES WHERE YEAR = 1987)- (SELECT DOLLAR_AVG(TOTAL) FROM US_SALES WHERE YEAR=1986)) FROM US_SALES

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User Defined Structured Types

'Structured types' are useful for modelling objects that have a well defined structure consisting of 'attributes'. CREATE TYPE ADDRESS_T AS ( HOUSE CHAR(15), STREET1 CHAR(15), STREET2 CHAR(15), CITY CHAR(15), PIN CHAR(6)) MODE DB2SQL

120

User Defined Structured Types

Inheritance: CREATE TYPE PERSON_T AS(NAME CHAR(15), AGE INT, ADDRESS ADDRESS_T) MODE DB2SQL CREATE TYPE EMP_T UNDER PERSON_T AS (EMPCODE INT, SALARY DECIMAL(9,2)) MODE DB2SQL

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Using Typed Tables..

CREATE TABLE PERSON OF PERSON_T (REF IS OID USER GENERATED) CREATE TABLE EMP OF EMP_T UNDER PERSON INHERIT SELECT PRIVILEGES INSERT INTO PERSON(OID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS) VALUES(PERSON_T('a'),'Gopal',28, ADDRESS_T()..HOUSE('house1')..STREET1('MG Road') ..STREET2('Off High Way')..CITY('Mumbai')..PIN('400063')) INSERT INTO PERSON (OID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS) VALUES (PERSON_T(GENERATE_UNIQUE()), 'Prakash',28,ADDRESS_T()..HOUSE('house2')..STREET1('L T Road')..STREET2('Off high Way')..PIN('400063'))
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Reference Columns
In typed table definition, columns can be defined as reference columns to another typed table.
Referenced typed table is called a target table.

A reference column holds values that correspond to OID values of target table and clearly identify rows in target tables. Data type of a reference column is REFERENCE , the same type as OID in target table. Reference column is similar to foreign key; however, evaluation, like a foreign key, is not performed for operations such as insert, update, or delete.

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Reference Columns
CREATE TYPE DEPT_T AS (NAME CHAR(40), LOCATION CHAR(20)) REF USING INTEGER MODE DB2SQL CREATE TYPE EMP_T UNDER PERSON_T AS (SALARY INTEGER, DEPTREF REF(DEPT_T)) MODE DB2SQL Deptref REF(Dept_t) means that this attribute DEPTREF of EMP_T type is reference type and target of reference is a row of table whose row type is DEPT_T or its sub-type. CREATE TABLE DEPT OF DEPT_T (REF IS Oid USER GENERATED) CREATE TABLE EMP OF EMP_T UNDER PERSON INHERIT SELECT PRIVILEGES (DEPTREF WITH OPTIONS SCOPE Dept) DEPTREF WITH OPTIONS SCOPE DEPT means that values in column DEPTREF are pointing to rows in table DEPT or values in any sub-tables of DEPT table.

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Selecting Rows From Typed Table

When a select statement is issued for a typed table, rows are returned from target table and all of its sub-tables in table hierarchy. For retrieving rows of only PERSON table...
SELECT * FROM ONLY(Person)

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Selecting Rows From Typed Tables

SELECT NAME,AGE, ADDRESS..HOUSE, ADDRESS..STREET1, ADDRESS..STREET2, ADDRESS..CITY, ADDRESS..PIN FROM PERSON

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Updating And Deleting Rows From Typed Tables

UPDATE Person SET birthyear=1969 WHERE oid=Emp_t(10) DELETE FROM Person
Deletes all rows from PERSON table and its sub-tables.

DELETE FROM ONLY(Person)

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

Advanced SQL
1. User Defined Data Types 2. Sequences 3. Advanced Functions

128

Sequences
SEQUENCE object lets DBA or developer create a value that gets incremented under programmer control and can be used across many different tables. CREATE SEQUENCE CUSTOMER_NO AS INTEGER
By default this sequence number starts at one and increments by one at a time and is of an INTEGER datatype.

NEXTVAL :
Function generates next value for sequence which can then be used for subsequent SQL statements INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUE (NEXTVAL FOR CUSTOMER_NO, 'Prakash', ...)

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Sequences
PREVVAL:
Will only return last value generated by that application. Function can be used multiple times within application.

INSERT INTO INVOICES (34,PREVVAL FOR CUSTOMER_NO, 234.44, ...)

If customer number generated, needs to be used for a subsequent invoice record.

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IBM DB2 Universal Databases 8.1

Advanced SQL
1. User Defined Data Types 2. Sequences 3. Advanced Functions

131

Advance Functions
Trigonometric Functions
COS , SIN , TAN , COT , TANH , COSH , SINH , ATAH , ATAN2

Math Functions
INTEGER , FLOOR , CEILING , TRUNC , SQRT , LN , EXP

String Functions
RTRIM,LTRIM,INSTR,TRANSLATE,REPEAT,REPLACE,CONCAT, SUBSTR, LENGTH , LOWER/LCASE , UPPER/UCASE

Statistical Functions
CORRELATION , STDDEV , VARIANCE

Date Functions
DATE , TIME , TO_CHAR , TO_DATE , DAYNAME , DAYOFWEEK

Logic Functions
COALESCE , NULLIF

Speciality Functions
MQPUBLISH , MQREAD , ENCRYPT , REC2XML
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Summary
SQL
SQL Getting Started Database Objects Data Types, Constraints, Rules Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language Indexes Views Identity Columns

Advanced SQL
User Defined Data Types Sequences Advanced Functions

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