Palaces Of Power

0.0 F OREWORD
Palaces of Power define the idea of how power can be showcased in architecture itself. This shows and explains the how the idea of massive structures such as columns show the idea of being something very grand or similar to that how we know that the buildings define the person living within them. This report shows Queen Victoria and King Louis XIV how they exercise their rule by working majorly on their place of reign how they establish a governing body and showcase their rule by exaggerating on the architecture. The aim of this is to better understand the concept of how these Palaces are able to dictate and define the person living within their walls. For example, King Louis XIV s Palace of Versailles where it shows how his idea of him being the absolute monarch and ruler of his land by creating a massive Palace to show his ideals of rule by exaggerating his home, by showing off his wealth and riches to his people.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 1

Palaces Of Power
TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Table of Content List of Figures 1.0 Introduction 1.1 English architecture 1.2 French architecture 1.3 Palaces of Power English Monarchy 2.1 Queen Victoria 2.2 Constitutional Monarchy Buckingham Palace 3.1 Victoria Memorial, London 3.2 Buckingham Palace Balcony 3.3 Interior of Buckingham Palace 3.3.1 Queen s Breakfast Room 3.3.2 The Ballroom 3.3.3 Piano Nobile of the Palace French Monarchy 4.1 King Louis XIV 4.2 Absolute Monarchy Palace of Versailles 5.1 Layout of the Palace of Versailles 5.2 Hall of Mirrors 5.3 Garden of Versailles Conclusion Reference List Image references Bibliography

Page
1 2 3

4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 26 27 29

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

Dominance in Architecture

Page 2

Palaces Of Power
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Queen Victoria Figure 2 : Map Displaying Victoria s Dominions Figure 3 : The palace c. 1837 Figure 4 : Queen Victoria memorial statue Figure 5 : Statue of Queen Victoria Figure 6 : Aerial View of the Location of Buckingham and the memorial Figure 7 : Crowds Gather Around the Memorial Figure 8 : Buckingham Palace Balcony Minutes after the official announcement of Germany s unconditional surrender Figure 9 : The Queen's Breakfast Room Figure 10 : The Ballroom during a State Banquet Figure 11 : Piano Nobile of Buckingham Palace. Figure 12 : King Louis XIV (Sun King) Figure 13 : Palace of Versailles Figure 14 : Layout of the Palace of Versailles Figure 15 : Louis XIV Hall of Mirror, Palace of Versailles Figure 16 : Reception of the Doge of Genoa Figure 16 : Painting Depicting the Garden of Versailles and its glory Figure 17 : Painting of the Fountain of Apollo Facing the Sun Kings room Figure 18 : The statue of Apollo seen as if it were rising from the water

Dominance in Architecture

Page 3

Palaces Of Power

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 English Architecture
English architecture did not, of course, follow a rigid timeline, with clear divisions between periods and styles of building. What follows is an attempt to organize themes and philosophies of building styles in a rough chronological order, realizing that many periods overlapped each other and many styles may well have been in use in the same region or even in the same building at the same time. List of Styles that make up English architecture:-

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Medieval Art and Architecture Glossary of Medieval Church Architecture Romanesque The Gothic Style The Medieval Parish Church Eleanor Crosses The Castle Medieval Manor Houses Tudor Architecture Elizabethan Country Houses The Baroque Period Follies Georgian Classical Style The Palladian Movement Regency Architecture Gothic Revival Victorian Art and Architecture

Dominance in Architecture

Page 4

Palaces Of Power

1.2 French Architecture

The history of French architecture runs in parallel with its neighboring countries in Europe, with France being home to both some of the earliest pioneers in many architectural styles, and also containing some of the finest architectural creations of the continent. List of Styles that make up French architecture:-

y y y y y y y y

Roman Pre-Romanesque Romanesque Medieval Renaissance Baroque Rococo Neoclassicism

Dominance in Architecture

Page 5

Palaces Of Power

1.3 Palaces of Power

In the terms the idea of Palaces of Power showcase the idea and identity of those who rule and excess their power of the maximum extent to detain their rule and also give off a sense of glory towards the nations they control or govern over. In layman term easier said that it is the idea of exaggerating ones wealth, power and status in the architecture of their homes and place of governing. Hence, create the idea of one s greatness and rule over the lands But, once the idea of palaces of power was also the symbol of military strength, high walls of fortification, strategic placement and also location This was only popularly known during the Medieval Period where kingdoms were ruled over different rulers and where there was a large dispute in the struggle for power. Examples:Fortresses Keeps Castles Garrisons

Later, it evolved into more on the exaggeration of wealth and status. This involved utilizing more on the idea of decorativeness such as using gold, building massive structures, and also using expensive and rare materials.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 6

P w r

2.0
2.1 Queen Vi i
monarch of the Unite Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876 she used the additional title of Empress of India.

SH
"

HY

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German -born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe- oburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. The United Kingdom was already an Figure 1. Queen Victoria

established constitutional monarchy, in which the Sovereign held relatively few direct political powers. Privately, she attempted to influence

government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality. She married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe- oburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their 9 children and 26 of their 42 grandchildren married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged in deep to mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanismtemporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and 7 months, which is longer than that of any other British monarch and the longest of any female monarch in history, is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover; her son and successor King Edward VII belonged to the House of Saxe- oburg and Gotha.



 !

 



(B

Ale

Vc

; 24 May 1819

22 January 1901 was the

ce

ec

e7

P
2.1 Constitutional Monarchy
The United Kingdom was already an establishedConstitutional Monarchy,

P w r

is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, unmodified or blended constitution. This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the sole source of political power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution.

Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the monarch may have strictly ceremonial duties or may have reserve powers, depending on the constitution. Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also aprime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.
Side note - This system is also applied in Malaysia

Privately, she attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments . Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Figure 2. Map Displaying Victoria s Dominions

Dominance in Architecture

Page 8

P w r

3.0 B UCKINGHAM PALACE

Figure 3. The palace c. 1837, depicting the Marble Arch, which served as the ceremonial entrance to the Palace precincts. It was moved to make way for the east wing, built in 1847, which enclosed the quadrangle . Buckingham House, c.1710, was designed by William Winde for the 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normandy. This facade evolved into today's Grand Entrance on the west inner side of the quadrangle, with the Green Drawing Room above. Buckingham Palace is the London home and primary residence of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 9

P w r

10

3.1 Victoria Memorial London

Standing 25 meter (82 feet) high and made of 2,300 tons of gleamingwhite marble, the Victoria Memorial pays homage to Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837 until her death in 1901.

The memorial was designed by Sir Aston Webb, an English architect also responsible for the main facade of Buckingham Palace. The large statues were sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock. The memorial was completed in 1911, one decade after Queen Victoria's death.

Figure 4. Queen Victoria memorial statue The whole sculpture has a nautical theme, much like the rest of the mall. This can be seen in the mermaids, mermen and a hippogriff, all of which are suggestive of the United Kingdom's naval power.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 10

P w r

11

It has a large statue of Queen Victoria facing north-eastwards towards The Mall.

The other sides of the monument feature dark patented bronze statues of the Angel of Justice, the Angel of Truth and Charity facing Buckingham Palace.

On the pinnacle, is Victory with two seated figures

Figure 5. Statue Queen Victoria

of

Figure 6. Aerial View of the Location of Buckingham and the memorial

Dominance in Architecture

Page 11

P w r

12

Figure 7. Crowds Gather Around the Memorial

Dominance in Architecture

Page 12

P
3.2 Buckingham Palace Balcony

P w r

13

Figure 8. Buckingham Palace Balcony Minutes after the official announcement of Germany s unconditional surrender. Crowds often gather around BuckinghamPalace for occasions of national celebration. The Height of the balcony also symbolizes the ideal of Dominance in terms of Height

Dominance in Architecture

Page 13

P
3.3 Interior of Buckingham Palace 3.3.1 Queens Breakfast Room

P w r

14

Figure 9. The Queen's Breakfast Room The painting depicts the idea of a regal manner of the queen. Where the room is detailed with fine dcor such as the red upholstery and gold details which show the wealth of the royal family. Also, high ceiling that create a sense of a large atmosphere.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 14

P
3.3.1 The Ballroom

P w r

15

Figure 10. The Ballroom during a State Banquet The Ballroom is the largest room at Buckingham Palace. It was added by Queen Victoria and is used for ceremonies such as investitures and state banquets. This picture dates from 1856. The polychrome colour scheme has been replaced by mainly white decoration withgold details and red upholstery. State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners take place on the first evening of a state visit by a visiting Head of State. On these occasions, 150 or more guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras for women, may dine off gold plate. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November, when the Queen entertains members of the foreign diplomatic corps resident in London. On this occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the Royal Family proceeds through them beginning through the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, causing a deliberate optical illusion of space and light.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 15

P
3.3.3 Piano Nobile of the Palace

P w r

16

Figure 11. Piano Nobile of Buckingham Palace.

A: State Dining Room; B: Blue Drawing Room; C: Music Room; D: White Drawing Room; E: Royal Closet; F: Throne Room; G: Green Drawing Room; H: Cross Gallery; J: Ball Room; Piano Nobile

K: East Gallery; L: Yellow Drawing Room; M: Centre/Balcony Room; N: Chinese Luncheon Room; O: Principal Corridor; P: Private Apartments; Q: Service Areas; W: The Grand staircase. On the ground floor: R: Ambassador's Entrance; T: Grand Entrance. The areas defined by shaded walls represent lower minor wings.

Is the principal floor of a large house, usually built in one of the styles ofclassical renaissance architecture. This floor contains the principal reception and bedrooms of the house.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 16

P w r

17

4.0 FRENCH MONARCHY

4.1 King Louis XIV
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 1 September 1715), known as the Sun King, was King of France and of Navarre. His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days. As such, it is one of the longest documented reigns of any European monarch. Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the Figure 12. King Louis XIV (Sun King) aristocracy, many members of which had participated in

the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution. France was the leading European power and fought three major wars the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession and two minor conflicts the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Louis encouraged and benefited from the work of prominent political, military and cultural figures such as Mazarin, Colbert, Turenne and Vauban, as well

as Molire, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Le Brun, Rigaud, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles and Claude Perrault, and Le Ntre. Upon his death just days before his seventy-seventh birthday, Louis was succeeded by his five-year-old greatgrandson Louis XV. All his intermediate heirs his son Louis, le Grand Dauphin; the Dauphin's eldest son Louis, duc de Bourgogne; and Bourgogne's eldest son Louis, duc de Bretagne predeceased him.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 17

Palaces Of Power
4.2 Absolute Monarchy

18

ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government, his power not being limited by a constitution or by the law. An absolute monarch thus wields

unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its subject peoples. In an absolute monarchy, the transmission of power is twofold hereditary and marital. Absolute monarchy differs from limited monarchy, in which the monarch s authority is legally bound or restricted by a constitution.

In layman s terms the absolute monarch exercises total power over the land and its subject peoples.

monarch exercises ulti at go

rning authorit as head of state and head of government

His power not being limited by a constitution or by the law Wields unrestricted political po er over the sovereign state and its subject peoples

Dominance in Architecture

23 2 1

( '

absolut

onarch Is a monarchical form of government in which the monarch exercises

%$

Consolidated absolut

onarch in France at the Height of his power

&

"I am the State" Louis XIV

Page 18

P w r

19

5.0 PALACE OF VERSAILLES

Figure 13. Palace of Versailles The site began as Louis XIII s hunting lodge before his son Louis XIV transformed and expanded it, moving the court and government of France to Versailles in 1682. Each of the three French kings who lived there until the French Revolution added improvement to make it more beautiful. s The Hall of Mirrors, the King s Grand Apartments, the Museum of the History of France. The Chteau de Versailles, the seat of power until 1789, has continued to unfurl its splendour over the course of centuries. At first it was just a humble hunting lodge built by Louis XIII. But Louis XIV chose the site to build the palace we know today, the symbol of royal absolutism and embodiment of classical French art.

In the 1670s Louis XIV built the Grand Apartments of the King and Quee who s most emblematic n, achievement is the Hall of Mirrors designed by Mansart, where the king put on his most ostentatious display of royal power in order to impress visitors. The Chapel and Opera were built in the next century under Louis XV.

The chteau lost its standing as the official seat of power in 1789 but acquired a new role in the 19th century as the Museum of the History of France, which was founded at the behest of Louis-Philippe, who ascended to the throne in 1830. That is when many of the chteau s rooms were taken over to house the new collections, which were added to until the early 20th century, tracing milestones in French history.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 19

P
5.1 Layout of the Palace of Versailles

P w r

20

Figure 14. Layout of the Palace of Versailles The palace itself is massive to induce the sense where the king stands in great power of the people The scale is to dictate the rule of the king is absolute and to showcase his realm in where he resides so his personal splendours

Dominance in Architecture

Page 20

P
5.2 Hall of Mirrors

P w r

21

Figure 15. Louis XIV Hall of Mirror, Palace of Versailles Is the central gallery of the Palace of Versailles and is renowned as being one of the most famous rooms in the world. As the principal and most remarkable feature of KingLouis XIV of France s third building campaign of the Palace of Versailles , construction of the Hall of Mirrors began in 1678. To provide for the Hall of Mirrors as well as the salon de la guerre and the salon de la paix, which connect the grand appartement du roiwith the grand appartement de la reine, architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart appropriated three rooms from each apartment as well as the terrace that separated the two apartments. The principal feature of this famous hall is the seventeen mirror-clad arches that reflect the seventeen arcaded windows that overlook the gardens. Each arch contains twenty-one mirrors with a total complement of 357 used in the decoration of the galerie des glaces. The arches themselves are fixed between marble pilasters whose capitals depict the symbols of France. These gilded bronze capitals include the fleurde-lys and the Gallic cockerel or rooster. -

Dominance in Architecture

Page 21

P w r

22

Figure 16. Reception of the Doge of Genoa, 15 May 1685 by Claude-Guy Hall. In this painting we see some of Louis XIV's silver furniture, including his silver throne The present decorative schema represents the last of three that were presented to Louis XIV. The original decorative plan was to have depicted the exploits of Apollo, being consistent with the imagery associated with the Sun-King, Louis XIV

Dominance in Architecture

Page 22

P
5.3 Garden of Versailles

P w r

23

Figure 17. Painting Depicting the Garden of Versa illes and its glory Occupy part of what was once the Domaine royal de Versailles, the royal demesne of the chateau of Versailles. Situated to the west of the palace, the gardens cover some 800 hectares of land, much of which is landscaped in the classic Garden style perfected here by Andre Le Notre. Beyond the surrounding belt of woodland, the gardens are bordered by the urban areas of Versailles to the east and Le Chesnay to the north-east, by the National Arboretum de Chevreloup to the north, the Versailles plain to the west, and by the Satory Forest to the south.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 23

P w r

24

Figure 18. Painting of the Fountain of Apollo Facing the sun kings room Fountains were built to demonstrate the King Louis s power of nature

Figure 19. The statue of Apollo seen as if it were rising from the water Known as the Sun king focuses himself and positions the statue of the Greek Sun God Apollo to show his ascending to the King

Dominance in Architecture

Page 24

Palaces Of Power

25

6.0 CONCLUSION
Finally, after discovering and analyzing the works of the characteristics of the people who resided in these majestic structures, we can say that they have manage to showcase their reign of dominance via the architecture in which they occupy in terms of showing their wealth, social standing in terms of their power and the ideal of absolute ruling they have towards their respected nations or kingdoms. We also went through examples whereby they made excellent use of exaggeration in terms of size, material play, decor and the outer exterior such as gardens and also the ornamentation do depict themselves either by sheer power of ruling or the acceptance as a part of remembrance. but, as we have witnessed through how the Sun King Depicts himself by using and placing his room parallel to the statue of Apollo the Greek god of the sun rising from the waters of the fountain. So to conclude, we can indeed say that in architecture we can see how this sense of power of dominance can be show by utilizing certain elements that embodies a certain meaning.

Dominance in Architecture

Page 25

Palaces Of Power

26

7.0 REFERENCES
JOURNAL B OOKS
Ashley, Maurice P. Lou s XIV And Th At Versailles: The Hall of Mirrors, almost good as new by Alan Riding, NY T m s , June 26, 2007 Beik, William. Lou s XIV and Abso u sm: A B S ud w h o um n s (2000)

Campbell, Peter Robert. Lou s XIV 1661 1715 (London, 1993)

Robinson, John Martin (1999). Bu k ngham a a . Published by The Royal Collection, St. James's Palace, London

INTERNET
Douglass. Sara (2006) Buckingham House (Palace) in the Eighteenth Centuryhttp: www.gardenhistoryinfo.com gardenpages buckhouse1763.html The Royal Household (2010 11) 40 facts about Buckingham Palacehttp: www.royal.gov.uk LatestNewsandDiary Factfiles 40factsaboutBuckinghamPalace.aspx J EAN-JACQUES AILLAGON (2010 11)G ARDENS AND P ARK OF THE C HTEAU http: en.chateauversailles.fr gardens-and-park-of-the-chateau-

Dominance in Architecture

Page 26

@9 7

Kimball, Fiske (March 1940). "Mansart and LeBrun and the Genesis of the Grand Galerie de Versailles". Th A Bu n (The Art Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 1)

7D

D@ C H

7C D G

6C

79 @C7@6 C9

Jones, Nigel R. (2005). A h

o Eng and S o and and Wa s. Greenwood Publishing Group.

7 @

@6

77

Blaikie, Thomas (2002). You ook aw u Harper Collins.

h Qu

n: W and W sdom om h Hous o W ndso . London:

97

7 @ 7 6D EDD B

7 @

I I

7 9 87 @

Berger, R. W. In h 1985).

a d ns o h Sun K ng: S ud s on h

a k o V sa

7 6

7 D D6 9 7 9 G7 @ 76 @ 6 B @ 7 C F @6 E @ 769 B

7C 9 A 7 @ 798 7 B
a n ss F an

(1965)

6@ D

s Und

Lou s XIV. (Washington,

II

II

II

6 @ 7D D

Palaces Of Power

27

8.0 IMAGE REFERENCES

Figure 19 : Queen Victoria http: ashley110gs.edublogs.org files 2011 05 Queen_Victoria_29-1whphpi.jpg Figure 20 : Map Displaying Victoria s Dominions http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons 8 8c The-queens-dominions.jpg Figure 21 : The palace c. 1837 http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons b b9 Buckingham_Palace_engraved_by_J.Woods_after_Ha blot_Browne_%26_R.Garland_publ_1837_edited.jpg Figure 22 : Queen Victoria memorial statue http: www.oldukphotos.com graphics England%20Photos London,%20Buckingham%20Palace%20and%20th e%20Victoria%20Memorial%201950%27s.jpg Figure 23 : Statue of Queen Victoria http: images.travelpod.com users georgesg99 1.1242692100.queen-victoria-statue.jpg Figure 24 : Aerial View of the Location of Buckingham and the memorial http: wwwdelivery.superstock.com WI 223 1895 PreviewComp SuperStock_1895-42846.jpg Figure 25 : Crowds Gather Around the Memorial http: cdn.theatlantic.com static infocus royalwed042711 w13_77216INP.jpg Figure 26 : Buckingham Palace Balcony Minutes after the official announcement of Germany s unconditional surrender http: www.tampabay.com multimedia archive 00024 LIFE_BUCKINGHAM05270_24918c.jpg Figure 27 : The Queen's Breakfast Room http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons 1 13 Pynequeensbreakfastroombuckinghamhouse_edited.j pg Figure 28 : The Ballroom during a State Banquet http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons c c9 Louis_Haghe_The_New_Ballroom_1856.jpg Figure 29 : Piano Nobile of Buckingham Palace. http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia en 8 81 Plan_of_Buckingham_palace.gif

Dominance in Architecture

P P P

P P P

P P P

P PP

P P P P

P P P

P P

PP

PP PP PP PP PP PP PP PP PP PP

Page 27

Palaces Of Power
Figure 30 : King Louis XIV (Sun King) http: 2.bp.blogspot.com _PVinucQmdoo TN2oSWJmPrI AAAAAAAAAAM BCsCwy3qp6k s1600 louis.jpg Figure 31 : Palace of Versailles http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons 5 5c Palace_of_Versailles.jpg Figure 32 : Layout of the Palace of Versailles http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons 5 50 Versailles_Plan_Jean_Delagrive.jpg Figure 33 : Louis XIV Hall of Mirror, Palace of Versailles https: lh6.googleusercontent.com -sGNizVejV5M TWqg7shFFJI AAAAAAAAB o K8lQf-q8O-0 E5versailles2.jpg Figure 16 : Reception of the Doge of Genoa http: upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia commons 2/28/Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg Figure 34 : Painting Depicting the Garden of Versailles and its glory https://tedu556.wikispaces.com/file/view/Versailles%25203.jpg/31776677/Versailles%25203.jpg Figure 35 : Painting of the Fountain of Apollo Facing the Sun Kings room http://www.free-photos.biz/images/luxury/gold/versailles_palace_garden_c1860.jpg Figure 36 : The statue of Apollo seen as if it were rising from the water

28

http://i.images.cdn.fotopedia.com/horden-UB6eM0wWhQ0image/World_Heritage_Sites/Europe/Western_Europe/France/Palace_and_Park_of_Versailles/Palace_of_Ver sailles-Gardens_of_Versailles-image.jpg

Dominance in Architecture

Q R

Q Q Q

Q Q Q

QQ

QQ QQ QQ QQ

Page 28

Palaces Of Power

29

9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baecque, Antoine De. "From Royal Dignity to Republican Austerity: the Ritual for the Reception of Louis XVI in the French National Assembly (1789 1792)." Jou n a o od n H s o 1994 66(4): 671 696. JSTOR.org

SW

XS YbX

WW

Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1972) Qu

nV

o a: H

Life and Times 1819 1861, London: Hamish Hamilton

Dominance in Architecture

b WS W Y

TT

W Y

fWYYW X Y

WXS V f

W T TX S W

Price, Munro. Th oad om V s a ona h (2004) 425 pp. Amazon.com

s: Lou s XVI

An o n

and

Fa

e ec XS YbX

Longford, Elizabeth (1964) V

o a

I , London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson h F n h

S Wd

X S Yb X

WW

Hibbert, Christopher (2000) Qu

nV

o a: A

XY T Wc b WS W Y `S Y X T

aW U

Doyle, William (2002). Th

x o dHs o

o h F n h

vo u on. UK: Oxford University Press.

sona H s o , London: HarperCollins,

`S Y X

SW V

T S

S YX U `

c W

` bS

Page 29