Grade 9 science academic exam notes Observations are based on appearances Qualitative is based on common knowledge observations Quantitative

is based on specific numeric observations Inferences are based on past knowledge Variables: if x is given, then Y occurs Density: is the amount of mass in a certain unit volume of a substance. (Mass Ov er Volume) Solids, Liquids & Gases Physical Properties: are based on common knowledge observations of matter (state , colour, odour, taste, clarity, luster, form, texture etc.) Physical Change: alters only the form or state of a substance. The chemical comp osition does not change Chemical Change: causes reactants in the substance to change into different subs tances. They will have different physical and chemical properties than the react ants Chemical Properties: are based on the chemical composition of matter Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow Solid to Gas: Condensation Gas to Solid: Sublimation Liquid to Gas: evaporation/vaporization Gas to Liquid: condensation Liquid to Solid: Freezing/Solidification Solid to Liquid: Melting Matter The Particle Theory All matter is made up of particles All particles of the same substance are identical Particles are attracted to one another Space between the particles are large compared to the size of the actual particl e Particles are in constant motion Mixture: 2 or more types of particles Pure Substance: one type of particle Mechanical Mixtures: heterogeneous Solutions/Homogeneous Mixtures Suspensions: involving larger particles that may be separated Colloids: particles that are mixed but not dissolved & bend light (Jello) Compounds: combinations of different atoms Elements: made from one type of atom (anything from the Periodic Table of Elemen ts) Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of matter Protons: Have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus, are not able to leave Neutrons: have a neutral charge and are located in Nucleus, are not able to leav e Electrons: have a negative charge, and are located outside the Nucleus, are able to leave To calculate the number of neutrons, take atomic mass and subtract by atomic num ber In a neutral atom, electrons equal protons, equal atomic number The first orbit can only contain up to 8 electrons Dalton Theory: atoms of the same element are pure, atoms of different atoms are different, atoms cannot be chemically changed, compounds are made up of 2 or mor e elements Thomson: atoms are made up of 7 small particles, magnetic charged was introduced attracting or deflecting atoms, this is because of the negatively charged parti

cles called electrons (Rasin Muffin Diagram) positive was the muffin, negative w ere electrons Rutherford: concluded that like electrons repel each other. Atoms are made up of small dense positively charged centers. Centers are now named Nucleus . Electrons scatter outside the nucleus Bohr: electrons move in an orbit around the nucleus, paths or energy levels are located around different distances from the nucleus The Periodic Table Family 1, Alkali Metals: react when exposed to water and or air. Therefore store d in mineral oil to keep moisture away Family 2, Alkaline Metals: turn water to strong bases (like cleaning products) Families, 3-5 Transitional Metals: are not given specific names. They react in a friendly, sharing manner, with other elements to gain a stable outer orbit Noble Gases are un-reactive BUT they are excited by electricity or other energy Halogens are the most reactive of the non-metals: Chlorine damages lung tissue a nd nasal cavities Families are the columns in the periodic table of elements Periods are the rows in the periodic table of elements The number of electrons in an element carries in it s outer most orbital, and is k nown as the VALENCE electrons, it is the same ad the family number PHYSICS Like charges repel Opposite charges attract Neutral charges attract Components of Formula Units Formula Electric Current # of electrons per second Q=coulombs- C t=seconds- S I=current -A I= Q T Potential Difference energy change over quantity of change Q=coulombs- C V=voltage-V E= joules J V=E Q Resistance potential difference over current R=ohms ? V= voltage-V I= current-A R= V I Power Energy per unit of time P=watts-W E= joules-J t-seconds-S I= current-A V-voltage- V P=E T OR P= I xV Current (a charge in motion) is the rate at which charge passes by a point in th e circuit Positive charges loose electrons (atoms have a weak hold) Negative charges gain electrons (atoms have a strong hold) Electro statistic Series is used to determine which materials loose and gain ele ctrons Acetate, Glass, Wool, Fur/Hair, Ca, Mo, Ph, Silk, Zn, Al, Cotton, Wax, Ebonite,

Plastic/Polyethylene, C, Cu, Ni, Au ,Rubber Circuits Voltage (volts) Potential Difference Amperage (amps) Current Series Circuit ADD TO TOTAL OF BATTERY EQUAL Parallel Circuit EQUAL ADD

Particle Theory - all matter is made of particles - particles are attracted to each other; close far - particles always moving - spaces between particles are huge compared to their size - particles move faster at higher temperature - particles of same substance identical Observation: using senses/measuring devices to study the world around us. - Quantitative: info concerning amounts/measurements of substances being observe d. Ex: 5 snowflakes, 3 cm long each - Qualitative: describing only the nature of properties of the substance being o bserved. Ex: smooth, shiny paperclip made of metal Inference: an interpretation of observation based on prior knowledge/past experi ences. * IF / A = inference* Ex: A candle melts after being used / She is looking at the ground to find her p en. Physical Property: 5 senses, numbers, compressible, etc. Chemical Property: supports burning/exploding, how it reacts, etc. Physical Change: change of state/form Chemical Change: - colour change - odor produced - heat absorbed/released - light given off - new solid forms (precipitate) *characteristic physical property* Density: amount of mass in a certain unit volume of a substance. Ex: 23 g/mL Mass: amount of matter in a substance. Ex: 14 g Volume: amount of space a substance takes up. Ex: 2 L Metals: good conductors of electricity/heat, ductile, malleable Non-Metals: can t conduct electricity/heat, not malleable, no metallic luster Metalloids: have properties between both, semi conductors used in electronics (e x Silicon) Period: elements with the same number of orbits (outer rings) Family/Group: elements with the same number of valence electrons & reactivity *Family # = number of Valence Electrons* Valence Electron: electrons in outer orbit; determines family, reaction and chem ical properties Losers lose electrons = full outer orbit

#1 Alkali Metals: react when exposed to water/air stored in mineral oil to stop moisture #2 Alkaline Earth Metals: reactive but not as high degree as #1 * both families turn water into strong bases (ex: cleaning products) * Sharers share electrons = full outer orbit #3, #4, #5 share electrons Bullies steal electrons = full outer orbit #6 #7 Halogens: most reactive of non-metals Elite/Nobles full outer orbit #8 Noble Gases: non reactive but excited by electricity/energy (makes colours) Atomic #: protons Atomic Mass: protons + neutrons *heavy #, light #* - measured in Atomic Mass Units (AMU) Atomic # = Protons = Electrons Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons Neutrons = Atomic Mass Atomic # (Protons) Reactants NA + H2O = NAO + HO Products Charging by Temporary Induction 1)Ground neutral electroscope 2)Charge (-) or (+) & bring close to (but don t touch) electroscope. Electrons rep el down or attract up. Leaves are (-) or (+) & repel 3)Remove rod/strip. Electroscope goes back to being neutral. Charging by Contact (-) 1)Ground neutral electroscope 2)Charge (-) ebonite rod with fur, bring close to (but don t touch) electroscope. Electrons from top repel down, leaves become (-) & repel 3)Touch electroscope with (-) rod. Electrons from rod transfer to top b/c attrac ted to (+) 4)Remove rod. Electroscope is (-) , leaves repel Charging by Contact (+) 1)Ground neutral electroscope 2)Charge (+) acetate strip with silk, bring close to (but don t touch) electroscop e. Electrons attract to top, leaves become (+) & repel 3)Touch electroscope with (+) strip. Electrons from top transfer to strip b/c at tract to (+) 4)Remove strip. Electroscope is (+) , leaves repel Charging by Permanent Induction (-) Rod 1)Ground neutral electroscope 2)Charge (-) rod, bring close to (but don t touch) electroscope. Electrons repel d own, leaves become (-) & repel 3)Touch electroscope with your finger (ground). Electrons transfer from top to f inger. 4)Remove finger. Electroscope has (+) charge. 5)Remove rod. Electrons spread out, leaves are (+) & repel

Charging by Permanent Induction (+) Strip 1)Ground neutral electroscope 2)Charge (+) strip, bring close to (but don t touch) electroscope. Electrons attra ct up, leaves become (+) & repel 3)Touch electroscope with finger (ground). Electrons transfer from finger to top . 4)Remove finger. Electroscope has (-) charge. 5)Remove rod. Electrons spread out, leaves are (-) & repel 3 Ways to Create Static Electricity: Friction rub 2 objects together Opposite Induction not touching Opposite Contact touch object with another Same