ANDROID

ANDROID LOGO

Presented by
VIGNANS NIRULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE FOR WOMEN

AUTHOR-1 M.ANUSHA CSE-III Email:mallela.anu@gmail.com

AUTHOR-2 K.SOWJANYA CSE-III Email:sowji.72@gmail.com

CONTENTS
1.Introduction 2.Features 3.Architecture 4.Applications 5.Application framework 6.Libraries 7.Android Runtime 8.Open handset alliance 9.Licensing 10.Logo

ABSTRACT
Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was purchased by Google in 2005.Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated to develop and release Android to the world. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010, with a third quarter market share of 43.6%. Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 100,000 apps available for Android.Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from third party sites (except on AT&T, which disallows this). Developers write in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 78 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license. The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code

including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of

Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.

INTRODUCTION
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language.

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Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and WiFi (hardware dependent) Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent) Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE

FEATURES
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ANDROID ARCHITECTURE
The following diagram shows the major components of the Android operating system. Each section is described in more detail below.

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Application framework enabling reuse and replacement of components Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices Integrated browser based on the open source Web kit engine Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 specification (hardware acceleration optional) SQLite for structured data storage Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF) GSM Telephony (hardware dependent)

APPLICATIONS
Android will ship with a set of core applications including an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language.

APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers are free to take advantage of the device hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much, much more. Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user. Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including:

A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser The Content Manager thatenable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data A resource Manager providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files

The Notification manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar An Activity manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack

For more details and a walkthrough of an application, see the Note pad Tutorial.

LIBRARIES
Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below:

System C library - a BSDderived implementation of the standard C system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries - based on PacketVideo's OpenCORE; the libraries support playback and recording of many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG Surface Manager - manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications LibWebCore - a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL - the underlying 2D graphics engine

ANDROID RUNTIME
Android includes a libraries that provides functionality available libraries of the Java language. set of core most of the in the core programming

Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into the .dex format by the included "dx" tool. The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management.

3D libraries - an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer
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LINUX KERNEL
Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.

FreeType - bitmap and vector font rendering SQLite - a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications

ADVANTAGES
Google Android is open source software. In theory this means that the Google Android software platform will have a competitive advantage over other operating systems like Symbian, Microsoft mobile or Blackberry. There are a host of advantages that Googles Android will derive from being an open source software. Some of the advantages include: 1. The ability for anyone to customize the Google Android platform will open up the applications playing field to small and new players who lack the financial muscle to negotiate with wireless carriers like AT&T and Orange. The consumer will benefit from having a wide range of mobile applications to choose from since the monopoly will be broken by Google Android. 2. Although this will depend on the carrier, one will be able to customize a mobile phones using Google Android platform like never before, right down to the screen. Features like weather details, opening screen, live RSS feeds and even the icons on the opening screen will be able to be

customized.

3. In addition, as a result of many mobile phones carrying Google Android, companies will come up with such innovative products like the location aware services that will provide users with any information they might be in need of. This information could include knowing the location of a nearby convenience store or filling station. In addition the entertainment functionalities will be taken a notch higher by Google Android being able to offer online real time multiplayer games. However, Google Android is likely to experience some problems as well. These problems might include rejection of Google Android by carriers who charge a fee for some of the web based applications which

Google Android will enable mobile phone holders to access free of charge. Google Android mobile phone users have received a text message Trojan, the Trojan virus disguised as a normal media player, spread via SMS.ncrease Open Handset Alliance A consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices. Along with the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6. On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android Project, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.

Also, since Google Android is an open source platform driving all Android phones, it could significantly iKaspersky Lab said some of the the risk of hacking these devices. If this happens, then locking mobiles as a security.

LICENSING
With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software / open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)under an Apache License.

LOGOS
The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation. Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand

Guidelines

CONCLUSION
y Android is open to all industry, developers and users y Participating in many of the successful open source projects y Aims to be as easy to build for as the web y Google android is stepping into the next level of mobile internet