INTERNET RESOURCES

President's Office: www.presidencia.gob.mx Chamber of Deputies: www.diputados.gob.mx Senate: www.senado.gob.mx/ingles National Statistical Institute: www.inegi.gob.mx National Population Council: www.conapo.gob.mx Federal Electoral Institute: www.ife.org.mx

Wayne A. Cornelius and Jeffrey A. Weldon Public Opinion and Electoral Choices (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 29-47. James A. McCann and Chappell Lawson, "An Electorate Adrift? Public Opinion and the Quality of Democracy in Mexico,** Latin American Research Review, 38 no. 3., (2003): 60-81; and Francisco Flores-Madas and Chappell Lawson, "Mexican Democracy and Its Discontents," Review of Policy Research forthcoming, 2006.

505

C 3-47. e 15. See Victoria E. nRodriguez, Decentralization t in Mexico: From Reforma r Municipal to Solidaridad to a Nuevo Federalismo l (Boulder, CO: Westview, i 1997); and Peter M. Ward z and Victoria . Rodriguez, a Bringing the States Back In: t New Federalism and State i Government in Mexico o (Austin; Lyndon Baines nJohnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texasi Austin, 1999). 16. For a nrecent discussion of mixedmember electoral systems in Lgeneral, and comparisons a between Mexico's electoral t regime with similar systems, i see Mixed-Member nElectoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Matthew ASoberg Shugart and Martin P. mWattenberg, eds. (Oxford: e Oxford University Press, r 2001). i 17. See Jeffrey A. Weldon, c "Political Sources of a Presidencialismo in ( C a m b r i d g 18. e : C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r 19. s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 6 ) , 8 , 1 4 Mexico,** in Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 225-58. For a conventional interpretation of the powers of the Mexican president, see Luis Javier Garrido, "The Crisis of Presidencialismo," in Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith, eds., Mexico's Alternative Political Futures (La Jolla: Center for U.S.Mexican Studies, University of California-San Diego, 1989), 417-34. The purported rationale for this principle, applied to the president in the 1917 Constitution and extended to members of Congress in 1933, was to ensure freedom from selfperpetuating, dictatorial rule in the Porfirio Daz style. However, the real reason for prohibiting the consecutive reelection of deputies and senators was probably to cut the ties between local political bosses and their federal legislators, at a time that the ruling party was seeking greater centralization of

6.

McCann and Lawson, "An Electorate Adrift? **; and Jorge I. Domnguez and Chappell Lawson, eds., Mexico's Pivotal Democratic Election (Stanford and La Jolla: Stanford University Press/Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California-San Diego, 2003).

Constitutional reforms are very common in Mexican law because regular statutory reforms or new policy programs frequently require constitutional sanction before they can be 14. enacted. Therefore, constitutional reforms in Mexico are not only questions of basic structural or political reform, but also matters of public policy.

7.

8.

See Alan Knight, "Historical Continuities in Social Movements,** in Joe Fowcraker and Ann L. Craig, eds., Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990), 78-102; Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime: Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitn, Mexico (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997); and Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd Eisenstadt, and Jane Hindley, eds., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California-San Diego, 1999). Alberto DiazCayeros, Federalism, Fiscal Authority, and

authority. 2 37. 38. 0. 2 1.

2 2. 2 3.

2 4.

2 5. 2 6. 2 7.

2 8. 2 9.

3 0.

3 1. 3 2.

3 3.

3 4.

3 5.

3 6.

See Weldon, "The Political Sources of Presidencialismo in Mexico." Miguel Angel Centeno, Democracy Within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico, 2nd ed. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 112. Centeno, Democracy Within Reason. David A. Shirk, Mexico's New Politics: The PAN and Democratic Change (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), 191-94. Unpublished data from Roderic A. Camp. See also Roderic A. Camp, "Family Relationships in Mexican Politics," Journal of Politics 44 (August 1982): 848-62; and Peter H. Smith, Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 30710. Shirk, Mexico's New Politics, 181. Lorenzo Meyer, "La Democracia Poltica: Esperando a Godot"Nexos 100 (April 1986): 42. Joseph L. Klesner, "Electoral Competition and the New Party System in Mexico," Latin American Politics and Society, 47, no. 2 (2005): 10342; and Klesner, "Social and Regional Factors in the 2006 Presidential Election" (unpublished paper, Dept. of Political Science, Kenyon College, August 2006). Alejandro Moreno, El votante mexicano (Mxico, DF: Fondo de Cultura Econmica, 2003). As Joseph Klesner has shown, both the PAN and the PRD now exhibit catch-all characteristics, driven by the dealignment of the electorate from the PRI and the desire of its rivals to broaden their constituencies by capturing PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari was credited with 50.74 percent of the valid votes cast. However, if the 695,042 "spoiled" ballots and 14,333 votes cast for nonregistered presidential candidates are included in the calculation, Salinas won by a plurality of only 48.7 percent. This percentage represents an undercount, since the census identifies as Indians only people over age 50. Indians of all ages constitute an estimated 15 percent of the total population. Peter H. Smith, "The Making of the Mexican Constitution," in William O. Aydelotte, ed.,

th Blue States and Yellow es States: Preliminary Findings e From the Mexico 2006 Panel "d Study" (unpublished paper, el Dept. of Political Science, in Massachusetts Institute of k Technology, 27 July, 2006). e Centeno, Democracy Within d" Reason, 194. v A wealth of statistical data ot demonstrating these trends er can be found in Enrique s. Dussel Peters, Polarizing K Development: The Impact of le Liberalization Strategy sn (Boulder, CO: Lynne er Rienner, 2000). , " Carlos Elizondo, "In Search El of Revenue: Tax Reform in Under the ec Mexico Administrations of to ra Echeverra and Salinas," l Journal of Latin American C Studies 26, no. 1, (February o 1994): 159-90. m Guillermo Zepeda Lecuona, p "Criminal Investigation and et the Subversion of the iti Principles of the Justice o System in Mexico," in n Wayne A. Cornelius and a David A. Shirk, eds., the n Reforming Administration of Justice in d th Mexico (Notre Dame, IN: e University of Notre Dame N Press, 1997). e Sara Schatz, "A Neow Weberian Approach to P Constitutional Courts in the ar Transition From ty Authoritarian Rule: The S Mexican Case, 1994-1997," ys International Journal of the te Sociology of Law 26 (1998): m 217-44. Andrs Villarreal, ." "Structural Determinants of C Homicide in Mexico" (paper h presented at the annual a meeting of the American p Sociological Association, 5 p January, 1999). el Zepeda Lecuona, "Criminal l Investigation." Regarding the L 2006 election, see Luis a Estrada and Alejandro Poire, w "La Evidencia del Fraude** so Reforma, 13 August, 2006 n, " (Enfoque supplement), 1213. The History of Parliamentary Behavior (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 219. Quoted in Denise Dresser, "Five Scenarios for Mexico," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 3 (July 1994): 57. The actual extent of irregularities in the 1988 presidential vote will never be determined. Within a few hours after the polls closed, with early returns showing Cardenas ahead by a significant margin, top authorities ordered the computerized count to be suspended. When results for a majority of the country's polling places were announced six days later, Salinas had won.

There is no corroborating evidence from exit surveys of voters, because the government denied permission for such surveys in 1988. The PRI-controlled Congress later ordered the ballots stored in its basement to be burned, thereby eliminating any possibility of challenging the election outcome. Study of the partial, publicly released results and preelection polling data has led most analysts to conclude that Salinas probably did win but that his margin of victory over Crdenas was much smaller than the 19-point spread indicated by the official results. 9. According to statistics of the IFE, Zedillo won 50.18 percent of the valid votes (i.e., excluding "spoiled" ballots and write-in votes cast for unregistered candidates). However, if the calculation is based on total votes cast (including those annulled by electoral authorities), his share of the vote declines to 48.77 percent. 10.Jeffrey S. Passel, "The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S." (Research Report, Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, DC, 7 March, 2006). 11.See Roderic A. Camp, Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America (Pittsburgh, PA.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001). 12.For illustrative survey data from the early 1990s, see Jorge I. Domnguez and James A. McCann, Democrafijsing Mexico: University Press and Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California-San Diego, 2003. Dominguez, Jorge I., James A. McCann, and Alejandro Poir, eds. Toward Mexico's Democratization: Parties, Campaigns, Elections, and Public Opinion. New York: Rout ledge, 1999. Eisenstadt, Todd A. Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Knight, Alan. The Mexican Revolution, 2 vols. Lincoln: University of

Nebraska Press, 1990. Krauze, Enrique. Mexico Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1996. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Lawson, Chappell. Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of a Free Press in Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Levy, Daniel C, Kathleen Bruhn, and Emilio Zebada. Mexico: The Struggle for Democratic Development. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. MacLeod, Dag. Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004. Magaloni, Beatriz, Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Peschard-Sverdrup, Armand B., and Sara R. Rioff, eds. Mexican Governance; From Single-Party Rule to Divided Government Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studie, 2005. Rodriguez, Victoria E., ed. Women's Participation in Mexican Political Life. Boulder, CO: West view, 1998. Rubin, Jeffrey. Decentering the Regime: Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Inch it an, Mexico. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997. Shirk, David A. Mexico's New Polities: The PAN and Democratic Change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. Smith, Peter H. Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979. Snyder, Richard. Politics After Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ward, Peter M. Mexico City, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.

Ward, Peter M., and Victoria . Rodriguez. Bringing the States Back In: New Federalism and State Government in

Mexico. Austin: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas-Austin, 1999.

Babb, Sarah. Managing Mexico: Economists From Nationalism to Neoliberalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. Bruhn, Kathleen. Taking on Goliath: Mexico's Party of the Democratic Revolution. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. Camp, Roderic A. Generals in the Palacio: The Military in Modern Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. . Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Mexicos Mandarins: Crafting a Power Elite for the TwentyFirst Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Centeno, Miguel Angel. Democracy Within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico, 2nd ed. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. Chambers, Edward J., and Peter H. Smith, eds. NAFTA in the New Millennium. La Jolla and Edmonton: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California-San Diego and University of Alberta Press, 2002.

Chand, Vikram K. Mexico's Political Awakening. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001. Cornelius, Wayne A. et al., eds. Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico. La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California-San Diego, 1999. Cornelius, Wayne A., and Jessa M. Lewis, eds. Impacts of Border Enforcement on Mexican Migration: The View From Sending Communities. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. Cornelius, Wayne A., and David A. Shirk, eds., Reforming the Administration of Justice in Mexico. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007. Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto. Federalism, Fiscal Authority, and Centralization in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Domnguez, Jorge I., and James A. McCann. Democratizing Mexico: Public Opinion and Elections. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Domnguez, Jorge I., and Chappell Lawson, eds. Mexico's Pivotal Democratic Election. Stanford, CA and La Jolla: Stanford