Physiology III. Physiology of the digestive apparatus 1. Morphological and functional characteristics of the digestive apparatus 2. Digestion a.

Mechanical and physical phenomena along digestion b. Chemical transformation of food along digestion c. Regulation of the digestive processes 3. Absorption of the nutrients 4. Gastrointestinal hormones IV. Physiology of the endocrine glands 1. Morpho-functional characteristics of the endocrine glands a. The concept of hormone b. Synthesis, transport, mechanism of action and inactivation of hormones c. Mechanisms of the hormone secretion regulation d. Morpho-functional characteristics of the neuro-endocrine transducers 2. Endocrine role of the hypothalamus 3. Physiology of adenohypophysis 4. Physiology of neurohypophysis 5. Physiology of thyroid gland 6. Physiology of the parathyroid glands 7. Physiology of the adreno-cortical glands 6. Physiology of the adreno-medular glands 7. Physiology of the gonads 8. Physiology of endocrine pancreas 9. Physiology of the epiphysis 10.Physiology of endocrine thymus V. Physiology of the central nervous system 1. Morpho-functional organization of CNS a. Reflex center function of the spinal cord b. Reflex center function of the medulla oblongata c. Reflex center function of the pons d. Reflex center function of the mesencephalon e. Physiology of the diencephalon f.Physiology of the reticular formation 2. Physiology of the afferent systems a. Physiology of mechanoreceptors b. Physiology of the visual receptor c. Physiology of the auditoy receptor d. Physiology of the vestibular receptor e. Physiology of the olfactory receptor f. Physiology of the taste receptor g. Physiology of the conduction pathways h. Physiology of somatosensorial cortical areas 3. Phsyiology of the efferent systems a. Physiology of the pyramidal system b. Physiology of the extrapyramidal system

Medical Genetics Department CURRICULA MG2.2.4 Medical Genetics LECTURES (28 hours) 1. Human Genetics and its role in medicine. Human Genetics content. Genetics science of heredity and variability. Human Genetics fundamental and applicative science. Human, heredity and environment. Genetic and biologic individuality (unicity) of every human. Determinism of phenotypical traits. Genotype- phenotype- environment relationship. Genetics central dogma (2 hours); 2. DNA structure and organization inside the cell. DNA molecular substrate of heredity. DNA structure. Primary and secondary structure of DNA. Particularities of DNA structure in eukaryotes. Nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA (2 hours); 3. Gene structure, localization and identification. Classical theory on gene structure. Locus. Allelic genes. Poliallely. Gene linkage. Gene recombination. Theoretical and practical importance of gene linkage and recombination. Actual theory on gene structure. Discontinuous structure of genes encoding proteins. Types of genes. Mobile genetic elements. Gene isolation, cloning and analysis. Recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes. Complementary DNA. Nucleic acids analysis. Principles of molecular hybridization. DNA probes. Southern and Northern blot. PCR. Gene localization principles of gene cartography (3 hours); 4. Genetic information expression (gene function). Classic theory on gene function. Relationship one gene one trait. Pleiotropy and polygeny. Genetic heterogeneity (allelic and locus). Actual theory on gene function. Relationship one gene one polypeptide and its variants. Transcription: precursor mRNA synthesis, splicing/ pre mRNA processing. Genetic code and translation: genetic code, translation apparatus, translation process. Main mechanisms of gene expression regulation (2.5 hours); 5. Transmission of genetic information. DNA replication. Molecular mechanism of DNA replication. Particularities of DNA replication in eukaryotes. Self-repairing replication. Monogenic trait inheritance. Variable phenotypic expression: penetrance, variable expressivity, new mutations. Genetic heterogeneity. Phenocopies. Non-mendelian inheritance. Mitochondrial heredity. Genomic imprinting. Uniparental disomy. Mosaicism and chimerism. Anticipation. Poligenic/ multifactorial inheritance. Poligenic heredity and continuous (Gauss) distribution in population. Multifactorial heredity models (3 hours); 6. Genetic variability. Definition. Sources. Mutations: definition, classification. Genetic recombination. Migrations. Gene mutations. Spontaneous and induced mutations. Mutation rate. Mutation molecular basis. Dinamic mutations (triplet expansions). Phenotypical consequences of gene mutations (2 hours); 7. General data on genetic pathology Heredity environment interaction in the determinism of genetic disorders. Genetic individuality and reactions to the environment. Ecogenetics. Pharmacogenetics. Genetic thinking in the phisician patient relationship. Genetic disorders. Definition. Etio pathogeny. Classification and frequency. General characteristics of genetic disorders. Diagnosis of genetic disorders Genetic examination; Family history; Chromosomal abnormalities. Consequences of chromosomal abnormalities. Reproduction failure due to chromosomal abnormalities: sterility, miscarriages, stillborn infants. Monogenic disorders. General characteristics. Frequency. Autosomal dominant disorders. Autosomal recessive disorders. X-linked disorders.

Molecular disorders. Pathogeny. Main types. Hemoglobinopathies. Metabolic disorders. Receptor defects. Membrane transport deficits. Structural proteins defects. Colagen disorders. Defects in hormonal synthesis. Multifactorial disorders. General characteristics. Pathogeny. Susceptibility genes. Classification. Recurrence risk. Common disorders of adulthood: Coronary disease; Diabetes; Peptic ulcer; HTA; Schizophreny; Obesity; Genetics of development> Birth defects. Classification and general characteristics: malformations, disruptions, deformations, dysplasia. Genetic causes of birth defects. Nongenetic causes of birth defects.Teratogenesis. Prophilaxis. Intersexual states. Normal sexual development. Abnormal sexual determinism. Male and female pseudo- hermaphroditism. Management of intersexual states. Cancer genetics. Genetic nature of cancer. Familial cancer. Chromosomes and cancer. Oncogenes. Tumour supressor genes. Other genes involved in cancer. General mechanism of cancer determinism. Genetic predisposition to cancer. Profilaxis of genetic disorders. Genetic counselling. Prenatal diagnosis. Genetic screening. Neonatal screening. Heterozygote identification. Presimptomatic diagnosis. Treatment of genetic disorders. Principles. Strategies. Gene therapy (13.5 hours).

Histology Discipline

MG2.2.3 Histology LECTURE (60 hours) 1. Histology definition; short history. Modern directions in the development and approach of histology as morphological science. Tissues general features, classification, functions. 2. Epithelial tissues general features, classification. Lining epithelia structure, electron microscopy. Intercellular junctions and specializations of the epithelial cells at the apical pole. 3. Glandular epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Histogenesis. Types of exocrine glands. Histophysiology of the secretory excretory process. 4. Connective tissue development, classification. Main components proper and migrated cells, connective tissue fibers, ground substance. 5. Varieties of connective tissue - structure, localizations, functions. 6. Cartilage types of cartilage : hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. Cartilage matrix and proper cells. Formation and development of the cartilage. Main types of growth of the cartilage. 7. Bone tissue structure, types of bone. Compact bone and spongy bone. Cells, fibers and ground substance of the bone tissue. Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Bone fracture and the process of bone repair. 8. Muscular tissue - general features, classification, development. Striated skeletal muscle structure; molecular mechanism of the muscular contraction. 9. Cardiac muscle characteristic features of structure and electron microscopy. The specialised muscle fibers of the conducting system of the heart. Smooth muscle localization, general organization and morpho- functional specializations. 10. Nervous tissue structure, functions. Neurons or nervous cells classification, structure. The synapse types; molecular mechanism of the synapse. Histophysiology of the generation and conduction of nerve impulses. 11. Schwann cells and the mechanism of myelination. Neuroglial cells types and functions. Nervous ganglia. 12. cerebral cortex. Cerebellar cortex. Spinal cord. Meninges and choroid plexus.

13. Blood : plasma, formed elements of the blood. 14. Prenatal and postnatal hemopoiesis. Red bone marrow. 15. Cardiovascular system general structure of the heart. Blood and lymphatic vascular system structure of the wall. 16. Immune system. Receptors and characteristic markers. Diffuse and dense lymphoid tissue. Histogenesis of the lymphatic organs. Thymus structure and functions. Blood thymus barrier. 17. Immune response. Splin. Tonsils. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. 18. Endocrine glands: organization of the endocrine cells. Types of hormones according to the chemical nature; hormonal receptors. Hypophysis histogenesis, structure, secretion. 19. Endocrine glands: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland. Histogenesis, structure, secretion. 20. Digestive system histogenesis. Oral cavity: lips, tongue, oral mucosa, teeth. 21. Digestive system general organization. Pharynx, esophagus, stomach. 22. Digestive system small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum. Histophysiology of digestion.
23. Glands of the digestive system: liver, pancreas, gall bladder, major and minor salivary glands. 24. Respiratory system histogenesis. Extrapulmonary airways : nasal cavities, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, extrapulmonary bronchi. Intrapulmonary airways : intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles and the respiratory portion of the lungs. Blood gas barrier. The pleura. 25. Excretory system histogenesis. Kidney - structure, electron microscopy, histophysiology of excretion. Excretory passages. 26. Female reproductive system histogenesis. Ovary general organization; types of ovarian follicles; ovulation process; ovogenesis. Formation and degeneration of the corpus luteum. The regulation of the ovogenesis and the ovarian hormonal secretion. Uterine tubes. 27. Female reproductive system Uterus: structure of the wall; menstrual cycle. External genital organs. Placenta structure, development. Fertilization, implantation. The circulation of the placenta. Mammary glands: structure; resting and active mammmary glands. 28. Male reproductive system. Testis structure and function of the seminiferous tubules. Regulation of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells. Interstitial cells of Leydig. Genital ducts. A ccessory genital glands. Penis. 29. Skin and its attached structures. Nerve endings of the skin. Functions of the skin. 30. Special senses. Eye. Ear.