21.

To Do or Make / Faire

Faire - to do, make /f/ Present tense fais fais fait /f/ /f/ /f/ faisons /fz / faites font /ft/ /f / Past tense (imperfect) faisais /fz/ faisais /fz/ faisait /fz/ faisions faisiez /fzj / /fzje/ Future tense ferai /f/ feras /fa/ fera /fa/ ferons /f / ferez /fe/ feront /f /

faisaient /fz/

Another past tense (pass compos) uses the present tense forms of avoir plus the past participle of faire: fait. J'ai fait translates as I did/made whereas je faisais translates as I was doing/making, I used to do/make (continuous action in the past). Faire is used in expressions of weather (il fait beau) and many other idiomatic expressions: faire de (a sport) - to play (a sport) faire le sourd / l'innocent - to act deaf / innocent faire le (subject in school) - to do / study (subject) faire le mnage - to do the housework faire la cuisine - to do the cooking faire la lessive - to do laundry faire la vaisselle - to do the dishes faire une promenade - to take a walk faire un voyage - to take a trip faire les courses - to go (grocery) shopping faire des achats - to go shopping faire de l'exercice - to exercise faire attention - to pay attention faire la queue - to stand in line

22. Work & School / Le Travail & L'Ecole Masculine actor / actress singer architect accountant judge business person l'acteur le chanteur l'architecte le comptable le juge l'homme d'affaires /akt/ /t / /aitkt/ /k tabl/ /y/ /m daf/ Feminine l'actrice la chanteuse l'architecte la comptable la juge la femme d'affaires /aktis/ /tz/ /aitkt/ /k tabl/ /y/ /fam daf/

baker hair dresser computer programmer secretary electrician mechanic cook salesperson fire fighter plumber librarian police officer reporter blue-collar worker banker lawyer postal worker carpenter engineer doctor nurse pharmacist psychologist dentist veterinarian taxi driver writer

le boulanger le coiffeur le programmeur le secrtaire l'lectricien le mcanicien le cuisinier le vendeur le pompier le plombier

/bule/ /kwaf/ /pgam/ /sket/ /elktisj / /mekanisj / /kizinje/ /vd / /p pje/ /pl bje/

la boulangre la coiffeuse la programmeuse la secrtaire l'lectricienne la cuisinire la vendeuse la pompier la plombier

/bul/ /kwafz/ /pgamz/ /sket/ /elktisjn/ /kizinj/ /vdz/ /p pje/ /pl bje/

la mcanicienne /mekanisjn/

le bibliothcaire /biblijtek/ l'agent de police /a d p lis/ le journaliste l'ouvrier le banquier l'avocat le facteur le charpentier l'ingnieur le mdecin l'infirmier le pharmacien le psychologue le dentiste le vtrinaire /unalist/ /uvije/ /bkje/ /avka/ /fakt/ /aptje/ /enj/ /mds / / mje/ fi /famasj / /psiklg/ /dtist/ /vetein/

la bibliothcaire /biblijtek/ l'agent de police /a d p lis/ la journaliste l'ouvrire la banquire l'avocate la factrice la charpentire l'ingnieure la mdecin l'infirmire la psychologue la dentiste la vtrinaire la chauffeur de taxi l'crivaine l'institutrice la professeur l'tudiante la stagiaire /unalist/ /uvij/ /bkj / /avkat/ /faktis/ /aptj / /enj/ /mds / / mj/ fi /psiklg/ /dtist/ /vetein/ /of d taksi/ /ekivn/ / stityt is/ /pfes/ /etydjt/ /staj/

la pharmacienne /famasjn/

le chauffeur de /of d taksi/ taxi l'crivain /ekiv / / stityt / /pfes/ /etydj/ /staj/

teacher (primary l'instituteur school) teacher / professor student intern le professeur l'tudiant le stagiaire

retired person

le retrait

/tete/

la retraite

/tete/

Notice that some professions are always masculine, even if the person is a woman. There are also words that are always feminine (such as la victime) even if the person is a man. School Subjects / Les Matieres Math Algebra Calculus Geometry Accounting Economics Foreign Languages Linguistics Literature Philosophy Psychology Political Science History les /matematik/ mathmatiques l'algbre le calcul la gomtrie /alb/ /kalkyl/ /emeti/ /kms/ /sj zeknmik/ /lg viv t/ /l istik/ g /liteaty/ /filzfi/ /psikli/ Geography Physics Biology Chemistry Zoology Botany Art Music Dance Drawing Painting Computer Science la gographie la physique la biologie la chimie la zoologie la botanique les artsplastiques la musique la danse le dessin la peinture /egafi/ /fizik/ /bjli/ /imi/ /zli/ /btanik/ /a plastik/ /myzik/ /ds/ /des / /p / ty

Business/Trade le commerce les sciences conomiques les langues vivantes la linguistique la littrature la philosophie la psychologie les sciences politiques l'histoire (f)

la comptabilit /k tabilite/

l'informatique / matik/ f

/sjs p litik/ Technology la technologie /tknli/ /istwa/ Physical Education l'ducation physique (f) /edykasj fizik/

Notice that you do not use an indefinite article before professions, unless they are preceded by an adjective. Qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie ? What do you do for a living? Je suis avocate. I am a lawyer. (fem.) Je suis professeur. I am a professor. Je suis tudiant. I am a student (masc.) O est-ce que vous faites vos tudes ? Where do you study? Je vais l'universit de Michigan. I go to the university of Michigan. Je fais mes tudes l'universit de Toronto. I study at the University of Toronto. Qu'est-ce que vous tudiez ? What do you study? Quelles matires tudiez-vous ? What subjects do you study?

J'tudie les langues trangres et la linguistique. I study foreign languages and linguistics. Je fais des mathmatiques. I study/do math. Ma spcialisation est la biologie. My major is biology. Slang words/abbreviations for school: dictionary paper / essay college / faculty quiz un dico une disserte la fac une interro tre coll(e) to have detention avoir une colle 23. Prepositions & Contractions at / to / in from / of / about at the house of in for by / through in front of behind before after up down on over / above under / below across from de chez dans / en pour par devant derrire avant aprs en haut en bas sur /a/ /d/ /e/ /d/ / / /pu/ /pa/ /dv/ /dj/ /av/ /ap/ /no/ /ba/ /sy/ during since / for among between around against toward through / across with without inside outside outside of because of according to pendant depuis parmi entre autour de contre vers / envers travers avec sans dedans / l'intrieur dehors / l'extrieur hors de / en dehors de cause de /pd / /dpi/ /pami/ /t / /otud/ /k / t /v/ /nv / /atav/ /avk/ /s/ /dd/ /al j/ te /d/ /alkstej/ /d/ /nd d/ /akozd/ /diko/ /dist/ /fak/ / / t /kle/ /kol/ student book to work to understand un potache un bouquin bosser piger /pota/ /buk / /bse/ /pie/

to skip (a class) scher (un cours) /see/

au-dessus de /odsyd/ sous / audessous de en face de /su/ /odsud/ /fasd/

selon / d'aprs /sl /dap / / /vi /

approximately environ

near far from

prs de loin de

/pd/ /lw d/

in spite of as for

malgr quant

/malge/ /kta/

You can also use dessus and dessous as adverbs to mean over it / on top of it and beneath it / underneath it, respectively. They are not followed by nouns or pronouns, unlike prepositions. Prepositional Contractions + le = au /o/ at / to / in the + les = aux /o/ at / to / in the (pl.) de + le = du /dy/ of / from / about the de + les = des /de/ of / from / about the (pl.) In: Dans vs. En Dans is used to show the time when an action will begin, while en shows the length of time an action takes. Je pars dans quinze minutes. I'm leaving in 15 minutes. Il peut lire ce livre en une demi-heure. He can read this book in a half hour. With: Avec vs. De vs. A vs. Chez Avec implies doing something or going along with someone; de is used in phrases of manner and in many idiomatic expressions; is used when referring to someone's attributes; and chez is used to mean "as far as (person) is concerned." To describe the way a person carries him/herself, no extra word is used. Je vais en France avec ma sur. I'm going to France with my sister. Elle me remercie d'un sourire. She thanks me with a smile. L'homme aux cheveux roux est trs grand. The man with the red hair is very tall. Chez cet enfant, tout est simple. With this child, everything is simple. Il marche, les mains dans les poches. He walks with his hands in his pockets.

24. Countries and Nationalities / Les pays et les nationalitEs Africa African Albania Albanian Algeria Algerian America American l'Afrique (f) africain/e l'Albanie (f) albanais/e l'Algrie (f) algrien/ne l'Amrique (f) amricain/e /afik/ /afik / n/ / /albani/ /alban/ /z/ /alei/ /alej / n/ / /ameik/ /ameik / n/ / Hebrew (lang.) Italy Italian Japan Japanese Korea Korean Latvia hbreu l'Italie (f) italien/ne le Japon japonais/e la Core coren/ne la Lettonie /eb/ /itali/ /italj / n/ / /ap / /apn/ /z/ /ke/ /ke / n/ / /letni/

/let / n/ / /litani/ /litanj / n/ / /lyksbu / / Australia l'Australie (f) /ostali/ Luxembourger luxembourgeois/e lyksbu wa/ /az/ Australian australien/ne /ostalj / n/ Macedonia / la Macdoine /masedwan/ Austria l'Autriche (f) /oti/ Macedonian macdonien/ne /masednj / n/ / Austrian autrichien/ne /otij , / n/ Malta / Malte (f) /malt/ Belgium la Belgique /blik/ Maltese maltais/e /malt/ /z/ Belgian belge /bl/ Morocco le Maroc /mak/ Bosnia la Bosnie /bsni/ Moroccan marocain/e /mak / n/ / Bosnian bosniaque /bsniak/ Netherlands les Pays-Bas /peib/ Brazil le Brsil /bezil/ Dutch nerlandais/e /neld / /z/ Brazilian brsilien/ne /bezilj / n/ Dutch (person) hollandais/e / /'l d / /z/ la NouvelleBulgaria la Bulgarie /bylgai/ New Zealand /nuvlzeld/ Zlande Bulgarian bulgare /bylga/ New Zealander no-zlandais/e /neozeld / /z/ Cambodia le Cambodge /kb d/ Norway la Norvge /nv/ Cambodian cambodgien/ne /kb dj / n/ Norwegian / norvgien/ne /nvej / n/ / Canada le Canada /kanada/ Poland la Pologne /pl/ Canadian canadien/ne /kanadj / n/ Polish / polonais/e /pln/ /z/ China la Chine /in/ Portugal le Portugal /ptygal/ Chinese chinois/e /inwa/ /az/ Portuguese portugais/e /ptyg/ /z/ Croatia la Croatie /kasi/ Quebec le Qubc /kebk/ Croatian croate /kat/ Quebecker qubcois/e /kebekwa/ /az/ Czech la Rpublique /epyblik tk/ Romania la Roumanie /umani/ Republic Tchque Czech tchque /tk/ Romanian roumain/e /um / n/ / Denmark le Danemark /danmak/ Russia la Russie /ysi/ Danish danois/e /danwa/ /az/ Russian russe /ys/ Egypt l'Egypte (f) /eipt/ Scotland l'Ecosse /eks/ Egyptian gyptien/e /eipsj / n/ Scottish / cossais/e /eks/ /z/ England l'Angleterre (f) /glt / Senegal le Sngal /senegal/ English anglais/e /gl / /z/ Senegalese sngalais/e /senegal/ /z/ Estonia l'Estonie /stni/ Serbia la Serbie /sbi/ Estonian estonien/ne /stonj / n/ Serbian / serbe /sb/ Europe l'Europe (f) /p/ Slovakia la Slovaquie /slvaki/ Argentina Argentine Asia Asian l'Argentine (f) argentin/e l'Asie (f) asiatique Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian Luxembourg letton/ne la Lituanie lituanien/ne le Luxembourg

/atin/ /at /in/ / /azi/ /azjatik/

European Finland Finnish France French Germany German Great Britain British Greece Greek Hungary Hungarian Iceland Icelandic India Indian Indonesia Indonesian Ireland Irishman Israel Israeli

europen/ne la Finlande finnois/e la France franais/e l'Allemagne (f) allemand/e la GrandeBretagne britannique la Grce grec / grecque la Hongrie hongrois/e l'Islande islandais/e l'Inde indien/ne l'Indonsie (f) indonsien/ne l'Irlande (f) irlandais/e l'Isral isralien/ne

/pe / n/ / /f d/ l /finwa/ /az/ /fs/ /fs / /z/ /alma/ /alm/ / d/ /gdb ta/ /bitanik/ /gs/ /gk/ /' i/ g /' wa/ /az/ g /isld/ /isld / /z/ / d/ / / n/ dj /

Slovak Slovenia Slovene Spain Spanish Sweden Swedish Switzerland

slovaque la Slovnie slovne l'Espagne (f) espagnol/e la Sude sudois/e la Suisse suisse le Tawan tawanais/e la Tunisie tunisien/ne la Turquie turc / turcque l'Ukraine ukrainien/ne la Royaume-Uni les Etats-Unis le Vietnam vietnamien/ne le Pays-de-Galles gallois/e

/slvak/ /slveni/ /slvn/ /spa/ /spal/ /sd/ /sedwa/ /az/ /sis/ /sis/ /tajwan/ /tajwan/ /z/ /tynizi/ /tynizj / n/ / /tyki/ /tyk/ /ykn/ /yknj / n/ / /wajomyni/ /etazyni/ /vitnam/ /vjtnamj / n/ / /peidgal/ /galw/ /z/

Swiss Taiwan Taiwanese Tunisia Tunisian Turkey Turk Ukraine Ukrainian United / nezi/ d Kingdom / nezj / n/ United States d / /ild/ Vietnam /ild / /z/ Vietnamese /isael/ Wales /isaelj / n/ Welsh /

The masculine forms of the nationalities are also used for the language. Adjectives of nationalities and languages are not capitalized in written French. The definite article is not used before a language when it follows the verb parler (to speak): Je parle anglais. Notice that French also uses hollandais when referring to Dutch people and sometimes the Dutch language, but this is not exactly correct (just as it is not correct to use Holland when referring to the Netherlands in English). Also notice that you do not use the definite article with Malte.

25. Negative Sentences To make sentences negative, simply put ne and pas around the verb. In spoken French, however, the ne is frequently omitted, but it cannot be omitted in written French. And when you are replying "yes" to a negative question, you use si and not oui (though in Quebec, it is perfectly fine to just use oui).

Je suis du Canada. I am from Canada. Je ne suis pas du Mexique. I am not from Mexico. Je suis franaise. I am French (feminine.) Je ne suis pas suisse. I am not Swiss. (masculine or feminine) Il est australien. He is Australian. Elle n'est pas danoise. She is not Danish. Elles sont des Etats-Unis. They are from the United States. Ils ne sont pas du Portugal. They are not from Portugal. Je parle chinois et japonais. I speak Chinese and Japanese. Je ne parle pas sudois. I don't speak Swedish. Vous n'tes pas du Brsil ? You aren't from Brazil? Si, nous sommes du Brsil. Yes, we are from Brazil.

26. To / In and From places, cities, and countries Places Masc. au du Fem. la de la Vowel l' de l' Plural aux des Cities de de d' aux des Countries au du en de en d' aux des

If the name of a country ends in-e, the gender is feminine. If it ends in anything else, it is masculine. All continents are feminine. The country exceptions are le Cambodge, le Mexique, le Zare, le Zimbabwe, and le Mozambique. Some cities have an article as well, such as La Nouvelle-Orlans (New Orleans). Je vais la boulangerie. I'm going to the bakery. Il vient de Londres. He comes from London. On va en France demain. We're going to France tomorrow. Tu viens du Mexique ? You come from Mexico? Prepositions with Regions, Provinces & States To / In From Feminine en de Islands de / d' Masc. w/ Vowel en / dans l' d' / de l' Masc. w/ Consonant au / dans le du In general, if a region, province or state ends in -e, it is feminine. Californie, Caroline du Nord / Sud, Floride, Gorgie, Louisiane, Pennsylvanie, and Virginie are the feminine American states; while Maine is masculine. For French rgions or dpartements that begin with Haut(e), the h is an aspirate h, and therefore, there is no elision with preceding words, i.e. de Haut-Rhin, la Haute-Normandie, etc.

Elles habitent en Californie. They live in California. Il est de Haute-Savoie. He is from Haute-Savoie. Ce fromage vient du Nord. This cheese comes from Nord. Je veux voyager dans le Texas. I want to travel in Texas.

27. To Come & to Go / Venir & Aller Past & Future conjugations of these verbs are not yet recorded. Venir-to come /vni/ Present viens viens vient /vj / /vj / /vj / venons venez /vn / /vne/ Past (Imperfect) venais /vn/ venait /vn/ venait /vn/ venions veniez /vnj / /vnje/ viendrai /vijnd/ viendras /vijnda/ viendra /vijnda/ Future viendrons /vijnd / viendrez /vijnde/ viendront /vijnd /

viennent /vijn/

venaient /vn/

Aller-to go /ale/ Present vais vas va /v/ /va/ /va/ allons /al / allez vont /ale/ /v / allais allait Past (Imperfect) j'allais /al/ /al/ /al/ allions alliez /alij / /alije/ iras ira /ia/ /ia/ Future j'irai /i/ irons /i / irez /ie/ iront /i /

allaient /al/

Other verbs that are conjugated like venir: tenir - to hold, devenir - to become, obtenir to get, revenir - to come back. Je viens des Etats-Unis. I come from the United States. Il tient un crayon. He's holding a pencil. Nous allons en Espagne. We're going to Spain. Tu ne vas pas au Brsil cet t. You're not going to Brazil this summer. Aller + an infinitive means "going to do something." Ils vont aller en Angleterre. They are going to go to England. Elle va parler russe. She's going to speak Russian. Je vais devenir professeur. I'm going to become a professor.

 Aller is also used idiomatically when talking about health. Comment vas-tu ? How are you? Je vais bien. I'm fine. Venir de + an infinitive means "to have just done something." Il vient d'aller en Finlande. He just went to Finland. Vous venez de manger une pomme. You just ate an apple.

28. Conjugating Regular Verbs in the Present Indicative Tense Verbs in French end in -er, -re, or -ir. The verb before it is conjugated is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters leaves you with the stem (aimer is the infinitive, aim- is the stem.) The present indicative tense indicates an ongoing action, general state, or habitual activity. Besides the simple present tense (I write, I run, I see); there are two other forms of the present tense in English: the progressive (I am writing, I am running, etc.) and the emphatic (I do write, I do run, etc.) However, these three English present tenses are all translated by the present indicative tense in French. To conjugate verbs in the present tense, use the stem and add the following endings. -er -e -es -e -ons -ez -ent -s -s -re -ons -ez -ent -is -is -it 1st -ir -issons -issez -issent 2nd -ir* -s -s -t -ons -ez -ent

Sample Regular Verbs in the Present tense aimer - to like, love aime aime /em/ aimons /em/ aiment finir - to finish finis finis finit /fini/ finissons /finis / /fini/ finissez /finise/ /fini/ finissent /finis/ pars pars part /em / /eme/ /em/ aimes /em/ aimez vendre - to sell vends /v/ vends /v/ vend /v/ vendons /vd / vendez /vde/ vendent /vd/

partir - to leave /pa/ partons /pat / /pa/ partez /pa/ partent /pate/ /pat/

Notice how several conjugations are pronounced the same. This is why you must use the subject pronouns in French. Regular verbs

-er aimer chanter chercher donner tudier fermer habiter jouer manger montrer parler penser travailler trouver /eme/ /te/ /e/ /dne/ /etydje/ /fme/ /abite/ /we/ /me/ /m e/ t /pale/ /pse/ /tavaje/ /tuve/ to like, love to sing to look for to begin to give to study to close to live to play to eat to show to speak to think to work to find btir finir choisir punir remplir obir () russir gurir vendre attendre entendre perdre descendre

-re /vd / /atd / /t d / /pd/ /dsd / 1st -ir /bti/ /fini/ /wazi/ /pyni/ /pli / /bei/ /eysi/ /gei/ to build to finish to choose to punish to fill to obey to succeed to cure, heal to sell to wait for to hear to lose to answer to go down

commencer /kmse/

rpondre () /ep / d

If a verb is followed by (like rpondre) you have to use the and any contractions after the conjugated verb. Ex: Je rponds au tlphone. I answer the phone. * The 2nd -ir verbs are considered irregular sometimes because there are only a few verbs which follow that pattern. Other verbs like partir are sortir /sti/ (to go out), dormir /dmi/ (to sleep), mentir /mti / (to lie), sentir /sti / (to smell, feel) and servir /svi/ (to serve.) You can also download a list of the 681 most common verbs in French (available in PDF format.)

29. Pronominal (Reflexive) Verbs These verbs are conjugated like normal verbs, but they require an extra pronoun before the verb. Most indicate a reflexive action but some are idiomatic and can't be translated literally. The pronouns are: me te se /m/ /t/ /s/ nous vous se /nu/ /vu/ /s/

Some Pronominal Verbs

s'amuser se lever se laver

/samyze/ /slve/ /slave/

to have fun to get up to wash (oneself) to hurry to comb to get dressed to get married to rest

se brosser

/sbse/

se maquiller /smakije/ se casser se rveiller se raser s'ennuyer /skase/ /seveje/ /sze/ /sn ije/

se dpcher /sdepee/ se peigner /spee/ s'habiller se marier se reposer /sabije/ /smaje/ /spoze/

to brush to put on makeup to break (arm, leg, etc.) to wake up to shave to get bored to take a walk to be interested in to train/practice to relax

se promener /spmne/ s'intresser /s ese a/ te /st ene/

se souvenir /ssuvni d/ de s'entendre /st d bj / bien se coucher /skue/

to remember s'entraner

to get along se dtendre /sdetd / well to go to bed

When used in the infinitive, such as after another verb, the reflexive pronoun agrees with the subject of the sentence. Je vais me coucher maintenant. I'm going to go to bed. Tu veux t'asseoir ? Do you want to sit down? Sample Irregular Pronominal Verb s'asseoir - to sit down /saswa/ je m'assieds /masj/ nous nous asseyons /nunuzasej / tu t'assieds /tytasj/ vous vous asseyez /vuvusaseje/ il s'assied /ilsasj/ ils s'asseyent /ilsasej/ 30. Irregularities in Regular Verbs 1. Verbs that end in -ger and -cer: The nous form of manger isn't mangons, but mangeons. The e has to stay so the g can retain the soft sound. The nous form of commencer isn't commencons, but commenons. The c must have the accent (called a cedilla) under it to make the c sound soft. manger-to eat /me/ mange /m/ mangeons /m / commencer-to begin /kmse/ commence /kms/ commenons /kms /

manges /m/ mange /m/

mangez mangent

/me/ /m/

commences /kms/ commence /kms/

commencez

/kmse/

commencent /kms/

2. Verbs that add or change to an accent grave: Some verbs add or change to an accent grave () in all the forms except the nous and vous. acheter-to buy /ate/ j'achte /at/ achetons /at / achtes /at/ achetez /ate/ achte /at/ achtent /at/ esprer-to hope /spee/ j'espre /sp/ esprons /spe / espres /sp/ esprez /spee/ espre /sp/ esprent /sp/

3. Verbs that are conjugated as -er verbs: Some -ir verbs are conjugated with -er endings. Examples: ouvrir-to open /uvi/, couvrir-to cover /kuvi/, dcouvrir-to discover /dekuvi/ and souffrir-to suffer /sufi/ offrir-to offer /fi/ j'offre /f/ offres offre /f/ /f/ offrons /f / offrez /fe/ offrent /f/

4. Verbs that end in -yer: Change the y to an i in all forms except the nous and vous. Examples: nettoyer-to clean /netwaje/, payer-to pay /peje/, and essayer-to try /eseje/ envoyer-to send /vwaje/ j'envoie /vwa/ envoyons /vwaj / envoies /vwa/ envoyez /vwaje/ envoie /vwa/ envoient /vwa/ 5. Verbs that double the consonant: Some verbs, including jeter-to throw /te/, double the consonant in all forms except the nous and vous. appeler-to call /aple/ j'appelle /apl/ appelons /apl / appelles /apl/ appelez /aple/ appelle /apl/ appellent /apl/ 31. Present Perfect Tense or Passe Compose You have learned the present indicative so far, which expresses what happens, is happening, or does happen now; but if you want to say something happened, or has happened, you use the pass compos. The pass compos is used for actions that happened only once, a specified number of times or during a specified period of time, and

as a result or consequence of another action. All you need to learn are the past participles of the verbs. Regular Verbs: Formation of the Past Participle -er - -re -u -ir -i Then conjugate avoir and add the past participle: J'ai aim le concert. Tu as habit ici ? Il a rpondu au tlphone. Nous avons fini le projet. Elles ont rempli les tasses. I liked the concert. You lived here? He answered (or has answered) the telephone. We finished (or have finished) the project. They filled (or have filled) the cups.

To make it negative, put the ne and pas around the conjugated form of avoir. Je n'ai pas aim le concert. I didn't like the concert. Il n'a pas rpondu. He didn't answer (or hasn't answered) . Elles n'ont pas rempli les tasses. They didn't fill (or haven't filled) the glasses. 32. Irregular Past Participles avoir connatre croire devoir dire crire tre faire lire mettre permettre promettre ouvrir offrir to have to know to believe to have to to tell to write to be to do, make to read to put to permit to promise to open to offer eu connu cru d dit crit t fait lu mis permis promis ouvert offert /y/ /kny/ /ky/ /dy/ /di/ /eki/ /ete/ /f/ /ly/ /mi/ /pmi/ /pmi/ /uv/ /f/ had known believed had to said written been made read put permitted promised opened offered

pouvoir prendre apprendre comprendre surprendre recevoir rire savoir voir vouloir 33. Etre Verbs

to be able to to take to learn to understand to surprise to receive to laugh to know to see to want

pu pris appris compris surpris reu ri su vu voulu

/py/ /pi/ /api/ /k i/ p /sypi/ /sy/ /i/ /sy/ /vy/ /vuly/

was able to taken learned understood surprised received laughed known seen wanted

Sixteen "house" verbs and all pronominal verbs are conjugated with tre, and they must agree in gender and number with the subject. The house verbs are: aller-to go arriver-to arrive entrer-to enter rentrer-to return home sortir-to go out partir-to leave tomber-to fall natre-to be born venir-to come devenir-to become revenir-to come back passer-to go by (pass) mourir-to die monter-to go up rester-to stay descendre-to go down

Most have regular past participles, except venir-venu, devenir-devenu, revenir-revenu, mourir-mort, and natre-n. And five of these verbs, monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, and passer can sometimes be conjugated with avoir if they are used with a direct object. Je suis sortie. I went out. J'ai sorti la poubelle. I took the trash out. Conjugation of an tre verb Je suis rest(e) Nous sommes rest(e)s Tu es rest(e) Vous tes rest(e)(s) Il est rest Ils sont rests Elle est reste Elles sont restes You add the e for feminine and s for plural. Sometimes adding an -e causes the pronunciation to change, i.e. the preceding consonant that is silent in the masculine form is pronounced in the feminine form: Il est mort /m/ vs. Elle est morte /mt/ Vous can have any of the endings. To form the negative, place ne...pas around the auxiliary verb: Je ne suis pas rest.

Conjugation of a Pronominal Verb Je me suis amus(e) Nous nous sommes amus(e)s Tu t'es amus(e) Vous vous tes amus(e)(s) Il s'est amus Ils se sont amuss Elle s'est amuse Elles se sont amuses To form the negative, place ne before the reflexive pronoun, and pas after the auxiliary verb. There are only two cases with pronominal verbs where the past participle does not agree: 1. When the pronominal verb is followed by a direct object. Compare: Elles se sont laves, but: elles se sont lav les mains. 2. With verbs where the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object, such as se parler, se demander, se dire, s'crire, se sourire, and se tlphoner. Ils se sont tlphon.

34. Food and Meals / La Nourriture et Les Repas Breakfast Lunch Dinner Cup Slice Bowl Glass Salt and Pepper Fork Spoon Knife Plate Napkin Ice cream Juice Fruit Cheese Chicken Cereal le petit djeuner le djeuner le dner la tasse la tranche le bol le verre le sel et le poivre la fourchette la cuillre le couteau l'assiette (f) la serviette la glace le jus le fruit le fromage le poulet des crales /pti dene/ /dene/ /dine/ /ts/ /t/ /bl/ /v/ /sl/ /pwav/ /fut/ /kij/ /kuto/ /asjt/ /svjt/ /glas/ /y/ /fi/ /fma/ /pul/ /seeal/ Egg Cake Pie Milk Coffee Butter Water Ham Fish Tea Salad Jam Meat French fries Beer Wine Sugar Soup Ketchup l'uf (m) le gteau la tarte le lait le caf le beurre l'eau (f) le jambon le poisson le th la salade la confiture la viande les frites (f) la bire le vin le sucre le potage le ketchup /f/ /gto/ /tat/ /l/ /kafe/ /b/ /o/ /b / /pwas / /te/ /salad/ /k / fity /vjd/ /fit/ /bj/ /v / /syk/ /pta/ /ktp/

Oil Vinegar Yogurt

l'huile le vinaigre le yaourt

/il/ /ving/ /jaut/

la moutarde /mutad/ la Mayonnaise /majnz/ mayonnaise Pasta des ptes /pt/ Mustard

In France, it is common to use djeuner to mean to have breakfast as well as to have lunch. In Quebec, the meals are le djeuner, le dner, and le souper. The plural of un uf is des ufs, but fs is not pronounced: /f/ vs. //. Food is generally divided into two categories: sucr (sweet/sugary) and sal (savoury/salty). Le pain /p is the general / word for bread; if you want to specify white bread, use le pain de mie /pd mi/ . Because the French eat dinner so late in the evening (8 pm), young children have l'heure de goter (snack time) after school. Le yaourt refers to fruit yogurts and sweet puddings and they are eaten as desserts in France. La glace is also a common dessert, and you can find several parfums /paf/ (flavors). The word for scoops (of ice cream) is boules /bul/. Many restaurants now offer take out food options, which is called emporter (to take away). The opposite is sur place.

35. Fruits, Vegetables and Meat fruit apple apricot banana blueberry cherry coconut date fig grape grapefruit lemon lime melon olive orange peach un fruit une pomme un abricot une banane une myrtille une cerise une noix de coco une datte une figue un raisin un pamplemousse un citron un citron vert un melon une olive une orange une pche /fi/ /pm/ /abiko/ /banan/ /mitij/ /siz/ corn cucumber eggplant lettuce le mas /mais/ un concombre /k / k b une aubergine /obin/ la laitue /lty/ un mushroom /pi / champignon onion un oignon / / les pois /pwa/

/nwadkoko/ peas /dat/ /fig/ /z / /pplmus/ /sit / /sit v / /ml / /liv/ // /p/ pepper potato pumpkin rice spinach squash tomato turnip zucchini meat

un piment /pim/ une pomme de /pmdt/ terre une citrouille /situj/ le riz des pinards une courge une tomate un navet des courgettes la viande /i/ /epina/ /ku/ /tmat/ /nav/ /kut/ /vjd/

pear pineapple plum prune raisin raspberry strawberry watermelon vegetable artichoke asparagus beet broccoli cabbage carrot celery

une poire un ananas une prune un pruneau un raisin sec une framboise une fraise une pastque un lgume un artichaut des asperges une betterave le brocoli un chou une carotte un cleri

/pwa/ /ananas/ /pyn/ /pyno/ /zs k/ /fbwaz/ /fz/ /pastk/ /legym/ /atio/ /asp/ /btav/ /bkli/ /u/ /kat/ /ufl/ /sli/

du lard, du bacon beef le buf chicken le poulet duck le canard goat la chvre ham le jambon lamb l'agneau liver le foie des boulettes meatballs de viande une ctelette pork chop de porc rabbit le lapin hamburger le steak hach sausage la saucisse dried le saucisson sausage turkey la dinde bacon veal venison le veau le chevreuil

/la/ /bekn/ /bf/ /pul/ /kana/ /v/ /b / /ao/ /fwa/ /bultdvjd/ /kotltdp/ /lap / /stkae/ /sosis/ /sosis / /d d/ /vo/ /vj/

cauliflower un chou-fleur

Lettuce can also be referred to as la salade verte.

36. To Take, Eat or Drink Prendre-to take, eat or drink /pd / prends prends prend /p/ /p/ /p/ prenons prenez prennent /prn / /prne/ /pn/ Boire-to drink /bwa/ bois /bwa/ buvons /buv / bois /bwa/ buvez /buve/ boit /bwa/ boivent /bwav/

Other verbs that are conjugated like prendre: apprendre /apd / - to learn, comprendre /k d / - to understand and surprendre /sypd / - to surprise p When you want to say "I am having wine," the French translation is "Je prends du vin." You must use de and le, la, l', or les and the proper contractions (called partitives) because in French you must always express some. So "je prends de la bire" literally means "I am having some beer" even though in English we would usually only say I am having beer.

Manger is a regular verb meaning "to eat," but manger is used in a general sense, such as Je mange du poulet tous les samedis. I eat chicken every Saturday. Boire is literally the verb to drink and is also used in a general sense only. Je bois du vin tout le temps. I drink wine all the time.

37. Quantities assez de enough (of) a lot of a box of un morceau de un peu de une tasse de une tranche de a piece of une douzaine de un panier de a dozen of a packet of a basket of

une assiette de a plate of beaucoup de une bote de une bouteille de un kilo de

a little (bit) of un paquet de a cup of a slice of too much, many a glass of

une poigne de a handful of plus de more

a bottle of trop de a kilo of un verre de

un bouquet de a bunch of

With quantities and negatives, you never use partitives. The construction is always de or d' + noun. Je voudrais prendre du fromage, mais pas de fruit. I would like to have some cheese, but no fruit. Il prend de la viande. He is eating some meat. Nous prenons du riz et des brocolis. We are having some rice and broccoli. Il y a trop de lait dans la tasse. There is too much milk in the cup. Je voudrais un morceau de tarte. I would like one piece of pie. Est-ce que je peux prendre un verre de vin ? May I have a glass of wine? Je prends du vin. I'm drinking some wine. Je ne prends pas de vin. I am not drinking any wine.

38. Commands Use the vous, tu and nous forms for commands. Vous form Tu form Nous form Polite and Plural Familiar Let's... Same as verb form Same as verb form, but drop -s for -er verbs Same as verb form Restez ! Regarde ! Allons-y ! Stay! Watch! Let's go!

When using pronominal verbs as commands, the pronoun is placed after the verb connected by a hyphen. Tu te dpches becomes Dpche-toi ! And in negative commands, the pronoun precedes the verb, as in Ne nous reposons pas. Irregular Command Forms tre (be) tu sois /swa/ /swaje/ tu nous soyons /swaj / vous soyez avoir (have) aie // /aje/ tu nous ayons /aj / vous ayez savoir (know) sache /sa/ /sae/ nous sachons /sa / vous sachez

Ne sois pas mchant avec ta sur ! Don't be mean to your sister! N'ayez pas peur ! Don't be afraid! Sachez que j'apprcie votre aide. Know that I appreciate your help.

39. More Negatives ne...plus ne...jamais ne...rien ne...aucun(e) ne...que ne...personne ne...ni...ni ne...nulle part /n...ply/ /n...am/ /n...j / /n...ok/ /yn/ /n...k/ /n...psn/ /n...ni...ni/ /n...nyl pa/ no longer never nothing not a single one only nobody neither...nor nowhere

The que in ne...que is placed directly before the noun it limits. Rien and personne may be used as subjects: Personne n'est ici. Aucun(e) by definition is singular, so the verb and nouns must also be changed to the singular. With ni...ni, all articles are dropped except definite articles. Je n'ai ni camra ni camscope, but Je n'aime ni les chats ni les chiens. Il n'aime plus travailler. He no longer likes to work. (Or: He doesn't like to work anymore) Nous ne voulons faire des achats que lundi. We want to go shopping only on Monday. Elle ne dteste personne. She hates no one. (Or: She doesn't hate anyone.) Negatives with Pass Compos 1. Ne...pas, ne...plus, ne...jamais, and ne...rien Ne comes before auxiliary verb, and the other part is between auxiliary and past participle. Nous n'avons rien fait. We did nothing. Vous ne vous tes pas ennuys. You were not bored.

2. Ne...personne, ne...aucun, ne...ni...ni, ne...nulle part, and ne... que Ne comes before the auxiliary verb, but the other part is after the past participle. Il n'a cout personne. He listened to no one. Il n'a fait aucune faute. He made not a single mistake. * Use of ne ... pas de: In negative sentences, the partitives and indefinite articles become de before the noun (unless the verb is tre, then nothing changes.) Partitive: Je prends du pain et du beurre. I'm having some bread and butter. Negative: Je ne prends pas de pain ou de beurre. I am not having any bread or butter. Indefinite: J'ai un chien. I have a dog. Negative: Je n'ai pas de chien. I don't have a dog. Verb is tre: C'est une chatte brune. It's a brown cat. Negative: Ce n'est pas une chatte brune. It's not a brown cat.

40. Holiday Phrases Merry Christmas Happy New Year Happy Thanksgiving Happy Thanksgiving (Canada) Happy Easter Happy Halloween Happy Valentine's Day Happy Birthday Happy Saint Day Happy Holidays Christmas Eve or New Year's Eve dinner New Year's Eve Joyeux Nol Bonne Anne Joyeux Thanksgiving Bonne Action de grces Joyeuses Pques Bonne fte d'Halloween Joyeuse Saint-Valentin Bon Anniversaire Joyeux Anniversaire Bonne Fte Joyeuses Ftes le Rveillon la Saint-Sylvestre

If someone is named after a saint, you can wish them bonne fte on that saint's feast day. In Quebec, bonne fte is used for Happy Birthday.

The French National Anthem: La Marseillaise by Claude-Joseph Rouget de L'Isle

Allons enfants de la Patrie, Le jour de gloire est arriv. Contre nous, de la tyrannie, L'tendard sanglant est lev, l'tendard sanglant est lev. Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces farouches soldats. Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras gorger vos fils, vos compagnes. Aux armes citoyens! Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons ! Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons. Amour sacr de la Patrie, Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs. Libert, libert chrie, Combats avec tes dfenseurs; Sous nos drapeaux, que la victoire Accoure tes mles accents; Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! Aux armes citoyens ! Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons ! Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons. Ye sons of France, awake to glory, Hark, hark, what myriads bid you rise: Your children, wives and grandsires hoary, Behold their tears and hear their cries, see their tears and hear their cries! Shall hateful tyrants mischief breeding with hireling hosts, a ruffian band Affright and desolate the land, while peace and liberty lie bleeding? To arms, to arms, ye brave! Th'avenging sword unsheathe! March on! March on! All hearts resolved on victory or death. O sacred love of france, undying, Th'avenging arm uphold and guide Thy defenders, death defying, Fight with Freedom on their side. Soon thy sons shall be victorious When the banner high is raised; And thy dying enemies, amazed, Shall behold thy triumph, great and glorious. To arms, to arms, ye brave! Th'avenging sword unsheathe! March on! March on! All hearts resolved on victory or death.

Translation by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1st verse) and Mary Elizabeth Shaw (2nd verse) (This is not a literal translation.)

The Canadian National Anthem: O Canada O Canada, terre de nos aeux, Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux. Car ton bras sait porter l'pe, Il sait porter la croix. Ton histoire est une pope Des plus brillants exploits. Et ta valeur, de foi trempe, Protgera nos foyers et nos droits. O Canada! Our home and native land! True patriot love in all thy sons command. With glowing hearts we see thee rise, The True North strong and free! From far and wide, O Canada, We stand on guard for thee. God keep our land glorious and free! O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. The Belgian National Anthem: La Brabannone Noble Belgique, jamais terre chrie, toi nos curs, toi nos bras, Par le sang pur rpandu pour toi, Patrie! Nous le jurons d'un seul cri: tu vivras! Tu vivras toujours grande et belle Et ton invincible unit Aura pour devise immortelle Le Roi, la Loi, la Libert! Le Roi, la Loi, la Libert! La Libert! Noble Belgium, forever beloved land, Thine our hearts, thine our arms, By the pure blood shed for you Fatherland! We swear it in a single shout: thou shalt live! Thou shalt live, ever great and beautiful And thy invincible unity Shall have for everlasting motto: The King, the Law, Liberty!

The King, the Law, Liberty! Liberty!

The Swiss National Anthem: Cantique suisse by Charles Chatelanat Sur nos monts, quand le soleil Annonce un brillant rveil, Et prdit d'un plus beau jour le retour, Les beauts de la patrie Parlent l'me attendrie; Au ciel montent plus joyeux Les accents d'un cur pieux, Les accents mus d'un cur pieux. Lorsqu'un doux rayon du soir Joue encore dans le bois noir, Le cur se sent plus heureux prs de Dieu. Loin des vains bruits de la plaine, L'me en paix est plus sereine, Au ciel montent plus joyeux Les accents d'un cur pieux, Les accents mus d'un cur pieux. Lorsque dans la sombre nuit La foudre clate avec bruit, Notre cur pressent encore le Dieu fort; Dans l'orage et la dtresse Il est notre forteresse; Offrons-lui des coeurs pieux: Dieu nous bnira des cieux, Dieu nous bnira du haut des cieux. Des grands monts vient le secours; Suisse, espre en Dieu toujours! Garde la foi des aeux, Vis comme eux! Sur l'autel de la patrie Mets tes biens, ton cur, ta vie! C'est le trsor prcieux Que Dieu bnira des cieux, Que Dieu bnira du haut des cieux.