Handouts

POWER SYSTEMS FUNDAMENTALS
COURSE PTD-H-B1-01
Copyright Siemens Ltd Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage
COURSE CONTENTS Purpose of power systems Configuration of power systems Power system constants & equations Transmission & distribution voltages Generating stations Sub-stations Transmission lines Bus bar arrangement in sub-stations
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COURSE CONTENTS Equipments used in sub-stations Development of sub-station design Sub-station layouts Protection systems in sub-stations Sub-station auxiliaries Construction and installation of sub-stations Testing & commissioning of sub-stations
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Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage
COURSE STRUCTURE
Introduction Theory Generating Stations Transmission Line Sub-stations - Intro Bus bar schemes S/S Components and Design Protection : : : : : : : : 5-15 16-27 28-31 32-43 44-49 50-61 62-73 74-81 82-87
Construction, Installation, Testing and Commissioning:
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Why do we need electrical power?

Energy has to be transported! Energy has to be in transportable form.
Energy in natural forms: Chemical energy (natural gas, coal, hydro-carbons) Mechanical energy (static head of water, running water, wind) Heat energy (solar radiation, geo-thermal energy) Nuclear energy(radio-active heavy metals) All available in pockets on earth
All requirement at different places on earth

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Energy requirements: (Consumption) Illumination Industries Transportation Household consumption Heating & cooling
Transportation of energy
Energy has to be transported! Energy has to be in transportable form. Transportation of energy: Transport bulk material like coal, hydro-carbons, gas, uranium, etc from mines / sources to conversion centres (power stations) near consumers Not very efficient, costly, energy consuming process, low flexibility
or
Convert the natural energy into a form of energy that can be easily transported with Flexibility and high efficiency
Electrical power!
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What is a power system?
Generation Privatisation of power
Generating the electric power by conversion from natural sources through different means
Transmission of power
Transportation of the generated electrical power to the end user (the consumer)
Consumption of power
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Conversion of the electrical power into other forms of energy to get some work done
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The basic power system
Transmission Line
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The interconnected power system
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Configuration of power systems

The simple power system Small number of generators Single voltage level Low and lumped load No interconnections Radial system No complexities The complex power system Large number of generators Multiple voltage levels High and distributed loads Interconnected systems & networks Meshed system High complexities
Components of power systems

A power system consists of Generators Transformers Bus bars Reactors Transmission lines Switching devices and switchgear Loads
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DEVELOPMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS Extensions of Interconnected Systems
Increased Power Exchange among the Interconnected Systems Transmission of large Power Blocks over long Distances * (Hydro Resources, Solar Energy, Wind Energy)
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Development of Power Consumption

Transmission Bottlenecks Demand for Clean Power & High Quality Least-Cost Planning New Technologies & Eco-friendly Energy Imports
Isolated small Grids

Power Consumption per Capita
Higher Voltage Levels
High Investments Long Distance Transmission
Developing Countries
Emerging Countries
Industrialized Countries
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The Vision: Paradigm Shift in the Future
Technology
Priority
Economics
SocioEnvironmental
Economics
Technology
Economics
SocioEnvironmental
SocioEnvironmental
Technology
Future
Past
Today
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Power System Development: The Key-Issue -How to avoid Bottlenecks

Deregulation - Privatization: Opening of the Markets, Independent Transmission Companies ITCs, Regional Transmission Organisations RTOs
Globalisation/ Privatisation Liberalisation
Bottlenecks in Privatisation Transmission
Problem of uncontrolled Loop Flows Overloading & Excess of SCC* Levels System Instabilities & Outages
System Enhancement & Interconnections:
Investments in Power Systems
! Higher Voltage Levels ** ! New Transmission Technologies ! Renewable Energies
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Constants and equations

A recap of the university text book
The AC current and voltage v i
v = Vm sin t i = Im sin (t - )
The phasor equation
I
The phasor diagram
Voltage is leading the current. AC Power Active and Reactive
Pm = Vm Imcos Qm = Vm Imsin
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The three phase system
3-phase AC system 1,5 1 0,5 0 -90 -0,5 -1 -1,5 Angle (degrees) 0 90 180 270 360 V
120O Y B
Symmetrical system!
vr = Vm sin t vy = Vm sin (t+120) vb = Vm sin (t-120)
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Circuit components
Resistor R ZR = R ZR = R 0O
Inductor L ZL = jL ZL = L 90O
Capacitor C ZC = 1/jC ZC = (1/C) -90O
VC V12 VL I
Z = ZR + ZL + ZC
VC V2 V12 VL V1 VR
-ZC ZL -ZC ZC
ZL
Z
ZR
VR
I
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Relations worth remembering
By how much will real load drop if voltage is reduced by 1%? Load impedance = R + jX S = P + jQ = IVI2 Y* = IVI2 1/(R jX ) = IVI2 (R + jX)/(R2 + X2) So, P = IVI2 R /(R2 + X2) Or, P/P = 2IVI/IVI So a drop of 1% in voltage will cause 2% drop in power! By how much will real load drop if frequency is reduced ? P/P = -2( X2 /(R2 + X2))( f/f ) But, X2 /(R2 + X2) = sin2 = 1 cos2 So a drop in frequency will lead to increase in load! and Q = IVI2 X /(R2 + X2) P/IVI = P/IVI = 2IVI R /(R2 + X2) = 2 P/IVI
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Power Transmission - The basic Equation
V1 , 1
G~
P
X
V2 , 2
G~
P=
VL V
1
V1 V2 X
P 1.0 0.67
sin ( 1 - 2) (
V2
0.33
STABILITY LIMIT 90
o
180
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Calculation of fault level

VOLTAGE = V1 FAULT LEVEL = S1 MVA S1 ISC1 = 3 x V1
FAULT CURRENT ON BUS1 = FAULT LEVEL DUE TO TRANSFORMER ON INFINITE BUS =
TRAFO ST MVA, IMPEDANCE ZT%
ST / ZT = STS
RESULTANT FAULT LEVEL ON BUS2 = S2 = VOLTAGE = V2 FAULT LEVEL = S2 MVA FAULT CURRENT ON BUS2 = ISC2 =
STS x S1 STS + S1 S2 3 x V2
FOR TWO TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL, CONSIDER 2 X STS IN PLACE OF STS !
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Transmission & distribution voltages

G
Transmission is done at extra high voltages

765KV, 550KV, 420KV, 380KV, 220KV AC & 800KV, 500KV DC
Higher power, higher distance -> higher voltage AC or DC Sub-transmission level high voltage levels
220KV, 132KV, 110KV, 66KV
Distribution level medium voltage and low voltage

33KV, 11KV, 6.6KV, 3.3KV, 415V TO THE CONSUMER
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Worlds first Steps towards Power Transmission

Worlds first DC Transmission Project by Siemens and Worlds first DC Transmission Project by Siemens and AEG: 115 km Cable, Mercury-Arc based Link from the AEG: 115 km Cable, Mercury-Arc based Link from the Power Station Elbe/Elektrowerke AG to Bewag/Berlin Power Station Elbe/Elektrowerke AG to Bewag/Berlin with 60 MW // 200 kV, ready for Commissioning, but with 60 MW 200 kV, ready for Commissioning, but then transported to Russia then transported to Russia Oskar von Miller and Michael v. Dolivo-Dobrowolski Oskar von Miller and Michael v. Dolivo-Dobrowolski achieved a Breakthrough with the first System from the achieved a Breakthrough with the first System from the Hydropower Station in the German Town of Lauffen (by Hydropower Station in the German Town of Lauffen (by the River Neckar) to Frankfurt am Main, covering a the River Neckar) to Frankfurt am Main, covering a Distance of 175 km with 15 kV Distance of 175 km with 15 kV
1945: DC
1882: DC
1891: AC
Worlds first DC Transmission Prototype from Worlds first DC Transmission Prototype from Miesbach to Munich by Oskar von Miller Miesbach to Munich by Oskar von Miller and Marcel Deprez: 57 km, 1.4 kV and Marcel Deprez: 57 km, 1.4 kV
DC & AC History
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Development of AC Transmission
1600 kV 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1900 1910 1 2 3 4 5 6 Page 24 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 2010
However, some Countries will finally go 1 GV

6
EHV: 800 kV as realistic Standard
The Initial Statement Initial
110 kV Lauchhammer Riesa / Germany (1911) 220 kV Brauweiler Hoheneck / Germany (1929) 287 kV Boulder Dam Los Angeles / USA (1932) 380 kV Harspranget Halsberg / Sweden (1952) 735 kV Montreal Manicouagan / Canada (1965) 1200 kV Ekibastuz Kokchetav / USSR (1985) Apr-07 KAUSTUV ROY Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage
Choice of voltage level
Transmission costs
Total costs
Fixed costs
Cost of lost energy
Optimum economic voltage level

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Voltage level
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AC versus DC: Break-Even Distance

Basic Considerations
Investment Costs Break-Even Distance total DC Costs DC Line Costs DC Terminal Costs AC Line Costs total AC Costs
AC-DC Break-Even Distance:

~ 1000 MW / 700 km
2 x SSC
However, if:
f1 f2
2 x SSC
AC Terminal Costs including Grid Transformers Transmission Distance
the Break-Even Distance is:

Zero km
SSC = Series & Shunt Compensation of AC Lines required for each Section of the Line
AC versus DC - Right of Way

Comparison of Economic Transmission Power as a Function of Right-of-Way Width for HVDC and HVAC
10000
HVDC
HVAC
1000
Basic Considerations
MW
Power transmitted Right-of-Way Width
100
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30
40
50
60
70
80
Source: Siemens PTD SE PT - 2002

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Generating Stations Power generated from natural resources

Conventional steam power stations coal, gas fired, nuclear fuel based Pit based coal fired stations
Conventional hydro power stations located near natural water bodies
Non-Conventional sources Wind, solar power
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Generating Stations Electrical system of generating station

O/G Transmission lines
Evacuation system Switchyard High Voltage Bus Generator Transformer (GT) Unit Transformer (UT) Generator Station Transformer (ST) Stn Aux bus (MV)
G M
Aux Trafo
DG Emergency DG
Dist Bus (LV)
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Generating Stations Overview of generating station (coal fired)
boiler stack Ash precipitator Coal bunker
HP Turbine LP Turbine
Electrical power
Generator
G
Feed pump ID Fan Coal mill FD Fan condenser Exciter
To ash disposal system
Coal handling
Condenser cooling water
Cooling tower
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Generating Stations Overview of generating station (nuclear fuel)

Steam generator
HP Turbine LP Turbine
Electrical power
Primary pump
Generator
G
Exciter
stack condenser Feed pump Condenser cooling water
Reactor
Cooling tower
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Transmission system
G EN
E EM TH ST IN SY K N R LI W E L O TA P VI L E O H W
ER
ER
AT IN G
ST
AT IO N
TRANSMISSION LINES
+ SUB-STATIONS
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CO
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
NS UM
Transmission system its importance
Generation:
Investments
Transmission:
" at different Locations " with different Technologies " & different Prices
Distribution:
" with different Technologies " at different Distances " & different Prices
~ 40 %
~ 20 % ~ 40 %
Depending on Grid Structure
" to different Customers " with different Quality " & different Prices
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Transmission Systems - The VIPs of the Power Market
Regulated Markets:
" one Owner - the Utility
Deregulated Markets:
" different Owners & Players
Generation Transmission
can be
or
Distribution
for Cash-Flow & Return on Investments
-neck
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Transmission Systems - The VIPs of the Power Market
How to balance the Market Investments

Generation & Transmission Investments must be balanced. If not... ... Transmission will be the Bottleneck Intelligent Solutions are required: Financially & Technically 2002 Generation
$
Transmission
#
20XX
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Transmission system the constituents
TRANSMISSION LINES
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
GENERATING STATIONS
SUB-STATIONS
CONSUMERS
TRANSMISSION LINES
GENERATING STATIONS
SUB-STATIONS
CONSUMERS
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Transmission lines
Locus of V is a circle with diameter V1 The simple transmission line I
V1
V2
X Assume for simplicity, Q =0 at receiving end Neglecting line resistance, we have P1 = P2 = P Assume sending end voltage is kept constant. Thus, V2 = V1 + jXI P = (IVI2/2X) sin2
V1
45o I jIX 90o
V2
Increasing load
Hence, Pmax = (IVI2/2X) when = 45o
But, this simple transmission line is not practicable as V2 has to maintained constant!
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Transmission lines
If we maintain V2 constant, then the tip of phasor V2 will move along a circle with radius IV2I P = (IV1I * IV2I /X) sin & Pmax = (IV1I * IV2I /X) when = 90o
Circle of radius IV2I
V1
I 90o jIX
So the transmission capacity inrease by the square of the voltage level One more reason to go for higher voltages for higher transmission capacities
V2
Q1 = -Q2 = (IV1I2/X) (1- cos) Equal amount of MVAR flows into the line at both ends.
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Transmission lines
Transmission line models Short length line:
Is
Typical Single phase transmission line tower 400KV
Z = R +jL
Ir
Vs
Vr
Load
Medium length line:

Is
Z /2
Z /2
Ir
Is
Ir
Vs
Vr
or
Vs
Y/2
Y/2
Vr
T - model
- model
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Transmission lines
Long length line:
i Differential section C dx v G dx
R dx
L dx
i +(i/x)dx
v+(v/x)dx
x Z
dx
Z = Z ((sinhl)/l)
Y/2 Y/2
Y/2 = (Y/2) ((tanh(l/2))/(l/2)
Y = y l = total admittance of line Z = z l = total series impedance of line = (yz) = propagation constant
Equivalent
Zc = (z/y) = characteristic impedance
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Transmission lines
For a lossless line, R = G = 0. Then , = j(LC) and Zc = (L/C)
Zc is also called the Surge Impedance Loading If a line is loaded by the SIL, the voltage and current attenuation become zero; so the profile of the voltage and current along the line are constant. This is similar to a line being infinitely long. The voltage wave is not reflected. If the line is short circuited at the receiving end, the voltage wave is reflected back with a change in sign and the current wave reflects back with the same sign. If the line is open circuited, the voltage wave is reflected with same sign and current wave with opposite sign.
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Transmission lines
Wavelength is the length of the line when two points of a wave differ by 360o.
= 2/ = 2/((LC)) = 1/(f(LC))
Electrically short, medium and long lines: Short line = line length < /30 Too long line : length /4 when L and C are of equal magnitudes and resonance may start.
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Transmission lines
Transmission capacity Capacity is limited by resistance of conductor Thermal capacity limit short term and long term capacity
Capacity is also decided by the line parameter, impedance, stability limits
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Sub-stations
Sub-stations are basically points in the power network where power can be pooled from generating sources, voltage levels transformed and power delivered to the load points.
Sub-stations in a grid are inter-connected with each other so that the power system looks like a meshed network.
Adds reliability to the network by providing alternate paths for flow of power to take care of any contingency Sub-station is a very critical component of the power system and the reliability of the power system depends upon the sub-station
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Sub-stations
Components in a sub-station (partly or wholly present): Bus bars Incoming and outgoing feeders Current transformers Voltage transformers
Surge arrestors Disconnectors Circuit breakers
Earthing switches
Wave traps Power transformers Communication system
Shunt Reactors
Shunt capacitors Control system Emergency power Illumination system
Protection system Aux AC / DC power

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HVAC system
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Sub-stations
Components in a sub-station: Bus-bars: Surge arrestors: Wave traps: Current transformers: Voltage transformers: Disconnectors: Circuit breakers: Earthing switches: Where the electrical power is concentrated Protects the other equipment from voltage spikes / impulses Part of filtering arrangement for HF signals used in communication Used for measuring feeder current for use in metering and relaying systems Used for measuring bus / line voltage for use in metering and relaying systems Used for isolation of live sections (off load operations) Used for switching in and out of feeders (on load operations) Used for grounding operations
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Sub-stations
Components in a sub-station: Shunt Reactors: Shunt Capacitors: Power transformers: Protective relaying: Control systems: Communication system: Used for limiting voltage rise in line or bus Used for limiting voltage drop in bus Used for change in voltage levels Used for sensing fault conditions and isolate faulty sections Used for control and monitoring of different devices Used for transmitting and receiving trip signals to / from other stations and communicating data and signals to load dispatcher
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Sub-stations
Components in a sub-station: Auxiliary DC power: Auxiliary AC power: Comprises of battery banks and battery chargers; used for relaying, control and communication systems Comprises of switchboards and back-up generators to supply all electrical loads of the station For lighting of station to provide facilities of working
Illumination systems: HVAC systems:
For providing a controlled environment for different devices located indoor
.. And many other things. These are the main things provided.
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Sub-stations
Sub-station types: Depending upon construction: Indoor Outdoor Depending upon insulation: Air insulated Gas insulated
Depending upon function: Switching station Transformation station Pooling station Distribution station
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Single bus-bar arrangement
This arrangement has the following advantages: Low initial cost since each feeder has only one bus-bar Relaying scheme is simple Due to single breaker for one circuit, operation is very simple Maintenance cost, which depends upon number of circuit breakers, is low The bus bar potential can be used for distance and directional protection for feeders connected to the bus-bar.
G G
This arrangement has the following disadvantages: All generators and incoming lines connected to the same bus lead to a high fault level on the bus In case of any maintenance work on any part of the bus-bar, the whole station has to be shut down In case of any fault on the bus-bar, there is complete outage of the whole station In case of maintenance work on any feeder circuit breaker, the feeder has to be disconnected till the work is completed
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Sectionalised Single bus-bar arrangement Sectionalisation offers the following added advantages over the previous scheme: Fault level of the bus due to incoming feeders can be reduced by operating the system with the bussectionaliser open During fault on bus-bar, the whole station does not suffer complete outage
G G
Maintenance work can be carried out on one half of the bus-bars by taking it out of service instead of the whole station
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Ring bus-bar arrangement
G G
Advantages associated with this arrangement are: It provides double feed to all feeders at minimum cost During failure of any circuit breaker, only the associated bus-section is isolated The system is quite economical considering the advantages it offers and it has almost the same number of breakers as that of sectionalized main bus arrangement.
The disadvantages of this scheme are: It is difficult to provide any extension in future
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Single main and transfer bus-bar arrangement
FEEDER CB
TRANSFER ISOLATOR
Adding more flexibility to the single bus bar scheme at a less cost Offers flexibility of maintenance Not much of reliability Used in sub-transmission / distribution levels
MAIN BUS TRANSFER CB
TRANSFER BUS
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Double main bus-bar arrangement
G1 G2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
Used in generating stations and 220 / 132KV levels Used in generating stations and 220 / 132KV levels Possibility of isolated operation Changeover of a feeder from one bus to another always in off-load condition
Bus-1
Bus-2
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Double main bus-bar with bus-coupler arrangement Bus coupler added to the previous arrangement Two systems can be synchronized or operated isolated from each other Changing of a feeder from one bus to another possible on-load
G1
G2
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Bus-1
Bus Coupler
Bus-2
Maintenance of a breaker requires outage of a feeder
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Double main bus-bar with double breaker Disadvantage of previous scheme solved by adding a second breaker on each feeder High flexibility
B u s -1
G1
G2
L -1
L -2
L -3
L -4
High cost due to two breakers per feeder
B u s -2
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Double main bus-bar with transfer bus Offers the flexibility of an alternative to a faulty feeder breaker
Transfer breaker Transfer bus
G1
G2
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Widely used scheme
Bus-1
Only one feeder breaker can be taken for maintenance through the transfer breaker
Bus-2 Bus Coupler
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Bus Coupler + transfer breaker composite arrangement
Bus 1 Transfer Closed Open Closed Open Closed Bus 2 Transfer Open Closed Closed Open Closed
Transfer bus Q-03 Q-01 Q-02 Q-03 Bus-1 Q-01 Q0 Q-04 Q0 Q-02 Bus-2
Bus coupler Open Closed Open Closed Closed
Possibility of using one breaker both as transfer breaker and bus coupler breaker Not very popular due to large number of devices, large space requirement and complexity
Q-04
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements One-and-half breaker scheme
B us-1
B us-2 B ay-C B ay-A
D-type layout
Q0
Q0
Bay-B
Q0
Fdr-2
Fdr-1
Bay -A
Bay -B
B u s -1
B a y -C
Q0
Q0
Q0
B u s -2
I-type layout
F dr-2
F dr-1
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements One-and-half breaker scheme
Highly popular world over , used in schemes at 400KV and higher voltage levels High reliability, ensures continuous operation even in case of bus-faults Three breakers used for two feeders, thus savings on cost Increased cost offset by high reliability and availability
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Sub-stations
Bus-bar arrangements Triple bus bar scheme
Bus-1
Provides high reliability and flexibility Requires large amount of space Used in GIS schemes
Bus-2
Bus-3
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
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Sub-stations
Equipments used in a sub-station A sub-station has the following components either partly or wholly: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) bus-bars incoming and outgoing feeders surge arrestors voltage transformers current transformers circuit breakers disconnectors earthing switches wave traps reactors power transformers
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Sub-stations
Equipments used in a sub-station l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) power line carrier communication protection relays control systems auxiliary AC power supply transformers auxiliary AC power distribution system auxiliary DC power supply system battery banks emergency diesel generator set illumination system air-conditioning & ventilation system
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Sub-stations
Equipments used in a sub-station Bus bars :Where the power is concentrated all feeders of same voltage level connected together at the bus-bar Feeders :The lines or channels transporting power to or from a sub-station Surge arrestors :Protective devices used for preventing the high frequency high voltage surges from entering the station or any equipment Voltage and current transformers :Transformers used to transform the feeder or bus voltage (feeder current) to lower levels with high accuracy for measurement and protection purposes. Circuit breakers :Switching devices used to connect or disconnect a feeder; capable of on-load switching and interruption of feeder on high currents (rated and fault)
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Sub-stations
Equipments used in a sub-station Disconnectors :Switching devices used to connect or disconnect a feeder; not capable of on-load switching and interruption of feeder on high currents (rated and fault); capable only for off-load switching; used in conjunction with circuit breakers Earth switches :Switching devices used to ground (connect to earth potential) a feeder or a portion of the sub-station Wave traps :Devices used as part of filters for Power line communication (HF) signals Reactors :Used for reactive power compensation (compensating capacitive power) Power transformers :Used for transformation of voltage level of a certain quantum of electrical power.
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Sub-stations
Equipments used in a sub-station Power line carrier communication :Communication system between two stations at high frequency using the transmission line conductor Protection relays :Devices to sense fault conditions, identify it and take appropriate action (e.g., switching off a feeder) to separate the faulty section from the rest of the power system Control system :A combination of devices to control operation of all the devices in a logical manner and also take care not to perform any undesired operation Auxiliary transformers :A power transformer of low rating to supply the operating requirements of the station Auxiliary AC power distribution :System to distribute the auxiliary AC power to the different consumers (devices) in the sub-station.
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Sub-stations
Equipments used in a sub-station Auxiliary DC power distribution :System to distribute the auxiliary DC power to the different consumers (devices) in the sub-station. Battery bank :Storage batteries to supply DC power in the event of failure of AC power Emergency DG set :AC Generator operated by a diesel engine acting as a back up for the station auxiliary power requirement Illumination system :For lighting of the station Air conditioning & ventilation system :For ventilation / climate control of different indoor areas of the station
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Sub-stations
Development of sub-station design
The following steps should be generally followed while designing a sub-station: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Formulate the number of feeders required Formulate the feeder and the equipment ratings Finalise the switching scheme Formulate the single line diagram Calculate the requirement of conductors from the feeder rating Finalise the layout type Prepare a tentative layout considering the clearances and equipment spacing Calculate the mechanical forces due to short circuit forces Calculate the sag and tension in the conductors
Finalise the layout based on the above outputs
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Sub-stations
Development of sub-station design Clearances in sub-station To maintain insulation between live parts To maintain personnel safety Thus eliminating chances of faults Depends upon voltage level, type of enclosure, type of insulation, etc. Clearances adopted for outdoor air insulated stations:
Highest system voltage (KV) 36 72.5 123 145 245 420 800 Minimum clearance between phase & earth (mm) 320 630 900 (1100*) 1100 (1300*) 1900 (2100*) 3400 6400 Minimum clearance between phases (mm) 320 630 900 (1100*) 1100 (1300*) 1900 (2100*) 4200 10000 Sectional (mm) 2800 3000 3500 (4000*) 4000 4500 (5000*) 6500 10000 clearance
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Sub-stations
Development of sub-station layout Steps in development of layout: Finalize the single line diagram (may not be the final) Select the scheme for bus-bar arrangement Place the equipments after checking for clearances Check interfacing with transmission lines, transformers, reactors, other equipments , facilities and others as applicable Check whether the layout arrangement fits in the land provided and conforms to the orientation as asked for by the customer Check for future expansion plans If above are not met, re-orient the layout or re-arrange the feeders / bays and repeat the steps till finalized Provide space for roads, drains, trenches, buildings, etc
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Sub-stations
Auxiliaries Sub-station auxiliaries are the facilities that are required to make the sub-station operational and keep it running. Sub-station auxiliaries include: DC power supply : Provided as a source of un-interrupted power to perform essential operations like protection and control functions Storage batteries as back-up Comprises of batteries and battery chargers (working on AC supply) and DC distribution system AC power supply : Low voltage power supply to provide DC power and power to run other auxiliary systems Provided through step-down transformers or direct supply from utility Short interruption allowable Back-up in form of Diesel generator set and for some loads, UPS back-up Comprises low voltage switchboards, transformers
Sub-stations
Auxiliaries Ventilation system Provided to maintain environment conditions in indoor areas (HVAC) : Areas having electronic devices usually air-conditioned and dust proof Some equipment specifically require air-conditioning (controlled temperature) like VRLA batteries Provide comfort while working in operational areas Fire fighting system : Provided to minimize damage to equipment and property in case of fire Critical are oil filled equipment like transformers, reactors and indoor operational areas Water spray (high velocity , mulsifyre) or nitrogen dosing system used for transformers and reactors Fire extinguishers and sand buckets also used Fire extinguishers may be of CO2 or dry or wet type depending upon application
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Sub-stations
Auxiliaries Water system : Potable water system, service water system, sanitary water system Water for fire fighting Compressed air system : Used for circuit breaker and isolator operation (if pneumatically operated breakers and isolators used) Used for operating tools and cleaning Communication system : Telephone, microwave, wireless Intercom Maintenance telephone system Illumination system : Lighting of different areas Emergency lighting Levels of illumination depends upon criticality of operational areas and human comfort
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Sub-stations
Protection systems Protection systems provided to sense an abnormal condition (fault) in the power system, identify the faulty section, isolate the faulty section and thereby prevent collapse of the power system Power system protection and control is the key for a secured national grid operation Relays are provided to sense the abnormal (fault) condition and take action to isolate the same Relays should have the elements of sensitivity, selectivity , speed and above all reliability
Any relaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive so that it will operate reliably, when required, under the actual condition that produces the least operating tendency. It must be able to select between those conditions for which prompt operation is required and those for which no operation or time delayed operation is required. And it must operate at the desired speed. How well any protective relaying equipment fulfills each of these requirements must be known for each application. The goal of the protective relaying system is to disconnect a faulty system as quickly as possible. Sensitivity and selectivity are essential to assure that proper circuit breakers are tripped, but speed is the pay-off!
Sub-stations
Protection systems Compared to other devices in a power system, the relaying system is idle most of the time! Regardless of the probability of failure, no portion of a system should be entirely without protection, even if it is only back-up relaying! As per statistics, the consequences of failure to trip are far more than the consequences of undesired tripping. So, given any situation, if one has to make a choice between these two devils to design a protection system, always consider the consequences of failure to trip.!! Protective relaying helps to operate a power system efficiently and effectively by minimizing damage, optimal sizing of equipment so that they are protected against adverse duties, but perform their desired duties at the highest level (I.e., greater utilization of equipment). By minimizing damage and helping an equipment come back into service early, a properly designed protection system also helps to reduce investments in reserve equipment, thus paving way for more economical operation. Always remember, no compromise on protection systems! Surprisingly, some of the serious shutdowns have been caused by the consequential effects growing out of an original failure in a relatively unimportant equipment that was not properly protected!
Sub-stations
Protection systems There are two groups of protective relaying: Primary relaying Protects the equipment and its zone extends up to the nearest circuit breaker Overlap with the adjacent zone Stable for faults in other zones Fast operation in own zone The zone or each decided by location of CTs Back-up relaying Acts as a back-up in case the primary relaying fails Basically sees short circuit faults as they are most common in power system Independent of primary relaying Operates with some time delay to allow for primary protection to operate Being open type protection, need to be coordinated
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Sub-stations
Protection systems Primary Quantities sensed by relays: Current Voltage Quantities derived by relays: Frequency Power (Active and reactive) Phase angle Decision by relays based on: Magnitude Phase Direction Rate of change Wave shape Duration Impedance Negative sequence quantities Temperature
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Sub-stations
Protection systems Unit protection systems: Essentially part of Primary relaying system Protection covers only equipment to be protected Zone of protection decided by location of CTs Very fast operation Examples transformer / generator / line / bus-bar differential relays, phase comparison relays Coordinated operation with other protection relays
Protected object
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Sub-stations
Protection systems Open protection systems: Used for both primary and back-up relaying system Protection covers all equipment lying ahead of the relay No definite Zone of protection , but direction can be decided Examples over current relays, distance relays, breaker failure relays Coordinated operation with other protection relays essential
Protected object
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Sub-stations
Protection systems Evolution of relays: First generation of electromechanical relays Advantages: Simple construction Low cost Disadvantages: High burden on instrument transformer Slow in operation Contact pitting Contact racing More moving parts more maintenance May operate due to external influences Fixed characteristics
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Second generation of static (electronic) relays Advantages: Low burden Fast operation No problems of contacts since electronic comparators are used Less moving parts lower maintenance Low disturbance due to external causes Increased characteristics Disadvantages:
Third generation of digital relays Advantages: All advantages of static relays More functions and features in one device Automation solutions Flexible operation User definable characteristics Diagnostic features
Compared to electro-mechanical relays, nothing Human interfacing!

KAUSTUV ROY Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage
Sub-stations
Protection systems Definition of zones of protection: Depends upon location of CTs Bus diff main Line O/c or dist G X X X X
Trafo LV O/c
Gen diff Bus diff check

Page 81 Apr-07
Line diff
Trafo diff
KAUSTUV ROY
Sub-stations
Construction & Installation Phases of construction (execution): Engineering phase: Planning Manufacture / construction phase: Factory manufacture Site construction Steelworks fabrication Preparation of designs Preparation of construction / manufacture drawings
Installation phase: Install steelworks Install equipments Make connections Commissioning phase
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Sub-stations
Construction & Installation
Construction at site:
Site preparation Marking of locations Constructions of foundations, buildings, facilities Earthing, cable trenches, roads, drains Surface grading and finishing Ready for installation
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Sub-stations
Construction & Installation Installation:
Receipt of material and their proper storage Material checked for damages, short supplies Erection of steel structures Erection and assembly of equipment Make all primary connections Wiring, cabling Earthing of all equipment All interfacing First things to be made ready before commissioning auxiliary AC and DC power
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Sub-stations
Testing and Commissioning First phase physical verification
Construction according to drawings / specification Equipment received are as per specification Equipment installed at proper locations Connections are proper and secure All interfaces have been completed Auxiliary power is available Availability of all documents
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Sub-stations
Testing and Commissioning Second phase - Testing Tests for equipment healthiness (IR, parameters, contact resistance, etc) Energize low voltage supplies and check for basic operations Check functions for control and protection systems by simulations and injecting of values Verify all interfaces Perform integrated operation checks Perform integrated protection checks Document all tests Now system is ready for operations
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Sub-stations
Testing and Commissioning Last phase energisation: Pre-requisites: All tests are completed and documented All temporary connections are removed All temporary earthing is removed All areas where access is restricted are not open for access All necessary permissions are obtained Energisation: Energize portions one by one In each step, check for any abnormal operations, corona Take measurements of primary quantities in each step Check for all functuions that are to take place in energized state
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Suggested Reading:
Alternating Current Circuits : Russel M Kerchner and George F Corcoran Elements of Power System Analysis: William D Stevenson, Jr Electric Energy Systems Theory An Introduction: Olle E Elgerd The Art and Science of Protective Relaying : C Russel Mason Manual on Sub-stations Equipments, Illumination and Layouts Technical Report No 3: Central Board of Irrigation and Power Indian Electricity Rules Siemens Power Engineering Guide
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Power Transmission - Connecting Generation to the Users
Power Transmission - It looks so simple - but it needs much more than Lines It needs Knowledge of power systems
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Power Transmission and Distribution
Lessons learned: Knowledge of power sytems is essential for Transmission

Page 90 Apr-07 KAUSTUV ROY Power Transmission and Distribution / Re 05-2006 PTD H 1TM High Voltage 90
Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission
and so keep the Lights shining !
Thank You for your Attention! Thank You for your Attention!

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POWER SYSTEMS FUNDAMENTALS

Copyright Siemens Ltd Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Construction, Installation, Testing and Commissioning:

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Why do we need electrical power?

All requirement at different places on earth

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

What is a power system?

Generation Privatisation of power

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

The basic power system

Generation Privatisation of power

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

The interconnected power system

Generation Privatisation of power

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Configuration of power systems

Components of power systems

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

DEVELOPMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS Extensions of Interconnected Systems

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Development of Power Consumption

Isolated small Grids

Higher Voltage Levels

High Investments Long Distance Transmission

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

The Vision: Paradigm Shift in the Future

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Power System Development: The Key-Issue -How to avoid Bottlenecks

Globalisation/ Privatisation Liberalisation

Bottlenecks in Privatisation Transmission

System Enhancement & Interconnections:

Investments in Power Systems

! Higher Voltage Levels ** ! New Transmission Technologies ! Renewable Energies

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Constants and equations

The AC current and voltage v i

Voltage is leading the current. AC Power Active and Reactive

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

The three phase system

vr = Vm sin t vy = Vm sin (t+120) vb = Vm sin (t-120)

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Capacitor C ZC = 1/jC ZC = (1/C) -90O

Relations worth remembering

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Power Transmission - The basic Equation

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Calculation of fault level

FAULT CURRENT ON BUS1 = FAULT LEVEL DUE TO TRANSFORMER ON INFINITE BUS =

TRAFO ST MVA, IMPEDANCE ZT%

FOR TWO TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL, CONSIDER 2 X STS IN PLACE OF STS !

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Transmission & distribution voltages

Transmission is done at extra high voltages

Distribution level medium voltage and low voltage

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

Worlds first Steps towards Power Transmission

Power Transmission and Distribution / High Voltage

However, some Countries will finally go 1 GV

EHV: 800 kV as realistic Standard

The Initial Statement Initial

Choice of voltage level

Cost of lost energy