Lab Report #1: Tensile Testing Date Submitted: 3/22/11 Section #40: T 10-12

Title: Tensile Testing of 2024 Aluminum Equipment: Tinius Olsen Electomatic 120 kips Universal Tester Tinius Olsen Extensometer LS-20%-2B Specimen: 2024 - T351 Aluminum Alloy

Abstract The primary purpose of the tensile test was to find the maximum load that the .511 inch diameter 2024-T351 aluminum cylindrical rod could withstand. The extensometer was taken off when the strain reached approximately 4.5 percent. After the extensometer was removed from the specimen, the Tinius Olsen continued to apply a vertical load and a computer recorded the maximum loading condition until the specimen split at 15,839 psi. This was the maximum loading condition. For calculations of the raw data, the beginning data was removed because it was the slack portion which was due to the mounting fixtures and the specimen having excess space in between. The modulus of elasticity was 1.000E+7 psi, which is a difference of 5.67 % from the standard calculation. The yield strength was 47,813 psi which was a difference of 1.731% from the standard calculation.

Material Properties Table Material Property 2024 T351 Aluminum Alloy Units Expt. Handbook* % diff. 5.67 1.73 13.58 2

Elastic Modulus Proportional Limit 0.2% Offset Yeild Stregth Ultimate Tensile Stregth % Strain to Failure % Reduction in Area Modulus of Toughness Elastic Strain Energy

psi psi psi psi

1.00E+07 1.06E+07 47813 47000

77233.27 68000 19.38 19 16.48 2.27E+03 1.24E+01 2.58E+03

% % lbin/in^3=psi lbin/in^3=psi Plastic Strain Energy lbin/in^3=psi * Mechanics of Materials by Beer/Johnston/DeWolf/Mazurek Appearance of Fracture Surface

Comments and Conclusions:

1. Raw Data Corrections: The raw data was corrected for the initial slack by the first 316 slides being eliminated. The initial Strain and Load values .00478 % and 1.22E+3 lbs. 2. Converting % Engineering Strain into in/in units: The % engineering strain values were divided by 100 to obtain in/in units. 3. Calculating Engineering Stress: Engineering stress was calculated by dividing value of the load by the initial cross-sectional area, which was .205 in^2. 4. True Strain and Stress: True strain and stress were calculated up to the point where the necking process began (at maximum load value = 15,839 psi) 5. Elastic Modulus: The elastic modulus was found by fitting a linear line through the elastic region of the Stress-Strain curve. The value obtained was 1.000E+7 psi. This value obtained was lower than the original handbook value of 1.060E+7. This is a difference 5.67%. 6. 0.2% Offset Yield Strength: The yield strength was calculated by drawing a line at strain=.002 with a slope of 1.000E+7 psi on the engineering stress-strain plot. The intersection from the .2% offset and the curve was the value of the yield strength. The yield strength was found to be 47,813 psi, which is 1.731% higher than the value of the handbook at 47,000 psi. The proportional limit line was inaccurate, so the hand drawn line on the Yield Strength plot is an estimation of what we think it should be. The instructor said the data looked good and for us to sketch it out but keep the original as well. 7. Tensile Strength: Tensile Strength= 77,233.27 psi. It is the engineering Stress at the maximum load value. 8. Ductility: % elongation to failure of the engineering strain was found to be 19.39% and the % reduction in the area was found to be 16.48%. Both values exceeded the nominally specified values. 9. True versus Engineering Stress-Strain Curves: True versus engineering stress curves look as expected. Once the plastic Deformation occurs, the true curve begins to deviate from the expected engineering curve and has higher values of stress. 10. Failure Surface: The fracture surface consisted of being very jagged and rough. This is a typical fracture of a ductile metal. 11. Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness was found to be 2.27E+3 psi. 12. Overall: Overall, the experiment was successful in yielding the expected results, except for the amount of slack in the raw data from the space in between the specimen and machine fixtures.