Linux file Extension

Extension .bz2 .c .conf .deb .lock .rpm File Type A file compressed using bzip2 . A file written in the C programming language. A configuration file. In some cases, "conf" is used in a file name, but not as an extension. A Debian package for installing software. A lock file that prevents the use of another file. A Red Hat package file. Although you can sometimes use .rpm s in Debian, doing so can have unexpected results and is not generally recommended. You can also convert packages using the alien utility . A shared object (a library or module). A source code file. Written in plain text, a source file must be compiled to be used. A single file made of a collection of files archived using the tar command. A single file made of a collection of files archived using the tar command, then compressed used the gzip command. A single file made of a collection of files archived using the tar command, then compressed used the gzip command. A file compressed using the gzip command. a plain ASCII text file a PostScript file; formatted for printing an audio file an audio file an image file a graphical or image file, such as a photo or artwork a graphical or image file an electronic image of a document an archive file a C or C++ program language header file a C++ program language source code file a program object file a PHP Script a Shell Script a graphical or image file a TCL script a Perl script an HTML file

.so .src .tar .tar.gz .tgz .gz .txt .ps .au .wav .xpm .jpg .gif .pdf .a .h .cpp .o .php .sh .png .tcl .pl .html/.htm

Linux Standard Directory Structure

Note: Files are grouped according to purpose. Ex: commands, data files, documentation. Parts of a Unix directory tree. See the FSSTND standard (Filesystem standard)
/ Root |---root The home directory for the root user |---home Contains the user's home directories | |----ftp Users include many services as listed here | |----httpd | |----samba | |----user1 | |----user2 |---bin Commands needed during bootup that might be needed by normal users |---sbin Like bin but commands are not intended for normal users. Commands run by LINUX. |---proc This filesystem is not on a disk. Exists in the kernels imagination (virtual). This directory | | Holds information about kernel parameters and system configuration. | |----1 A directory with info about process number 1. Each process | has a directory below proc. |---usr Contains all commands, libraries, man pages, games and static files for normal | | operation. | |----bin Almost all user commands. some commands are in /bin or /usr/local/bin. | |----sbin System admin commands not needed on the root filesystem. e.g., most server | | programs. | |----include Header files for the C programming language. Should be below /user/lib for | | consistency. | |----lib Unchanging data files for programs and subsystems | |----local The place for locally installed software and other files. | |----man Manual pages | |----info Info documents | |----doc Documentation for various packages | |----tmp | |----X11R6 The X windows system files. There is a directory similar to usr below this | | directory. | |----X386 Like X11R6 but for X11 release 5 |---boot Files used by the bootstrap loader, LILO. Kernel images are often kept here.

|---lib Shared libraries needed by the programs on the root filesystem | |----modules Loadable kernel modules, especially those needed to boot the system after | disasters. |---dev Device files for devices such as disk drives, serial ports, etc. |---etc Configuration files specific to the machine. | |----skel When a home directory is created it is initialized with files from this directory | |----sysconfig Files that configure the linux system for networking, keyboard, time, and more. |---var Contains files that change for mail, news, printers log files, man pages, temp files | |----file | |----lib Files that change while the system is running normally | |----local Variable data for programs installed in /usr/local. | |----lock Lock files. Used by a program to indicate it is using a particular device or file | |----log Log files from programs such as login and syslog which logs all logins, | | logouts, and other system messages. | |----run Files that contain information about the system that is valid until the system is | | next booted | |----spool Directories for mail, printer spools, news and other spooled work. | |----tmp Temporary files that are large or need to exist for longer than they should in | | /tmp. | |----catman A cache for man pages that are formatted on demand |---mnt Mount points for temporary mounts by the system administrator. |---tmp Temporary files. Programs running after bootup should use /var/tmp.

MORE command in Linux

NAME
more - file perusal filter for crt viewing

SYNOPSIS
more [-dlfpcsu ] [-num ] [+/ pattern] [+ linenum] [file ... ]

DESCRIPTION
More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. This version is especially primitve. Users should realize that less(1) provides more(1) emulation and extensive enhancements.

OPTIONS
Command line options are described below. Options are also taken from the environment variable MORE (make sure to precede them with a dash (``-'')) but command line options will override them. -num This option specifies an integer which is the screen size (in lines). -d more will prompt the user with the message "[Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.]" and will display "[Press 'h' for instructions.]" instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is pressed. -l more usually treats ^L (form feed) as a special character, and will pause after any line that contains a form feed. The -l option will prevent this behavior. -f Causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines (i.e., long lines are not folded). -p Do not scroll. Instead, clear the whole screen and then display the text. -c Do not scroll. Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing the remainder of each line as it is displayed. -s Squeeze multiple blank lines into one. -u

Suppress underlining. +/ The +/ option specifies a string that will be searched for before each file is displayed. +num Start at line number num

COMMANDS
Interactive commands for more are based on vi(1). Some commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called k in the descriptions below. In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. h or ? Help: display a summary of these commands. If you forget all the other commands, remember this one. SPACE Display next k lines of text. Defaults to current screen size. z Display next k lines of text. Defaults to current screen size. Argument becomes new default. RETURN Display next k lines of text. Defaults to 1. Argument becomes new default. d or ^D Scroll k lines. Default is current scroll size, initially 11. Argument becomes new default. q or Q or INTERRUPT Exit. s Skip forward k lines of text. Defaults to 1. f Skip forward k screenfuls of text. Defaults to 1. b or ^B Skip backwards k screenfuls of text. Defaults to 1. Only works with files, not pipes. Go to place where previous search started. = Display current line number.

LESS command in Linux

DESCRIPTION
Less is a program similar to more (1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi (1). Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with a caret.) Commands are based on both more and vi. Commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions below. The number is used by some commands, as indicated.