NOTES CHAPTER 6 : LANDS AND ITS RESOURCES

Natural element (do not combine with other element) Ex: gold, silver, platinum, mercury Natural compound (do not exists as pure substance) Ex: magnesium sulphides, calcium carbonates, iron oxides

EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MINERALS

heat Metal carbonate Calcium carbonate heat

CO2 turns lime water cloudy

TYPES OF MINERALS

metal oxide + carbon dioxide Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

Metal sulphide Lead sulphide heat

heat

heat

metal oxide + sulphur dioxide Lead oxide + sulphur dioxide

SO2 change acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution from purple to colourless

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Hardness Solubility in water Effects of heat

Metal oxide metal + oxygen Calcium oxide heat Calcium + oxygen

Only potassium and sodium oxides, carbonates and sulphides dissolve in water.

Potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate are the only two metal carbonates that do not break down when heated.

O2 released will turns glowing splinter brightly.

Potassium manganate (VII) crystals release oxygen when heated

REACTION BETWEEN METAL AND NON METAL

Metal + oxygen metal oxide heat Magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide heat

SILICA (SILICON DIOXIDE) Made up: silicon and oxygen

Example: quartz and sand

SILICON COMPOUND

USED IN MAKING OF Fibre optic

SILICON COMPOUNDS

Silicon chips

Transistor Integrated circuit glass

Sands (silicon dioxides)

Metal + sulphur

metal sulphide heat Magnesium + sulphur magnesium sulphide

heat

SILICATES Made up: metal, silicon and oxygen

Example: feldspar (aluminium silicate), asbestos, mica, clay, zircon (zirconium silicate)

Clay (aluminium silicate) Silica gel

Ceramic, bricks, cement Drying agent

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PROPERTIES Insoluble in water Not affected by acids Do not break down even when heated vigorously

Silica

cable

CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Example: Marble, limestone caves, coral reefs, animal bones, shell, stalagmite Consists of: Calcium, oxygen, carbon

NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

CALCIUM CARBONATES

Properties Insoluble in water. Reacts with acids form salts, carbon dioxide, water

Effect of heat Form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated strongly.

1. 2.

3.
CO2 turns lime water cloudy

Petroleum and natural gas are formed from the remains of animals and plants died, become buried under mud and sand bottom of the sea. High pressure and heat slowly changed the mud and sand into rocks, and remains of the animals and plants into petroleum and natural gas. Natural gas is found above of the petroleum layer. Temperature Uses

CO2 turns lime water cloudy

Calcium heat Carbonate Calcium + hydrochloric Carbonate acid calcium + carbon + water chloride dioxide

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

CALCIUM COMPOUND CALCIUM OXIDE (Quicklime) CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (SLAKED LIME) CALCIUM CARBONATE

USES Making quicklime, glass, cement To make slaked lime and limewater. To reduce the acidity of soil Testing the presence of carbon dioxide. The higher the boiling point, a. The darker the colour of the fraction b. The more viscous the fraction c. The more difficult the fraction burns

White solid Element: Oxygen, calcium React with water to form calcium hydroxide

White powder Element: Oxygen, calcium ,hydrogen Soluble in water Dissolve in water to form calcium hydroxide solution (lime water)

CALCIUM OXIDE (Quicklime) CALCIUM HYDROXIDE ( SLAKED LIME) CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION (LIME WATER)

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