IEEE 802.

11 Wireless LANs
Sunghyun Choi Ph D Associate Professor Choi, Ph.D.,
Multimedia & Wireless Networking Lab. (MWNL) School of Electrical Engineering Seoul National University Email: schoi@snu.ac.kr http://www.mwnl.snu.ac.kr

Byeong Gi Lee and Sunghyun Choi, Broadband Wireless Access & Local Networks: Mobile WiMAX and WiFi, Artech House, Norwood, USA, May 2008

Talk Outline
Introduction to IEEE 802.11 WLAN Evolution of IEEE 802 11 WLAN 802.11 Baseline MAC of IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11e for QoS IEEE 802.11n for high throughput Conclusion

WLAN vs. Other Solutions

WAN WLAN

Mobility
Vehicle V hi l

Out tdoor

Walk a

UMTS
Fixed

Wideband Cellular

80 02.11a/g g

802.11n 8

802.11b 8

Wired LAN

Ind door

Walk Fixed/ Desktop

Bluetooth
0.1 01 1 10

100

Mbps (Tx Rate)

4

IEEE 802.11 Standard Overview

Layers 1 and 2
Layer 7 4 3 Application A li ti TCP IP LLC 2 MAC 802.11 1 PHY 802.2

One MAC and multiple PHYs

MAC 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz DS FH IR 1 & 2 Mbps 1 & 2 Mbps .11b CCK 5.5 & 11 Mbps
Took Off Available since 2002

5 GHz .11a OFDM 6~54 Mbps

.11g OFDM Took ff T k off 6~54 Mbps 2.4 & 5 GHz .11n O OFDM Taking off 6.5~600 Mbps
5

802.11 Standards

Task Groups Finalized in 2008

11k for Radio Resource Measurement (RRM) enhancements
provide mechanisms to higher layers for radio and network measurements.

11 f Fast Roaming and f t BSS 11r for F t R i d fast transition

Fast Roaming With QoS and security in mind Q y E.g.) fast handoff for VoIP hansets

Task Groups Finalized in 2008

11y for 3650 3700 MHz Operation 3650-3700 in the USA
Support operation in licensed bands Cognitive radio functions (spectrum sharing, sharing incumbent detection) for co-existence enhancements in non exclusively non-exclusively licensed bands

Task Groups Finalized in 2009

11n for Higher Throughput
Provide much higher throughputs
Maximum throughput of at least 100 Mb/s, as Mb/s measured at MAC SAP Modifications to both PHY and MAC

11w for Protected Management Frames

Provide Advanced Security mechanisms Protect management f frames to reduce the d h susceptibility of systems to attack
9

On-going Standardization
Wireless Access for the Vehicle Environment ESS Mesh Networking Wireless Interworking with g External Networks Wireless Network Management Direct Link Setup Video Transport Streams Very High Throughput <6Ghz Very High Throughput in 60 GHz Prioritization of Management Frames Wireless LAN in the TV White Space 802.11p / TGp 802.11s / TGs 802.11u TG 802 11 / TGu 802.11v / TGv 802.11z / TGz 802.11aa / TGaa 802.11ac / TGac 802.11ad / TGad 802.11ae / TGae 802.11af / TGaf
10

11p for Vehicular Environments

Wi l Wireless access f vehicular for hi l ( ) environments (WAVE)
Inter-car and car-to-road communications Extension of 11a for 5.9 GHz ITS band 5.850-5.925GHz Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) band Over line-of-sight distances within 1 km

11

DSRC Performance Envelopes

54 ~ ~ Data Transfer and Internet Access Services

33 30 27 24 21 18 12 9 6 3 0

600

200

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

0.5 Mbps

Range (ft)

3600

Dat Rate (Mbp ta ps)

5850 - 5925 MHz Band Performance Envelope

(Approximate)

Safety Message Services

Emergency Vehicle Services

Toll and Payment Services 902 - 928 MHz Band Performance Envelope p

12

11s for ESS Mesh Networks

M h networking (Multi-hop wireless) Mesh ki (M l i h i l )
Define an 802.11 mesh using the MAC/PHY layers Support auto-configuring paths between APs over self-configuring multi-hop topologies lf fi i lti h t l i Layer-2 mesh path selection and forwarding (routing at the link layer) Advantageous properties of mesh networks
Robustness range extension and density Robustness, Potential challenges such as power consumption and security

13

Multi-Hop Wireless

14

11ac & 11ad for VHT

V Very High Th Hi h Throughput h
Wireless LAN Gigabit MAC and PHY specifications Enable a maximum BSS throughput of at g p least 1 Gbps, at MAC SAP The discussion of 802.11 VHT is divided into two directions
11ac (Freq. < 6 GHz) 11ad (Freq. 60 GHz)

15

802.11ac (1)
E h Enhancements f Very High for V Hi h Throughput for operation in bands g p p below 6 GHz
Below 6 GHz carrier frequency operation excluding 2.4 GHz operation Ensure backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy IEEE802.11a/n devices in the 5 GHz unlicensed band

16

802.11ac (2)
Ch Channel b di l bonding 80/100 MHz MH Advanced coding
FEC/ LDPC Network coding Interference cancellation coding

Advanced parallel communications

Multi-user MIMO Cooperative wireless networking Single-hop relay Single hop
17

802.11ad (1)
E h Enhancements f Very High for V Hi h Throughput in the 60 GHz Band g p (57 66GHz)
Fast session transfer between 60 GHz and 2.4/5 GHz bands Maintain the 802 11 user experience 802.11 Address coexistence with other systems in the band (e.g., high speed WPAN systems (e g high-speed such as IEEE 802.15.3c, ECMA 387)

18

802.11ad (2)
U Usage model d l
Desktop storage and display Video streaming High speed cable replacement (HDMI, monitor) Wireless LAN and Backhaul To differentiate from 802.15.3c, VHT is focusing its purpose on the core of 802 11 802.11 which is data networking.

19

Other Task Groups (1)

11u for Wireless Interworking with External Network
Interworking with 3G cellular

11z for Extensions to Direct Link Setup(DLS)

Does not require non-DLS capable access q p point upgrades Supports p pp power save mode Continues to allow operation of DLS in the p presence of existing DLS capable access g p points
20

Other Task Groups (2)

11v for Network Management
M Management of non-AP STAs to improve t f AP STA t i the overall performance.

11aa for Robust AV Transport

Enhancing .11e for AV streaming g g

11ae for Prioritization of Management Frames

Priority for latency and transmission reliability

11af for channel access and coexistence in the TV White Space

21

Baseline Protocol

802.11 Reference Model

23

Baseline Protocol Part I - PHYs

Various PHYs of IEEE 802.11

PHY
Baseline 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802 11

Transmission Schemes
DSSS, FHSS and IR OFDM CCK OFDM OFDM + MIMO

Frequency Bands
DSSS & FHSS - 2 4 GHz 2.4 IR - 850~950 nm wavelength 5 GHz (12 channels of 20 MHz width) 2.4 GHz (11 channels of 22 MHz width width, overlapping)

Supported Transmission Rate (Mbps)

1, 2 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 5.5, 11 + DSSS rates 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 + 802.11b rates Up to U t 600

2.4 2 4 & 5 GH GHz

25

802.11 (11a/b/g) Data Rates

802.11b @2.4GHz Rate, Mbps Single/Multi Carrier Mandatory Optional 1 Single Barker 2 Single Barker 5.5 Single CCK PBCC 6 Multi 9 Multi 11 Single CCK PBCC 12 Multi 18 Multi 22 Single 24 Multi 33 Single 36 Multi 48 Multi 54 Multi

802.11g @2.4GHz Mandatory Optional

Barker Barker CCK OFDM CCK OFDM PBCC CCKOFDM OFDM, CCKOFDM PBCC CCKOFDM OFDM, CCKOFDM PBCC OFDM CCKOFDM PBCC OFDM, CCKOFDM OFDM, CCKOFDM OFDM, CCKOFDM

802.11a @5GHz Mandatory Optional

OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM OFDM

26

802.11n Data Rates

Data Rate (Mbps) SS SS=1 Modulation R 20 MHz 800 ns BPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 2/3 3/4 5/6 6.5 13.0 13 0 19.5 26.0 39.0 52.0 58.5 65.0 400 ns 7.2 14.4 14 4 21.7 28.9 43.3 57.8 65.0 72.2 40 MHz 800 ns 13.5 27.0 27 0 40.5 54.0 81.0 108.0 121.5 135.0 400 ns 15.0 30.0 30 0 45.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 135.0 150.0 20 MHz 800 ns
13.0 26.0 26 0 39.0 52.0 78.0 104.0 117.0 130.0

SS SS=2 40 MHz 800 ns 27.0 54.0 54 0 81.0 108.0 162.0 216.0 243.0 270.0 400 ns 30.0 60.0 60 0 90.0 120.0 180.0 240.0 270.0 300.0 20 MHz 800 ns 26.0 52.0 52 0 78.0 104.0 156.0 208.0 234.0 260.0

SS SS=4 40 MHz 800 ns 54.0 108.0 108 0 162.0 216.0 324.0 432.0 486.0 540.0 400 ns 60.0 120.0 120 0 180.0 240.0 360.0 480.0 540.0 600.0

400 ns 14.4 28.9 28 9 43.3 57.8 86.7 115.6 130.0 144.4

400 ns 28.9 57.8 57 8 86.7 115.6 173.3 231.1 260.0 288.9

* SS=Spatial Stream <= min(# Tx Antennas, # Rx Antennas)

27

PHY Evolution History

11b
Published in 1999 Market introduction in 1999 WLAN became popular due to 11b

11a
Published in 1999 Market introduction in 2002 Never have been popular Likely to be more popular in the future, e.g., triple ( / /g) mode (11a/b/g) devices

11g
Published in 2003 Market introduction in 2003

11n
Published in 2009 Emerging as a dominating form
28

Baseline Protocol Part II - MAC

802.11 - Infrastructure Mode

802.11 LAN 802.x 802 x LAN

Station (STA)
Wireless terminals

Basic Service Area (BSA)

STA1 BSS1 Access Point Portal

Coverage area of one access point (AP)

Basic Service Set (BSS)

group of stations controlled by the same AP

Distribution System ESS BSS2 Access Point

Distribution System (DS)

Fixed infrastructure used to connect several BSSs to create an Extended Service Set (EES)

Portal l
bridge to other (wired) networks
STA2 802.11 LAN STA3

Every tx is via AP y
30

802.11 Ad Hoc mode

802.11 LAN

STA1

BSS1

STA3

Terminals communicate in a peer to peer basis peer-to-peer Independent BSS (IBSS) A STA can be a router to connect to the wireline network

STA2

BSS2 STA5 STA4 802.11 LAN

31

Important Concepts
Rate Sets
BSS Basic Rate Set shall by supported by all stations Operational Rate Set can be used by stations E.g., in 11b, {1,2} and {1,2,5.5,11}, respectively b { } d{ } l Control (ACK, RTS, CTS) and broadcast/multicast frames (e.g., beacon) shall be transmitted with one of the rates in BSS Basic Rate Set

Unicast vs. Broadcast

In case of infrastructure BSS, uplink transmission is always unicast

S Service S t ID (SSID) i Set

A character set identifying each ESS Conveyed within beacon frames Often called ESSID
32

Two Coordination Functions

Mandatory Distributed Coordination y Function (DCF)
For distributed contention based channel contention-based access

Optional Point Coordination Function (PCF)

For centralized contention-free channel access

DCF only for most commercial 802.11 devices

33

802.11 MAC Architecture

PCF sits on top of DCF
PCF operation relies on DCF

Time-division-based packet-byp y packet transmission

No transmission slots, no control channels, slots channels no separate pilot channels,

34

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
similar to IEEE 802 3 Ethernet CSMA/CD 802.3
Immediate access when I di t h medium is idle >= DIFS DIFS Busy Medium DIFS PIFS SIFS Contention Window Backoff B k ff Window Slot Time Defer Access Select Slot and decrement backoff as long as medium stays idle Next Frame

35

Interframe Spaces (IFSs) (1)

To give priority to different frame transmissions t i i Short IFS (SIFS) ( )
Between a frame and an immediate response
Data-ACK, RTS-CTS-Data-ACK,

PCF IFS (PIFS) ( )

Before sending beacon under PCF; when no response after a polling frame

DCF IFS (DIFS)

Before a backoff countdown
36

Interframe Spaces (IFSs) (2)

Extended IFS (EIFS)
SIFS + ACK_Transmission_Time + DIFS Used instead of DIFS after an erroneous frame reception
To protect the subsequent ACK transmission p q
DIFS Source station Destination station SIFS Backoff Other stations receiving data frame correctly NAV Data ACK Backoff

Backoff Other stations receiving data frame incorrectly EIFS

37

Interframe Spaces (IFSs) (3)

IFS values for various PHYs l f i PHY

9 sec 20 sec 9 sec 20 sec

16 sec 10 sec 10 sec 10 sec

25 sec 35 sec 19 sec 30 sec

34 sec 50 sec 28 sec 50 sec

38

Carrier-Sense Mechanisms
Physical carrier-sense
Provided by PHY, and depends on PHY Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) by PHY

Virtual carrier-sense
P Provided b MAC via N t id d by i Network All k Allocation V t ti Vector (NAV) counter Each frame carries Duration value in the header Any correctly received frame updates NAV if the new NAV is larger Assumes busy channel if non-zero NAV irrespective of CCA! p
39

Stop-and-Wait ARQ
Receiver of a directed frame returns an ACK , If ACK not received, sender retransmits after another backoff
DIFS Source DATA SIFS Destination ACK DIFS Others Defer Access Backoff B k ff Backoff after Defer Next Frame

40

Binary Exponential Backoff

Backoff Counter is randomly selected from [0,CW], where CW is contention window For each unsuccessful frame transmission, CW doubles (from CWmin to CWmax) CW 2 (CW+1)-1 Reduces the collision probability
Example 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 CWmin = 15 1 63 31 2 3 4 5 6 127 CWmax= 255 255

41

Hidden Terminal
STA 1 and STA 2 can see STA 3, but 3 they do not see each other May result in more collisions due to the failure of carrier sensing! carrier-sensing!

42

RTS/CTS Exchange
A way to handle hidden terminals!
Request-To-Send / Clear To Send Request To Send Clear-To-Send (RTS/CTS) to reserve medium Works with virtual carrier sense carrier-sense

43

Fragmentation
One MSDU can be fragmented into multiple MPDUs
All the fragments have virtually the same MAC header (except for the fragment number) Theoretically up to 11 fragments from one MSDU since
Max MSDU size = 2304 octets Min Fragment Threshold = 256 octets

44

Fragmentation Burst
Fragments are transmitted with SIFS g intervals Backoff if a fragment transmission fails

45

RTS & Fragment Thresholds

RTS Threshold
Use RTS/CTS if MPDU_size > threshold Depending on the size of MPDU relative to RTS threshold, the max retransmission limit is determined differently!
L LongRetryLimit ( h t) = 4 (7) b d f lt R t Li it (short) by default

Fragment Threshold
Use fragmentation if MPDU_size > threshold

Default values of both are large enough g g such that none of them is used!
Max MSDU size = 2304 bytes in 802.11
46

Power Management (1)

Without power management, a STA always senses medium
Lots of power consumption for channel p p sensing/receiving

Power management allows STAs to g go to doze state as much as p possible without losing incoming g g data
Active mode (AM) always awake state Power Save (PS) mode switch between awake and doze states
47

Power Management (2)

Switch between AM and PS mode is informed via a successful f i f d i f l frame transmission with Power Mgmt bit (re)set In BSS, AP buffers downlink frames, and announce it via beacon frames (in TIM field) , , In IBSS, each STA buffers frames, and announce it via ATIM frames Power saving Power-saving STAs wake up periodically!

48

TIM & Dedicated TIM (DTIM) Beacons

Beacon Interval Time-axis TIM (in Beacon) TIM DTIM TIM TIM DTIM DTIM interval

AP activity Downlink buffered frame Buffered frame for other station Downlink buffered frame Broadcast

PS Station PS-Poll

PS Station ( (extreme low power) p )

PS-Poll

In Active State

Beacon Transmissions

Busy Medium

49

IEEE 802.11e for QoS Provisioning

Backward Compatible with Legacy MAC (Based on IEEE 802.11e-2005)

Limitations of Baseline MAC

No notion of QoS and related signaling R t i t d polling scheduling Restricted lli h d li
PCF mandates round-robin scheduling

Superframe with alternating CFP and CP

need to be short for short delay bound

AP assuming the full control over the medium during CFP g

overlapping WLANs?

Uncontrollable/unpredictable frame transmission times

Just one frame per being polled
51

Prioritized vs. Parameterized QoS

Prioritized QoS ( Q (like DiffServ) )
Differentiated channel access for frames with different user priorities 8 different user priorities (UPs) 802 1d bridge supports similar concept 802.1d b id t i il t

Parameterized QoS ( Q (like IntServ) )

QoS is characterized by a set of parameters A traffic stream (TS) is set up between transmitter and receiver (and QoS AP or QAP)
52

Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF)

Two access mechanisms Contention-based channel access
Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) Variation of legacy DCF

Controlled channel access

HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA)
Polling mode plus HCs prioritized channel access mainly y

Variation of legacy PCF

53

IEEE 802.11e Part I: IEEE 802.11e EDCA 802 11e

User Priority to Access Category Mapping

Priority

User Priority (UP - Same as 802.1D User Priority) 1 2 0 3 4 5

802.1D 802 1D Designation

Access Category (AC) AC_BK AC_BK AC BK AC_BE AC_BE AC BE AC_VI AC_VI AC_VO AC_VO

Designation (Informative)

Lowest

BK BE EE CL VI VO NC

Background Background Best Effort Best Effort Video Video Voice Voice

Highest

6 7

55

Four Channel Access Functions

Channel access function for each AC as a virtual DCF Multiple channel access functions contend independently The winning channel access function transmits a frame

Back koff AIFS S[0] BC[0]

Back koff AIFS S[1] BC[1]

Back koff AIFS S[2] BC[2]

Back koff AIFS S[3] BC[3]

56

Prioritized Channel Access

Each channel access function contends with
AIFS[AC] ( [ ] (instead of DIFS) and CW[AC] ( ) [ ] (instead of CW)
Immediate access when medium is idle >= AIFS[AC] AIFS[AC] Busy Medium AIFS[AC] PIFS SIFS Contention Window from [0,CW[AC]] Backoff Window Slot Ti Sl t Time Defer Access Select Slot and decrement backoff as long as medium stays idle

Next Frame

57

EDCA TXOP
Within an EDCA TXOP
multiple MSDUs from the AC can be transmitted with the limit of TXOPLimit[AC] Ends if a frame transmission fails!

TXOP shall not extend across TBTT

Sh ld be at least time t t Should b tl t ti to transmit 256 b t it byte MPDU at the lowest rate

58

EDCA Parameter Set Element

In beacon and probe response frames The parameters should be updated within a beacon interval Different parameters can be used for APs downlink transmissions

59

Further on EDCA Parameters

Management and control (except PS-poll AC_BE) AC VO = AC BE) frames belongs to AC_VO Zero TXOP Limit means one MSDU Tx allowed d i ll d during EDCA TXOP Default values:

60

IEEE 802.11e Part II: Traffic Stream Operation

Traffic ID & Traffic Stream

Each MSDU from LLC carries one of 16 Traffic ID (TID) values
0~7 identify user priorities (UPs) 8~15 identify (parameterized) traffic streams IDs (TSIDs)

Traffic Stream (TS) is set up after admission control by QAP

Up to 8 TSs per STA per direction TS can be set up for prioritized QoS if QAP mandates admission control for specific priority traffic
62

TS Lifecycle

63

Traffic Specification (TSPEC)

The QoS characteristics of a data flow to and from a non-AP QSTA. non AP QSTA TSPEC Element
The combination of TSID and Direction identify the traffic stream
octets: 1 Elenent ID (13) 1 Length (55) 3 TS Info 2 Nominal MSDU Size 2 Maximum MSDU Size 4 Minimum Service Interval 4 Maximum Service Interval 4 Inactivity Interval 4 Suspension Interval

4 Service Start Time

4 Minimum Data Rate

4 Mean Data Rate

4 Peak Data Rate

4 Burst Size

4 Delay Bound

4 Minimum PHY Rate

2 Surplus Bandwidth Allowance

2 Medium Time

B0 Traffic Type bits: 1

B1 B4 TSID 4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9 Aggregation 1

B10 APSD 1

B11

B13

B14

B15

B16 Schedule 1

B17

B23

Direction 2

Access Policy 2

User Priority 3

TSInfo Ack Policy 2

Resreved 7

64

An example of the operation during a TS lifetime

Non-AP QoS Station ADDTS Request (TSPEC, TCLAS) ADDTS Response (TSPEC, TCLAS, Schedule) QoS CF-Poll QoS DATA QoS CF-Ack QoS AP

TS setup

Schedule(Schedule)

Schedule change

QoS CF-Poll QoS DATA QoS CF-Ack DELTS (TS Info)

TS deletion

65

IEEE 802.11e 802 11e Part III: 11e Automatic Power

Save Delivery (APSD)

What APSD is about?

A mechanism to deliver unicast downlink f d li k frames to power-saving i stations
Still rely on Power Mgmt bit of Frame Control field to switch between AM and PS modes

Same goal as TIM & PS poll of PS-poll legacy MAC

PS poll me h ni m could be a slow and PS-poll mechanism o ld lo nd uncontrolled process for downlink delivery

67

APSD Setup
APSD is a capability of a QAP
APSD bit in Capability Information Field in p y beacon, probe response, and (re)association response

N Non-AP QSTA can request to use APSD AP tt

APSD bit in TS info field of TSPEC element TSPEC i ADDTS frame or (re)association in f ( ) i ti frame

APSD is set up for a TS

68

Two Types of APSD Mechanisms

Depending on schedule bit in TSPEC
Scheduled APSD (S-APSD) (S APSD)
Schedule delivery of frames during scheduled Service Periods (SPs)

Unscheduled APSD (U-APSD)

Deliver frames during unscheduled SPs triggered by nonQS AP QSTA

When access policy = EDCA

Schedule bit is reserved, otherwise
APSD 0 1 0 1 Schedule 0 0 1 1 Usage No Schedule Unscheduled APSD Reserved (Scheduled PSMP) Scheduled APSD h d l d
69

Unscheduled SP
Begins when Q g QAP receives a trigger gg frame
Trigger frame = uplink QoS data or Null frame associated with an admitted uplink or bidirectional TSPEC (with APSD 1 & APSD=1 Schedule=0)

Ends when QAP has attempted to transmit at least one buffered MPDU to t non-AP QSTA AP

70

Scheduled SP
Non-AP QSTA wakes up to receive frames during scheduled SPs
Schedule element in ADDTS response

Fi t scheduled SP starts First h d l d t t

Lower 4 bytes of TSF timer = Service Start Time

Subsequent scheduled SP starts

Every Service Interval

71

IEEE 802.11e Part IV: Block ACK

Other Features of 802.11e

Block ACK
Group of frames are ACKed with a single BlockACK frame A key mechanism to improve MAC efficiency (further evolution expected as part of 11n) No ACK policy is also supported

Direct Link Protocol (DLP)

Direct communication between non-AP STAs in infrastructure mode

Both will enhance the efficiency of 802.11 Both requires a priori agreement between communicating parties
73

Two Types of Block Ack

Immediate Block Ack
Suitable for high-bandwidth, low latency traffic

Delayed Block Ack

Suitable for applications tolerant of moderate latency With minimal HW changes i i l h

Depends on whether BlockAck is transmitted i t itt d immediately after di t l ft BlockAckRequest frame

Both of them are optional in 11e Usage of one type is agreed between communicating parties
74

QoS Data

ACK

QoS Data

QoS Data

QoS Data

BlockA AckReq

Immediate Block Ack Policy

Block kAck

75

Delayed Block Ack Policy

Originator g
Data Block Block Ack Exchange E h

Frame-exchange for NAV Protection

NAV due to recipient

Recipient
Ack Policy = Normal Ack Ack Policy = Block Ack

NAV at other STAs

76

IEEE 802.11n for HigherThroughput

802.11n for Higher Throughput

To provide higher throughput, i.e., i e > 100 Mbps at MAC SAP Mbps,
By Task Group n (TGn)

Enhance both OFDM PHY and MAC

Make the current MAC (based on .11 and .11e) more efficient Add MIMO (SDM, STBC, beamforming), channel b di h l bonding, etc. t PHY t to

78

11n PHY Candidate Techniques

Channel bonding
E.g., using 40MHz instead of 20MHz (of 11a)

Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO)

Spatial channels of different antenna pairs are often uncorrelated Data rate or reliability can be improved
Input p Output p

TX

RX

MIMO Processor r

TX

MIMO Channel

RX

Source: [Insider04]

79

Scalable PHY Architecture

Mandatory
Robustness Enhancement Open Loop SDM Closed Loop Tx BF STBC LDPC

Optional

Robustness Enhancement Conv. C di C Coding

Throughput Enhancement 1or 2 Spatial Streams Throughput Enhancement 20 MHz 150 Mbps 40 MHz 600 Mbps
80

4 Spatial Streams

802.11n MAC Overview

Note: 802 11n MAC is based on 802.11 & 802.11e MAC 802.11n 802 11 802 11e

802.11n MAC Features

82

MAC Overview

83

MAC Frame Format

84

QoS Control Field

Bits Bit 0-3 TID Bit 4 EOSP TXOP / Queue Size Bit 5-6 5 6 Ack Policy y Bit 7 A-MSDU Present Bits 8 15 Bit 8-15 TXOP limit TXOP duration QAP PS Buffer size Queue Size

QOS Control field bit 7

Indicates the presence/absence of A-MSDU Bit 7 is formerly reserved Valid in DATA type/QOS Subtype frames: QoS Data QoS Data+CF-Ack QoS Data+CF-Poll QoS Data+CF-Ack+CF-Poll Data+CF Ack+CF Poll

Aggregate MSDU (A-MSDU)

A-MSDU operation
Mechanism to provide enhanced efficiency at the top of the MAC layer Support for A-MSDU is mandatory at the receiver, receiver where the A-MSDU is carried in a A MSDU single (i.e., non A-MPDU) QoS Data MPDU under Normal Ack policy

86

A-MSDU
An A-MSDU is composed of MSDUs with the same TID value. value All the MSDUs are intended to be received by a single receiver, and necessarily they are all transmitted by the same transmitter. Maximum A-MSDU length
Indicates maximum A-MSDU length.
Set to 0 for 3839 octets Set to 1 for 7935 octets

87

Aggregate MPDU (A-MPDU)

Robust Structure A-MPDU Aggregation is a purely-MAC function gg g p y
Architecturally at the Bottom of MAC PHY has no knowledge of MPDU boundaries

Control and data MPDUs can be aggregated

The A-MPDU maximum length is 65535 octets All the MPDUs within an A-MPDU are addressed to the same h MPDU i hi A MPDU dd d h receiver address.

88

Respon nder Tx Activi ity PHY Tx T MAC Tx RTS/CTS Protocol Legacy PPDU
RTS

Initiator Tx Activity r PHY Tx x MAC Tx

Legacy PPDU U
CTS

Im plicit Block Ack Protocol Block Ac ck

Aggregate e HT PPDU

Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U

Basic A-MPDU Exchange

Legacy PPDU U

Aggregate e HT PPDU

Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U Data MPDU U

Legacy U PPDU

Block Ac ck

89

Value of A-MPDU
RTS/CTS/A MPDU/BA sequence is typically RTS/CTS/A-MPDU/BA 2.5x more efficient than Data/Ack RTS/CTS/A-MPDU/BA is 30% more efficient RTS/CTS/A MPDU/BA than A-MSDU/Ack Enables BA and Data to be aggregated (few % can be gained) Conditions: p Control rate 24Mbps Data rate 243Mpbs 500B MSDUs 500B
90

A-MSDU & A-MPDU

Pros. and Cons. Pros A-MSDU
Lower overhead Good for low error environment

Cons
Cannot support selective retransmission

A-MPDU

Support selective retransmission using MPDU delimiter Good for high error environment

Higher overhead

91

Enhanced BA Mechanism
Implicit BAR: The originator may omit the inclusion of a BAR fr ame in an aggregated frame and set QoS ack policy to Normal Ack. Compressed BA: Defines a compressed variant of the 802.11e BA MPDU. MPDU Partial State for Immediate BA reduces complexity of recipient
Aggregation frame

Initiator Responder

D1

D2

D3

D4 SIFS Compressed BA
8 octets

Frame Control

Duration /ID

RA

TA

BA Con trol

BA Starting Seq. Control

BlockAckBitmap

FCS

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PSMP/MTBA
Power-save Multi Poll (PSMP) Power save Multi-Poll
PSMP sequence allows the AP to create effective service periods
Benefits from statistical multiplexing of retries, activity cycles and rate variations In the VoIP application, benefit is up to 2x resulting from sharing an allocation for retries within the current aggregate SP

Multi-TID Block Ack (MTBA) Multi TID

Allows for single frame to respond to (implicit) BAR for multiple TID Shall be used within PSMP sequences instead of BA

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PSMP Frame Format

A PSMP sequence with a duration of up to 8.184 ms 94

MTBA Frame Format

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PSMP with MTBA

Frames of different TID may be transmitted within a PSMPPSMP DTT or PSMP-UTT allocation of a (Scheduled or Unscheduled) PSMP sequence without regard to Access Category. PSMP schedules when a STA receives and when it may transmit. g p DL Acknowledgement scheduled in the uplink & vice versa
UL data acknowledged by following PSMP sequence
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MTBA efficiently carries BA for multiple TIDs e c e t y ca es o utpe s

PSMP Burst
Retransmission and resource allocation

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Reverse Direction (RD)

Allows a STA to share its TXOP with another STA
The most significant benefit is obtained if this reduces the number of channel access attempts Some benefit from aggregating BA and Data together t th

Signalled by:
D Duration/ID field, which carries th remaining ti /ID fi ld hi h i the i i duration of the TXOP HT control Field which carries: RDG / More Field, PPDU, AC constraint Q , QoS Control field, which carries TID of traffic allowed in this RD
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RD Example Exchange

99

MCS Request / Feedback Protocol

Signalled in HTC
Timing of response is unconstrained d Unsolicited response permitted Sequence Identifier to pair MRQ and p Q MFB response
HTC Field MRQ MSI MFSI Description p MCS request Sequence Identifier of MCS request 000-110 000 110 Seq. Identifier of MFB (feedback) or unsolicited (111) MCS feedback and Antenna Selection Command/ Data
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MFB

Coexistence (Protection for HT transmission)

Greenfield & RIFS protection L SIG L-SIG TXOP Protection PCO 20/40 Operation Dual Beacon & Dual CTS protection Channel selection rules Channel width Management

101

L-SIG TXOP Protection

Optional Feature Establishes PHY-layer protection using HT Mixed mode (MM) y p g ( ) PPDUs AP indicates if all STAs in its BSS support it Duration implied by legacy length value in MM PPDU g g conveys a d duration > current PPDU Value protected also indicated in MAC duration field and all PPDUs (except RTS) locate the same protection end point RTS protection extends to end of CTS to avoid unfairness d d f d f problems when comparing CCA (legacy) to NAV (HT)

102

Example of L-SIG TXOP Protection

103

PCO 20/40
Phased Coexistence Operation (PCO) Optional feature AP Establishes separate 20MHz and 40MHz operating phases
20MHz phase: allows independent BSS activity on control channel and OBSS on extension channel 40MHz phase: 40MHz transmissions across 40MHz channel with no 20MHz interference

Allows AP to switch PCO-capable STA between 20 & 40 operation

20MHz STA can only communicate during the 20MHz phase

104

E Extension Ch han.

Contr Chan. rol

Be eacon Channe el Busy

CTS-to-se elf

CTS-to-self CF-End

40MHz Frame Exc F change

PCO 20/40 Operation

PCO Phase Request P

CF-End d

CF F-End

20MHz z OBSS Activity y

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Channel B Busy

Performance Summary

Feature A-MPDU A-MSDU Reverse Direction Enhanced BA PSMP / MTBA

Value About 2.5 Data/Ack p About 20% on top of A-MPDU Roughly 25% Roughly 5-10% VoIP call density increase of up to 2 non-PSMP

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Conclusion
IEEE 802.11 is evolving today! Emerging 802.11n on top of 802.11e makes the 802.11 even faster! 802 11 Will be interesting to see how this technology evolves in the future
Along with IMT-Advanced standardization activity

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Thank you!! y