MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE *CHAPTER 1 MICROORGANISMS- single-celled microscopic organisms and viruses which are microscopic but not cellular

>smallest form of life >constitute the largest mass of living material on earth >in their absence other life forms would never have arisen > existed on earth for billions of years before plants and animals appeared CELL- fundamental unit of life >open dynamic structure SINGLE CELL- entity, isolated from other cells by a membrane FOUR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, Polysaccharides MACROMOLECULES- large molecules that make up greater than 95% of the dry weight of a cell CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE) MEMBRANE (CELL

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material of cells and viruses RIBOSOME- structure composed of RNAs and proteins upon which new proteins are made RNA- ribonucleic acid functions in protein synthesis as messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA CHARCTERISTICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS: 1.) METABOLISM- energy is conserved and waste products are eliminates 2.) REGENERATION AND REPRODUCTION- a cell can repair and replace its components 3.) DIFFERENTIATION- a process by which new substances or structures are synthesized 4.) COMMUNICATION- cells process signals that trigger new activities 5.) MOVEMENT- self-propulsion 6.) EVOLUTION- over time the characteristics of cells change and these changes are transmitted to their offspring ENZYMES- catalysts of cell machines HABITAT- the environment in which a microbial population lives MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES-assemblages of cell populations CYANOBACTERIA- paved the way for the evolution of other life forms by producing the oxygen o Earth s atmosphere *CHAPTER 2 EUKARYOTES>have their DNA in a membrane enclosed nucleus >typically larger and structurally complex than prokaryotic cells more

>forms a compartment or a container that is necessary to maintain the correct proportions of internal constituents in the cell and to protect it against outside forces >semi-permeable >barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell CYTOPLASM- the fluid portion of the cell, bounded by the cell membrane

>include algae, fungi and protozoa >contained in multicellular plants and animals >transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm >Organelles are present mitochondria and cytoplasm) (nucleus,

CHEMOLITHOTROPHS >organisms that use inorganic chemicals >found only in prokaryotes and is widely distributed among species of Bacteria and Archaea PHOTOTROPHS- do not require chemicals as a source of energy but synthesize ATP from the energy of sunlight OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS- cyanobacteria, algae ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS- purple and green bacteria does not result in O2 production HETEROTROPHS- require one or more organic compounds as their carbon source AUTOTROPHS- use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their carbon source HETEROCYSTS- carry out nitrogen fixation PROTEOBACTERIA- makes up the largest division of bacteria, within it the mitochondrion arose by endosymbiosis EURYARCHAEOTA: >METHANOGENS- important organisms in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter in nature >EXTREME HALOPHILES- salt-loving >THERMOACIDOPHILES- acid-loving EXTREMOPHILES- a remarkable group of microorganisms that collectively define the physiochemical limits of life CRENARCHAEOTA- grow in high temperature environments

PROKARYOTES > have a simpler internal structure that lacks membrane-enclosed organelles > Couple transcription to translation as DNA is not enclosed in the nucleus VIRUSES >major class of microorganisms, but not a cell >not dynamic open system >static, stable, unable to change parts > have no metabolic abilities and lack ribosomes >smaller than cells CHROMOSOME- a large double stranded molecule where DNA in prokaryotic cells are present EVOLUTION- process of change in time of descent over time that results in the appearance of new varieties and species of organisms ENDOSYMBIOSISprocess by which mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from descendants of bacteria CHEMOTROPHS- organisms energy from chemicals that obtain

CHEMOORGANOTROPHS- organisms that use organic chemicals