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A Network Analysis of Inka Roads, Administrative

Centers, and Storage Facilities


Daviu |enkins. University of Arizona
Cada pueblo cabeza de Provincia tena su cifra.
Antonio de la Calancha ()
Abstract. 1he uiose o rhis airicle is ro show how rhiee cenrialiry measuies
uegiee cenrialiry. closeness cenrialiry. anu Lerweenness cenrialirycan auvance rhe
analysis o rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. Ir iooses rhar rhe Inka Luilr sroiage aciliries
anu[oi auminisriarive cenreis ar iegions o high cenrialiry anu ar iegions o low
cenrialiry. Laseu on rhe sriucruial ioeiries o rwo uieienr exchange nerwoiks.
1hese nerwoiks weie rhemselves Laseu on srale nance anu on wealrh nance. 1he
airicle concluues wirh a uiscussion o how nerwoik mouels may iove useul oi
rhe analysis o rhe gloLal ioeiries o exchange ielarions in rhe Inka emiie.
Reseaich on Inka ioau sysrems (Hyslo 1o8). serrlemenr arreins (Hys-
lo1ooo). anu sroiage aciliries (LeVine 1ooz) inuicares rhar locarional au-
vanrage may Le moie signicanr rhan uemogiahic oi enviionmenral vaii-
aLles in uereimining rhe economic orenrial anu social oiganizarion o
Lorh highlanu anu coasral communiries unuei Inka iule. In rhe aichaeo-
logical anu hisroiical lireiaruie on rhe Inka rheie aie numeious ieeiences
ro rhe avoiaLle nerwoik osirion o iegional auminisriarive cenreis. such
as Harun Xuaxa (DAlrioy anu Hasroi 1o8: DAlrioy anu Bisho 1ooo:
DAlrioy 1ooz). Pumu (LeVine 1o8. 1ooz). Hunuco Pama (Noiiis
1oz. 1ooz: LeVine 1ooz). anu Harunoolla (|ulien 1o8:): iouucrive en-
claves. such as CochaLamLa (Wachrel 1o8z: La Lone anu La Lone 1o8):
anu sroiage sires ielareu ro Lorh auminisriarion anu iouucrion (Sneau
1ooz).
In oiuei ro analyze rhe signicance o locarional auvanrage ielarive
Ethnohistory 8. (all zoo1)
Coyiighr Ly rhe Ameiican Sociery oi Lrhnohisroiy.
66 David Jenkins
ro rhe Inka nerwoik o ioaus. auminisriarive cenreis. iouucrive enclaves.
anu sroiage sires. ieseaich can Le auvanceu in rwo ways. emiiically. Ly
uirhei aichaeological anu hisroiical invesrigarion rhar ocuses on rhe eco-
nomic anu communicarive links Lerween oinrs in rhe ioau nerwoik. anu
rheoierically. Ly rhe alicarion o aioiiare mouels oi rhe analysis o
nerwoik osirion. Given 1oic anu 1oics (1o8:) srimularing uiscussion o
nerwoik osirion in coasr-highlanu ielarions in noirhein Peiu anu given rhe
many ieeiences ro rhe ielarive locarional auvanrage o Inka sires rhiough-
our rhe Inka emiie. ir is somewhar suiiising rhar nerwoik analysis has
Leen iaiely unueiraken Ly Anueanisrs. Alrhough suLsysrems o exchange
have Leen o giear inreiesr ro aichaeologisrs (e.g.. Shimaua1o8z: Biowman
er al. 1o8: Aluenueiei 1oo:). anu alrhough rheie have Leen signicanr au-
vances in unueisranuing anu classiying rhe kinus o exchange ielarions rhar
have ueveloeu among vaiious ecological zones (e.g.. Nuiia 1oz: Nayei
1o: Biush 1o6: Salomon 1o8). rhe gloLal ioeiries o Inka exchange
nerwoiks have nor Leen well analyzeu.
Recenr sruuies o nerwoiks. cenrialiry. anu exchange ielarions rhar
ocus on orhei airs o rhe woilu ioviue cleai rheoierical morivarion oi
unueiraking a nerwoik analysis oi Inka exchange ielarions. One musr
cire in airiculai Iiwins (1o. 1o8) aichaeological ieconsriucrion o ex-
change ielarions in Pauan iehisroiy: Hage er al.s (1o86) analysis o cen-
rialiry anu chierainshi in rhe Kula iing: Hunrs (1o88) nerwoik mouels o
Laira exchange: Peiegiines (1oo1) uiscussion o rhe ielarive cenrialiry o
Cahokia sires in rhe Nississii Rivei uiainage: Hage anu Haiaiys (1oo1)
uevelomenr o cenrialiry mouels oi rhe analysis o voyaging anu exchange
in wesrein Nicionesia: Sanrleys (1oo1) analysis o nerwoik connecriviry in
rhe Azrec ioau sysrem: Nilicics (1oo:) uemonsriarion o rhe ielarion Le-
rween nerwoik osirion anu social sriaricarion in easrein Auiiaric oirs
Lerween rhe reenrh anu eighreenrh cenruiies: anu Hage anu Haiaiys
(1oo6) cenrialiry mouels oi analyzing Lauan riaue nerwoiks anu rhe emei-
gence o olirically oweiul islanus.
1his airicle auvances rhiee measuies o cenrialiryuegiee cenrialiry.
closeness cenrialiry. anu Lerweenness cenrialiry (Iieeman 1oo)in oiuei
ro calculare rhe ielarive nerwoik osirion o ry-oui Inka sires scarreieu
along rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. 1he analyrical auvanrage o such measuies
oi sruuying rhe Inka ioau nerwoik anu irs associareu aciliries is rhar rhey
allow oi rhe iecise chaiacreiizarion o rhe ielarive cenrialiry o eveiy
oinr in rhe nerwoik. which in ruin ioviues rhe Lasis oi analyzing orhei
signicanr acrois in rhe oiganizarion o local sires. such as oularion size
anu uensiry. enviionmenral consriainrs. anu iouucrive orenrial. 1he ie-
sulrs inuicare rhar rhe Inka Luilr sroiage aciliries oi auminisriarive cenreis
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 6
oi Lorh ar iegions o high cenrialiry anu ar iegions o low cenrialiry. Laseu
on rhe sriucruial ioeiries o rwo uieienr exchange nerwoiks. 1hese ner-
woiks weie rhemselves Laseu on srale nance anu on wealrh nance.
Staple Finance and Wealth Finance
1he Inka in rhe eaily reenrh cenruiy weie a chieuom oi eihas an
anomalous eaily srare (Bauei 1ooz) o aLour rwenry rhousanu eole wirh a
aiily simle social oiganizarion Laseu on kinshi ries anu iuling heieuiraiy
chies. Inirially rheii reiiiroiy was limireu. cenreieu on whar woulu Lecome
rhe ciry o Cuzco. Ovei rhe couise o a hunuieu yeais. iom aLour 1:o
unril rhe Sanish aiiiveu in 1:z. rhe Inka uiamarically exanueu rheii em-
iie. incoioiaring Ly olirical maneuveiing anu ouriighr conouesr some
eighry uisrincr oliries inro rhe Inka srare. 1hese conoueieu gious incluueu
orhei exansive emiies. such as rhe highly socially sriarieu Chimu on rhe
noirh coasr. as well as small-scale srares. chieuoms. riiLes. anu aurono-
mous communiries scarreieu rhioughour rhe highlanus.
1
As air o rheii sriaregy o conouesr. rhe Inka oiciLly ieserrleu many
eole. oi examle. rhe 1:.ooo ro zo.ooo Wanka who liveu in rhe
Xauxa iegion o rhe Peiuvian highlanus anu who weie suLiugareu aiounu
16o (DAlrioy anu Hasroi 1o8). Some ieserrleu eole. calleu mitmaq.
Lecame a souice o eimanenr srare laLoi anu engageu in aiming. clorh
iouucrion. meral woiking. anu orreiy making. Orheis iemaineu on rheii
lanus Lur weie ieouiieu ro airiciare in a sysremo ioraring laLoi assesseu
ar rhe householu level. 1his ioraring laLoi. calleu mita. involveu riaveling
ai iomones communiry ro aim. mine. weave. Luilu ioaus. oi airiciare
in orhei srare-oiienreu acriviries (Nuiia1o8z: Wachrel 1o8z: LeVine 1o8).
Lxriacring Lorh laLoi anu riiLure. rhe Inka consriucreu a vasr ioau
sysremcenreieu on Cuzco rhar connecreu coasral anu highlanu iegions anu
sriercheu some rhiiry-rwo hunuieu kilomereis iom Quiro in rhe noirh ro
Sanriago in rhe sourh. All rogerhei rheie weie moie rhan rhiiry rhousanu
kilomereis o Inka ioaus. which linkeu rwelve million suLiecrs. alloweu oi
rheii ecienr ielocarion. anu ioveu essenrial oi rhe mainrenance o oliri-
cal iule (Regal 1o:6: SriuLe Liumann1o6:: Hyslo1o8: SrehLeig anu Cai-
vaial 1o88). Iiguie 1 shows Hyslos (1o8) ma o rhe ioau sysrem wirh
imoiranr Inka sires inuicareu.
1wo uisrincr oims o exchange oweu rhiough rhe Inka ioau sysrem.
Lorh imoseu Ly rhe srare anu Lorh uisguiseu in Inka iueology as ieciio-
cal exchange. As sysrems o exchange. howevei. rhey hau uieienr sriuc-
ruial ioeiries. Srale nance (Polanyi 1o68. 186) was rhe iniasriuc-
ruial Lasis o miliraiy exansion anu auminisriarive conriol. while wealrh
68 David Jenkins
Figure . The Inka road system (after Hyslop ).
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 6o
nance ioviueu rhe means ro rie local elires o conoueieu gious ro rhe
Inka olirical economy ( DAlrioy anu Laile 1o8). Srale nance iesulreu
in vaiious sroiage comlexes scarreieu rhioughour rhe emiie. rhe con-
renrs o whichmaize. chicha (maize Leei). coca. hor eeis. clorh anu
clorhing. sanuals. orreiy. weaons. anu so onweie useu ro ay oi srare
acriviries. incluuing miliraiy excuisions. elaLoiare ceiemonial uislays o
Inka Lenecence. anu auminisriarion irsel. Hunuco Pama. oi examle.
wirh exrensive sroiage aciliries roraling as much as :.1oo cuLic mereis.
coulu suoir a oularion engageu in srare acriviries o Lerween rwelve
anu reen rhousanu eisons. mosr o whom weie nor eimanenr iesiuenrs
(Noiiis 1ooz. 1o: Noiiis anu 1homson1oo. 1o8. o6).
2
Wealrh nance.
Ly conriasr. was Laseu on easily riansoiraLle. high-iesrige oLiecrs. such
as earheis anu shells. anu iesulreu in an exchange nerwoik rhar encom-
asseu rhe enriie Inka emiie (DAlrioy anu Laile 1o8).
Srale nance was Laseu on a simle logic. All iesouices weie helu Ly
a iuling elire. rhe Inka. Local access ro lanu. warei. anu orhei iesouices
was gianreu in exchange oi local laLoi. which iouuceu suilus suLsis-
rence goous on srare-owneu lanus. Inuiviuual communiries anu inuiviuual
householus wirhin rhem weie alloweu ro mainrain rheii own iouucrive
sel-suciency. ioviueu rhar rhey airiciareu in rhe mira. rhe sysrem o
ioraring laLoi rhar geneiareu srare suiluses (see Nuiia1o8o 1o6]. 1o8z).
In rhis sysrem. local uescenr gious (ayllus) weie oLligareu ro ioviue each
yeai a ouora o auulr males iom rheii communiries oi srare ioiecrs.
1he collecrion anu sroiage o srale wealrh was iegionally ocuseu.
Wirh a ewexcerions. suLsisrence goous weie moveu shoir uisrances only.
usually no airhei rhan a hunuieu oi so kilomereis (DAlrioy 1ooz). One
o rhe excerions was maize iom rhe CochaLamLa valley. which aai-
enrly was riansoireu eighr hunuieu kilomereis Ly llama caiavan ro Cuzco
(Wachrel 1o8z). 1o accommouare rhe goous riansoireu ro iegional cenreis
ieouiieu rhe consriucrion o sroiage comlexes anu auminisriarive acili-
ries ro govein rhem (Noiiis 1o6). Harun Xuaxa. oi examle. hau aLour
rwenry-seven hunuieu inuiviuual sroiage unirs in irs viciniry wirh oveiall
sroiage caaciries esrimareu ar moie rhan 11.ooo cuLic mereis (DAlrioy
anu Laile 1ooz). Goous oweu inro anu weie sroieu ar iegional cenreis.
such as Harun Xuaxa. Hunuco Pama. anu Pumu. Lur iaiely oweu
iom iegional sroiage cenrei ro iegional sroiage cenrei (Noiiis 1o6. 1o86.
1ooz).
1he exrenr o sroiage asronisheu rhe Sanish conouisrauois anu larei
chionicleis. Peuio Pizaiio (1o6 11]. 1o1) rhoughr rhar rhe sulies weie
so exrensive rhar rhey coulu nevei in his lierime Le exhausreu. Peuio San-
cho ue la Hoz (1o1 1:z:]. 1o). one o Iiancisco Pizaiios men. noreu
o rhe iegion aiounu Cuzco.
66o David Jenkins
All o rhe oiriess o Sacsayhuaman was a waiehouse o aims. cluLs.
lances. Lows. aiiows. shielus. sriong iackers auueu wirh corron anu
orhei aims o uiveise ryes. anu clorhing oi soluieis assemLleu heie
iom all airs o rhe lanu suLiecr ro rhe Loius o Cuzco. . . . 1heie
aie] sroiehouses ull o rexriles. wool. aims. meral anu clorhes. anu o
all rhings giown anu maue in rheii lanu. 1heie aie sroiehouses wheie
rhe riiLures Lioughr Ly rhe vassals ro rhe loius aie ker. anu rheie is a
house in which aie ker moie rhan one hunuieu rhousanu uiieu Liius.
Lecause clorhing is maue iom rheii earheis rhar aie o many colois.
anu rheie aie many houses oi rhar. 1heie aie Luckleis anu shielus.
Leams oi ioong. knives. anu orhei rools. 1heie aie] sanuals anu
Lieasrlares ro iovision rhe soluieis. in such ouanriry rhar ieason is
inaueouare ro unueisranu how rhey coulu give such a giear riiLure o
so many anu uiveise rhings. (Noiiis 1ooz. 168: his rianslarion)
One conseivarive esrimare o rhe roral volume o sroiage rhioughour rhe
emiie is one ro rwo million cuLic mereis (Noiiis 1o6. 1: see also Nuiia
1o8o 1o6] oi a uiscussion o hisroiical souices on srare sroiage).
Srale nance is aiily common oi chieuom-level socieries anu eaily
srares. Ir has Leen ounu in Nississiian chieuoms. rhe Azrec emiie.
Hawaiian chieuoms. rhe Yamora couir o sixrh-cenruiy |aan. anu else-
wheie (Biumel anu Laile 1o8). Ir is esecially well suireu ro ielarively
small. geogiahically comacr oliries. When oliries Laseu on srale
nance aie geogiahically exrensive. howevei. rhey musr Le uecenrializeu.
simly Lecause o rhe exoiLiranr cosrs o riansoiring heavy anu Lulky
suLsisrence goous ro a single cenrei. A numLei o suLcenreis aie ieouiieu
ro sroie anu uisLuise such goous. When uecenrializeu. howevei. socieries
Laseu on srale nance aie olirically vulneiaLle. Local auminisriarois in
chaige o an inueenuenr souice o wealrh coulu easily unu a ieLellion.
1he Inka useu seveial mechanisms ro oiesrall ieLellion. Iiisr. rhe
oveiall auminisriarive sriucruie o rhe emiie was hieiaichical. Lach ie-
gional cenrei answeieu uiiecrly ro Cuzco. Lach local communiry similaily
answeieu uiiecrly ro irs iegional cenrei. Ocials in rhis hieiaichy. oren
ieciuireu iom local elires. hau iuiisuicrion ovei. in uescenuing oiuei. ren
rhousanu heaus o householus. ve rhousanu heaus o householus. one
rhousanu. ve hunuieu. one hunuieu. ry. anu ren (Neans1o:1. zoz: Rowe
1o6. z6z: iles 1o8. :). In ieruin oi rheii laLois. ocials o rhese
gious o householus weie gianreu vaiious iighrs anu iivileges. incluuing
rhe execrarion o ieceiving srarus maikeis. such as ne clorh aioiiare
ro rhe ocials osirion in rhe hieiaichy. As rhe san o conriol is ouire
small. six ocials oi ewei. rhe ow o inoimarion is ieasonaLly ecienr.
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 661
Wirh rhis sysrem rhe Inka inrenueu ro conriol communicarion anu ro ie-
cluue rhe exchange o Lorh goous anu inoimarion Lerween communiries
anu Lerween iegional cenreis. rhus emhasizing veirical ries ar rhe exense
o hoiizonral ries (DAlrioy 1ooz). (1heie was some vaiiarion in rhe hiei-
aichical sriucruie. esecially on rhe eiiheiies o rhe emiie. wheie rhe
numLei o ocials anu rhus rhe numLei o links Lerween rhem weie ewei:
see Salomon 1o86.)
As a seconu means ro avoiu conicr. rhe Inka oiciLly moveu ieLel-
lious gious ro uieienr iegions. somerimes a rhousanu oi moie kilomereis
iom rheii homes. 1he iesulr was a oim o inreinal colonizarion. which
iouuceu in srare aims. iegional cenreis. anu in rhe cairal ar Cuzco a
social mosaic in which inuiviuual erhnic iuenriries weie mainraineu. 1hose
iom rhe same locarions liveu rogerhei in erhnic serrlemenrs. mainraining
rheii languages anu sryles o uiess (Nuiia 1o8o 1o6]: Wachrel 1o8z).
1he rhiiu anu eihas mosr imoiranr means ro avoiu conicr was
a oim o wealrh Laseu on ielarively lighrweighr. easy-ro-riansoir. high-
iesrige goous. which weie given ro iegional anu local leaueis in exchange
oi rheii conrinueu allegiance (Nuiia1o6z. 1o8o 1o6]. 1o8z: Noiiis1o6:
Wachrel 1o8z: DAlrioy anu Laile 1o8: LeVine 1o8).
1his oim o exchange. calleu wealrh nance. also oweu rhiough rhe
Inka ioau nerwoik Lur rianscenueu iegional Lounuaiies anu iegional cen-
reis. Ir was oiienreu rowaiu rhe riansoirarion o srarus oLiecrs. such as
Spondylus shells iom rhe noirh coasr. Liiu earheis iom rhe easrein rioi-
cal iegions. ne clorh sun iom llama anu alaca wool iom rhe cenrial
highlanus. anu golu. silvei. anu coei iom vaiious highlanu anu coasral
locarions. all o which weie senr ro Cuzco. Inkan wealrh nance was ii-
maiily Laseu on mirmao laLoi. rhar is. on rhe woik o eimanenr srare
laLoieis. which iesulreu in rhe accumularion o iesrige goous in Cuzco.
some oirion o which was ieuisriiLureu ro local elires rhioughour rhe em-
iie (DAlrioy anu Laile 1o8).
Wealrh nance was a means ro sraLilize rhe olirically unsraLle sys-
rem o uecenrializeu srale nance. 1he use o mirmao laLoi. rhe cenrial
sroiage o srarus goous. anu rhe cenrializeu sysrem o ieuisriiLurion com-
Lineu ro Liing wealrh nance uiiecrly unuei srare conriol. By iewaiuing
local anu iegional ocials wirh ne clorh. oi insrance. rhe Inka inrenueu
ro rie rheii economic well-Leing uiiecrly ro rhe Inka srare (Nuiia 1o6z). In
geneial. howevei. high-iesrige goous. as maikeis o social srarus. alloweu
elires access ro suLsisrence goous Lur coulu nor Le exchangeu oi suLsis-
rence goous (Laile 1o8). Srale nance anu wealrh nance rhus ciiculareu
in uieienr sheies o exchange.
In Lioau ourline. rhis is rhe sysrem I wish ro lace in a nerwoik ei-
66z David Jenkins
secrive. rwo uisrincr ciicuirs o exchange wirh uieienr sriucruial ioei-
ries. One iesulreu in a massive sroiage comlex wirh laige suLcenreis anu
many (eihas as many as rwo rhousanu) inreimeuiare way srarions. calleu
tampu. In rhis sysrem. goous weie iegionally sraLle. while eole weie mo-
Lile: rhe miliraiy. ioyal ierinues. mira laLoieis. anu so on moveu rhiough
rhe ioau nerwoik anu hau rheii suLsisrence neeus sulieu along rhe way.
1he orhei ciicuir o exchange was emiie-wiue anu was Laseu on rhe move-
menr o lighrweighr. high-iesrige goous inro anu rhen our o Cuzco. As
Nuiia (1o6z) anu Noiiis (1o86) have suggesreu. long-uisrance movemenr
irsel ioLaLly coneiieu auueu value ro rhe alieauy high-iesrige goous.
Centrality: Basic Denitions
As ueneu in Haiaiy (1o6o) anu Hage anu Haiaiy (1oo1. 1oo6). a giah is
a marhemarical sriucruie consisring o a ser o oinrs. aiis o which aie
ioineu Ly lines. Ioimally. in ser rheoieric reims. a giah G consisrs o a
nire nonemry ser V = V(G) o p oinrs rogerhei wirh a ser E o q un-
oiueieu aiis o uisrincr oinrs o V. Lach aii e =u.v o oinrs E is a line
o G: e conseouenrly ioins u anu v. In rhis norarion. e = uv. which means
rhar u anu v aie auiacenr oinrs anu rhar oinr u anu line e aie inciuenr wirh
each orhei. as aie oinr v anu line e. I rwo uisrincr lines aie inciuenr wirh
a common oinr. rhen rhey aie auiacenr lines.
A arh in G is an alreinaring seouence o uisrincr oinrs anu lines. v
o
.
e
1
. v
1
. e
z
. v
z
. . . . . v
n-1
. v
n
. A cycle is ueiiveu iom a arh when rhe Legin-
ning anu enu oinrs v
o
anu v
n
aie ioineu Ly a line. A giah G is connecreu
i eveiy aii o oinrs is ioineu Ly a arh. A laLeleu giah is one rhar has
numLeis 1 ro p assigneu ro irs oinrs.
Deenuing uon emiiical consiueiarions. cenrialiry can Le inrei-
iereu anu ueneu in vaiious ways (Iieeman 1oo: Buckley anu Haiaiy
1ooo). As Iieeman (1oo) oinrs our. rhe choice o a uenirion ueenus
uon rhe sriucruie Leing analyzeu.
Degiee cenrialiry is a measuie rhar ieeis ro rhe numLei o lines inci-
uenr wirh a given oinr. Ir ieecrs rhe uiiecr communicarion acriviry o
a sire. Ioi rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. uegiee cenrialiry sums rhe numLei o
ioaus inciuenr wirh. rhar is. connecreu ro. an auminisriarive cenrei oi sroi-
age comlex. Sires wirh high uegiee cenrialiry have rhe orenrial oi rhe
giearesr communicarion oi exchange acriviry in rhe nerwoik. simly Le-
cause rhey have ielarively moie uiiecr connecrions ro orhei sires.
Closeness cenrialiry is a measuie rhar ieeis ro rhe sum o rhe lengrhs
o rhe shoiresr arhs Lerween a oinr anu all orhei oinrs in a connecreu
giah. 1he shoiresr arhs aie calleu geouesics. 1his measuie is useu as an
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 66:
inuex o rhe eciency o communicarion oi exchange. Laseu on rhe iuea
rhar a oinr wirh ewei links Lerween ir anu all orhei oinrs has as a conse-
ouence a ielarive locarional auvanrage. In reims o rhe Inka ioau nerwoik.
closeness cenrialiry can Le inreiiereu in rwo ways. as a measuie o an au-
minisriarive cenreis ielarive eciency ar communicaring wirh any orhei
cenrei anu as a measuie o a cenreis ielarive inueenuence iom rhe inu-
ence o any orhei cenrei. Sires wirh lowcloseness cenrialiry aie in rhe rhick
o rhings. as ir weie: sires wirh high closeness cenrialiry. Ly conriasr. aie
ielarively maiginal.
Berweenness cenrialiry ieeis ro rhe ieouency rhar each oinr on a
geouesic occuis Lerween all aiis o oinrs. Cenrial oinrs. iooirionally
moie ieouenr on rhe arhs Lerween oinrs. have a giearei orenrial oi
rhe conriol o communicarion oi exchange Lerween all oinrs. Berweenness
cenrialiry is rhus an inuex oi rhe conriol o communicarion oi exchange.
In rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. Lerweenness cenrialiry measuies an auminisria-
rive cenreis ielarive orenrial ro conriol rhe ow o inoimarion Lerween
any rwo orhei auminisriarive cenreis.
Lach measuie o cenrialiry ieouiies exlicir marhemarical uenirion
(Iieeman 1oo: Hage anu Haiaiy 1oo1. 1oo6). Baseu on Iieeman (1oo).
all cenrialiry measuies o rhe Inka nerwoik have Leen calculareu using Uci-
Nr1 iv Veision1.o sorwaie (Boigarri er al. 1ooz). A giah o rhe laige anu
comlex Inka ioau nerwoik is isr neeueu in oiuei ro calculare rhe ielarive
cenrialiry o auminisriarive cenreis anu sroiage aciliries (Iiguie z).
Inka Road Network
1he giah in Iiguie z is ueiiveu iom uara in Hyslo (1o8. 1ooo). Regal
(1o:6). SriuLe Liumann (1o6:). Gasaiini anu Naigolies (1o8o). LeVine
(1ooz). anu Nalass (1oo:). sulemenreu wirh uara iom vaiious sire ie-
oirs anu Sanish chionicles. as inuicareu Lelow. umLeis inuicare secic
auminisriarive. sroiage. oi orhei sires. which aie summaiizeu in1aLle1. Ioi
examle. numLei 8 sranus oi Huamachuco. 16 oi Harun Xuaxa. 18 oi
Cuzco. Iiguie z shows rhe rwo iimaiy ioausrhe ioughly noirh-sourh
ioau on rhe coasr anu rhe noirh-sourh ioau in rhe highlanusanu imoi-
ranr seconuaiy ioaus rhar linkeu u wirh rhe iimaiy ioaus.
Ioiry-oui known sroiage sires. as enumeiareu Ly Sneau (1ooz). aie
incluueu in Iiguie z. wirh rhe excerion o rhose sires lacking cleai ioau as-
sociarions. 1heie has Leen no eoir ro incluue in Iiguie z all known ramu.
as lisreu in Guaman Poma ue Ayala (1o8o 161]. 1ooo). Vaca ue Casrio
Cavelleio (1oo8 1:]. :). anu Hyslo (1o8). noi ro incluue rhe many
Inka sires whose uncrion is amLiguous. onsroiage sires rhar layeu an im-
66 David Jenkins
Figure . Graph of the Inka road network emphasizing the systemof staple nance.
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 66
Table . Degree centrality of administrative sites, productive enclaves, storage
centers, and way stations (adapted from Snead )
# Storage Degree
Site Units Facilities Roads centrality
1. Quito ? extensive primary 1
2. Paradones 38 extensive secondary 2
3. Ingapirca ? large tampu primary 2
4. Tomebamba ? extensive primary 2
5. Huancapampa ? tampu primary 3
6. Cajamarca ? extensive primary 4
7. Chachapoyas 23 large tampu secondary 2
8. Huamachuco 144 extensive? primary 4
9. Taparaku 20 tampu primary 2
10. Hunuco Pampa 496 extensive primary/junction 4
11. Tunsukancha 24 tampu primary 2
12. Pumpu 325 extensive primary/junction 3
13. Chacamarca 118 large tampu primary/junction 3
14. La Cima, Telarnoij 32 tampu primary 2
15. Tarma 38 large tampu primary 2
16. Hatun Xuaxa and 2,726 extensive primary/junction 4
Mantaro Valley
17. Vilcas Huaman ? extensive primary 4
18. Cuzco ? extensive primary 3
19. Raqchi 40 extensive primary 3
20. Hatunqolla ? extensive primary 4
21. Chuquiabo ? ? primary 3
22. Paria (Anocariri) ? extensive primary 4
23. Cotapachi 2,400 domestic secondary 2
24. Kullku Tampu 4 tampu secondary 2
25. Kharalaus Pampa 80 tampu secondary 2
26. Pocona 21 tampu secondary 3
27. Tumuyo 63 domestic? secondary 1
28. Inkallajta 20 extensive secondary 1
29. Yacoraite 4 tampu primary 4
30. Inkahuasi ? tampu primary 3
31. Aqua Hedionda 103 tampu secondary 1
32. Campo del Pucara 1,717 domestic? secondary 2
33. Corral Blanco 19 tampu primary 2
34. Portrero de ? extensive primary 2
Payogasta
35. Hualn 23 tampu secondary 1
36. Navado del ? extensive primary 3
Aconquija
666 David Jenkins
Table . Continued
# Storage Degree
Site Units Facilities Roads centrality
37. Ranchillos ? tampu primary 3
38. Tamillitos ? tampu primary 2
39. Santiago ? ? secondary 2
40. Tumbes ? ? primary 2
41. Chiquitoy Viejo ? extensive primary 4
42. Pachacamac ? pre-Inka primary 3
43. Centenila ? extensive primary 3
44. Inkawasi 202 extensive secondary 2
45. Tambo Colorado 5 large tampu secondary 3
46. Tambo Viejo 40 extensive secondary 3
47. Culluma Baja 46 none secondary 2
48. Inka Tampu 25 tampu secondary 2
49. Millpu 16 none secondary 2
50. Quebrada de la 27 large tampu primary 4
Vaca
51. Camata 43 tampu secondary 2
52. Turi ? extensive primary 2
53. Catarpe ? extensive primary 2
54. Capis-Cerrellos 200 ? primary/junction 3
oiranr iole in rhe ioau nerwoik have Leen incluueu. howevei. such as Cen-
rinela (Rosrwoiowski 1o: Wallace1oo1). Chiouiroy Vieio (Coniau1o).
anu Caraie (Lynch 1oo:). which uncrioneu as conriol oinrs in rhe ow
o goous iomrhe coasr ro rhe highlanus. Some sires rhar aie geogiahically
close ro one anorhei aie rieareu as one oinr. such as rhe ramu La Cima
anu 1elainoii. anu rhe auminisriarive cenrei Harun Xuaxa anu rhe sroi-
age comlexes in rhe Nanraio valley. Orhei economically imoiranr sires
aie nor incluueu. oi examle. ioyal esrares along rhe UiuLamLa[Vilcanora
iivei valley neai Cuzco (iles 1oo:) such as OllanrayramLo (Piorzen1oo:).
1he inrenrion is nor ro ioviue an encycloeuic accounr o Inka sires Lur ro
consriucr a mouel. necessaiily simlieu. o rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. anu ro
sruuy irs ioeiries.
1aLle 1. auareu iom Sneau (1ooz). shows rhe ielarive uegiee cen-
rialiry o ry-oui sires rhioughour rhe Inka emiie. Sneau classies rhe
oiry-oui sires he uiscusses as lying on iimaiy ioaus. seconuaiy ioaus. oi
on iimaiy ioau iuncrions. 1he auvanrage o using uegiee cenrialiry. iarhei
rhan Sneaus ryology. is rhar ir ioviues an inuex o rhe orenrial oi ex-
change oi communicarive acriviry. In reims o uegiee cenrialiry. rhe mosr
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 66
cenrial sires aie rhe ollowing. Caiamaica. Huamachuco. Hunuco Pama.
Harun Xuaxa. Vilcas Huaman. Harunoolla. Paiia (Anocaiiii). Chiouiroy
Vieio. Yacoiaire. anu QueLiaua ue la Vaca. 1hese aie all maioi Inka aumin-
isriarive oi sroiage cenreis. wirh rhe excerions o Yacoiaire (oinr zo). a
small ramu wirh oui sroiage unirs. anu QueLiaua ue la Vaca (oinr o).
which may have Leen a small auminisriarive cenrei wirh rwenry-seven sroi-
age unirs.
Chiouiroy Vieio (oinr 1) has Leen iuenrieu as an Inka sire rhar
conriolleu rhe ow o inoimarion oi goous Lerween coasr anu sieiia
(Coniau1o). Anocaiiii (oinr zz). a sire eighr kilomereis wesr-noirhwesr
o mouein-uay Paiia. Bolivia. was ioLaLly associareu wirh rhe Inka io-
vincial cairal o rhe same name (Cieza ue Leon 1o6 1:]. 6) rhiough
which eole anu goous oweu Lerween Cuzco anu rhe CochaLamLa val-
ley (Lsinoza Soiiano1o6o). Harunoolla (oinr zo). Vilcas Huaman (oinr
1). Harun Xuaxa (oinr 16). Hunuco Pama (oinr 1o). anu Caiamaica
(oinr 6) weie all maioi Inka auminisriarive anu sroiage cenreis (Gasaiini
anu Naigolies 1o8o: |ulien1o8:. 1oo:: DAlrioy 1ooz: Noiiis anu 1hom-
son 1o8). Huamachuco (oinr 8). a smallei sroiage cenrei ioLaLly oii-
enreu rowaiu local consumrion only. may have Leen associareu wirh Inka
auminisriarion (1oic anu 1oic 1o8: 1oic anu Chiswell 1ooz).
Degiee cenrialiry. as an inuex o exchange oi communicarive acriviry.
aeais ro caruie rhe locarional imoirance o many Lur nor all maioi Inka
sires. Cuzco (oinr 18). Pumu (oinr 1z). 1omeLamLa (oinr ). anu Quiro
(oinr 1). oi examle. weie signicanr sroiage oi auminisriarive cenreis Lur
uo nor have rhe highesr uegiee cenrialiry. Orhei cenrialiry. nerwoik. envi-
ionmenral. oi culruial vaiiaLles may have conriiLureu ro rheii imoirance
in rhe oveiall ioau nerwoik.
1aLle z comaies measuies o closeness anu Lerweenness cenrialiry.
Closeness cenrialiry measuies rhe ielarive eciency wirh which a cenrei
can communicare wirh any orhei cenrei. As a sires geouesics (shoiresr
arhs Lerween ir anu all orhei oinrs) inciease in lengrh. rhe cenrialiry o
rhar sire uecieases. 1his measuie shows rhar Cuzco (oinr 18) is mosr cen-
rial. olloweu closely Ly Vilcas Huaman (oinr 1). QueLiaua ue la Vaca
(oinr o) is rhiiu mosr cenrial. which may airially accounr oi irs rwenry-
seven sroiage sriucruies. Harun Xuaxa (oinr 16) is ouirh mosr cenrial.
Raochi (oinr 1o) is rh. anu 1amLo Vieio (oinr 6) is sixrh. Pacha-
camac (oinr z). on rhe cenrial coasr. emeiges as rhe elevenrh mosr cenrial
sire. which. in auuirion ro irs ieligious associarions anu economic orenrial
(Rosrwoiowski 1o) inuicares irs ielarive locarional auvanrage.
Berweenness cenrialiry ioviues an inuex o rhe orenrial ro conriol
rhe ow o inoimarion oi goous iom one cenrei ro any orhei cenrei. Ir is
668 David Jenkins
Table . Relative centrality of sites on the Inka road network
Closeness Betweenness
Site centrality Rank centrality Rank
1. Quito 572 51 0.00 50=
2. Paradones 520 50 52.00 42
3. Ingapirca 470 48 102.00 33
4. Tomebamba 422 45 200.00 28
5. Huancapampa 376 35= 296.67 18
6. Cajamarca 334 25 306.83 17
7. Chachapoyas 376 35= 31.17 43
8. Huamachuco 335 26 216.83 25
9. Taparaku 380 37 7.50 47
10. Hunuco Pampa 383 38= 57.00 41
11. Tunsukancha 425 46 1.67 49
12. Pumpu 378 36 91.00 35
13. Chacamarca 354 30 171.00 30
14. La Cima, Telarnoij 330 23 219.67 24
15. Tarma 298 16 282.67 21
16. Hatun Xuaxa, Mantaro Valley 258 4 1029.58 3
17. Vilcas Huaman 245 2 1157.91 1
18. Cuzco 243 1 1135.33 2
19. Raqchi 261 5 844.08 5
20. Hatunqolla 269 8 312.25 16
21. Chuquiabo 277 10 585.91 9
22. Paria (Anocariri) 286 13 981.42 4
23. Cotapachi 328 22 470.00 11
24. Kullku Tampu 372 34 384.00 13
25. Kharalaus Pampa 481 44 294.00 19
26. Pocona 466 47 202.00 27
27. Tumuyo 518 49= 0.00 50=
28. Inkallajta 518 49= 0.00 50=
29. Yacoraite 315 20 553.92 10
30. Inkahuasi 352 29 213.25 26
31. Aqua Hedionda 404 42 0.00 50=
32. Campo del Pucara 383 38= 93.25 34
33. Corral Blanco 356 31 138.17 32
34. Portrero de Payogasta 393 40 72.42 39
35. Hualn 367 33 0.00 50=
36. Navado del Aconquija 361 32 195.83 29
37. Ranchillos 394 41 74.17 38
38. Tamillitos 411 43 16.25 45
39. Santiago 390 39 64.33 40
40. Tumbes 344 28 156.00 31
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 66o
Table . Continued
Closeness Betweenness
Site centrality Rank centrality Rank
41. Chiquitoy Viejo 302 17 783.67 7
42. Pachacamac 278 11 823.00 6
43. Centenila 282 12 219.75 23
44. Inkawasi 305 18 3.67 48
45. Tambo Colorado 266 7 259.42 22
46. Tambo Viejo 263 6 287.92 20
47. Culluma Baja 311 19 29.50 44
48. Inka Tampu 331 24 8.50 46
49. Millpu 293 15 77.00 37
50. Quebrada de la Vaca 256 3 586.83 8
51. Camata 276 9 79.33 36
52. Turi 290 14 416.58 12
53. Catarpe 320 21 362.58 14
54. Capis-Cerrellos 343 27 342.17 15
a measuie o rhe numLei o rimes a oinr occuis on rhe geouesics in a con-
necreu giah. A laige Lerweenness cenrialiry imlies rhar a sire is ielarively
moie Lerween all orhei sires. 1his measuie shows which sires aie auvanra-
geously locareu ro acr as inreimeuiaiies. Vilcas Huaman ianks rhe highesr in
Lerweenness cenrialiry. olloweu Ly Cuzco. Harun Xuaxa. Paiia. anu Rao-
chi. Somewhar suiiisingly. Pachacamac emeiges as rhe sixrh mosr cen-
rial sire. Wirh cleai ieligious associarions anu sriong economic orenrial.
Pachacamac was rhe only coasral sire wheie iesrige goous weie collecreu.
iarhei rhan Leing riansoireu ro rhe sieiia (Cieza ue Leon1o6 1:]. 1o:
Hyslo1o8. z6:: Rosrwoiowski 1o). eihas Lecause o irs osirion as
an inreimeuiaiy.
1he cenrial locarion o Cuzco. conimeu Ly rwo uieienr cenrialiry
measuies. is esecially norewoirhy. Ir has rhe highesr cenrialiry in reims
o rhe ielarive eciency wirh which ir coulu communicare wirh any orhei
oinr in rhe nerwoik anu rhe seconu highesr cenrialiry in reims o irs aLiliry
ro conriol rhe ow o inoimarion oi goous Lerween any rwo oinrs. Such
ielarive locarional auvanrage gives suoir ro Noiiiss (1o86. 6) oLsei-
varion aLour rhe iueological osirion o rhe Inka cairal. One ieason
iesrige goous] wenr to Cusco was so rhar rhey coulu come from Cusco.
Cuzcos high closeness cenrialiry maue rhe movemenr o goous ro anu iom
Cuzco ielarively ecienr.
Because Cuzco lies on rhe seconu highesr numLei o shoiresr arhs
6o David Jenkins
Lerween any rwo oinrs. ir is also in an auvanrageous osirion ro conriol
rhe owo inoimarion rhioughour rhe emiie. 1he ameu chasques (CoLo
1o6 16:]. 1zo:1). messengeis srarioneu ar iegulai inreivals along rhe
ioau nerwoik. aie a secraculai examle o rhis conriol. CoLo. imiesseu
Ly rhe seeu wirh which messages coulu riavel iom oinr ro oinr. noreu
rhar oiueis iom Cuzco coulu Le senr ro Quiro anu ieruin ro Cuzco in ren
oi rwelve uays. Cieza ue Leon (1o6 1:]. o). similaily imiesseu. noreu
rhar in rhis way rhe loius weie inoimeu o eveiyrhing rhar occuiieu in
rheii kinguom anu uominion anu rheieLy] uereimineu whar aeaieu ro
Le in rheii Lesr inreiesrs. Cuzcos cenrial locarion acilirareu such inoi-
marional conriol.
1he main sroiage[auminisriarive sire wirh high cenrialiry is Harun
Xuaxa (oinr 16). which hau z.z6 sroiage unirs neai rhe auminisriarive
cenrei irsel anu in rhe suiiounuing Nanraio valley. Harun Xuaxa ianks
isr in uegiee cenrialiry. ouirh in closeness cenrialiry. anu rhiiu in Le-
rweenness cenrialiry. which inuicares irs cleai locarional auvanrage vis-a-
vis rhe oveiall ioau nerwoik. Coraachi (oinr z:) anu Camo uel Pucaia
(oinr :z). Lorh maioi sroiage sires. uo nor have a coiiesonuingly high
cenrialiry. Coraachi. wirh z.oo sroiage unirs. ianks rwenry-seconu in
closeness cenrialiry anu elevenrh in Lerweenness cenrialiry. Camo uel Pu-
caia. wirh 1.1 sroiage unirs. ianks rhiiry-eighrh in closeness cenrialiry
anu rhiiry-ouirh in Lerweenness cenrialiry. eirhei o rhese rwo maioi
sires have rhe gianu auminisriarive comlexes ounu in rhe highlanus noirh
o Cuzco. Low cenrialiry may airially accounr oi why laige auminis-
riarive comlexes aie nor associareu wirh eirhei Coraachi oi Camo uel
Pucaia.
1he Inka aeai ro have consriucreu massive sroiage comlexes ar
rwo exriemes o rhe ioau nerwoik. ar highlanu locarions wirh high cen-
rialiry anu ar highlanu locarions wirh lowcenrialiry. ComaiaLly laige sroi-
age comlexes uo nor seem ro have Leen consriucreu on rhe coasr. Noiiis
(1o86. 66) aigues rhar rhe necessiry o sroiage is giearesr in aieas o mai-
ginaliry. Alrhough Noiiis ieeis ro rhe enviionmenral anu uemogiahic
chaiacreiisrics o Hunuco Pama. which hau no eimanenr oularion
anu was in acr Luilr some uisrance away iom rhe iegions oularion cen-
rei. his oLseivarion. couleu ro rhe cleai cenrial locarion o imoiranr high-
lanu sires. may Le geneializeu as a nerwoik hyorhesis. In rhe highlanus.
rhe necessiry o sroiage is giearesr in aieas o high cenrialiry anu in aieas
o low cenrialiry. Laige sroiage aciliries in aieas o high cenrialiry (oinrs
16. 1z. anu 1o. oi examle) coiiesonu wirh rhe locarion o maioi aumin-
isriarive cenreis: laige sroiage aciliries in aieas o low cenrialiry (oinrs
z: anu :z) uo nor. erwoik osirion may rhus ourweigh enviionmenral oi
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 61
uemogiahic vaiiaLles in rhe locarion anu consriucrion o sroiage sires in
rhe highlanus.
1he hyorhesis rhar highlanu sroiage was giearesr ar rhe rwo exriemes
o nerwoik cenrialiry may Le resreu Ly aichaeological invesrigarion ar Inka
cenreis such as ChuouiaLo. 1omeLamLa. anu Quiro. lisreu in eaily Sanish
ieoirs as imoiranr sroiage sires (e.g.. Cieza ue Leon 1o6 1:]). Chu-
ouiaLo ianks isr in uegiee. renrh in closeness. anu ninrh in Lerweenness
cenrialiry. By conriasr. 1omeLamLa anu Quiro Lorh have veiy lowcenrialiry
anu weie rhus ielarively inueenuenr iom rhe inuence o any orhei cen-
rei.
3
Inka sires ar rhese locarions. howevei. aie Luiieu unuei rhe mouein
ciries o La Paz. Cuenca. anu Quiro. making conimarion oi uisconima-
rion o rhis hyorhesis uiculr. How many sroiage unirs aie associareu
wirh rhese sires is unknown anu eihas unknowaLle. In rhese insrances.
howevei. auminisriarive comlexes anu sroiage cenreis ioLaLly exisreu
rogerhei.
Prestige Goods
Piesrige goous. as air o rhe sysrem o wealrh nance. also ciiculareu
rhiough rhe ioau nerwoik. Spondylus shells. honey. rioical woou. Liius
anu Liiu earheis. ne clorh. golu. silvei. coei. anu in some insrances
maize oweu inro Cuzco. anu some oirion was ieuisriiLureu ro iegional
anu local elires (CoLo 1o6 16:]. 1z). Iiguie : shows a uigiah o rhis
exchange sysrem. wirh rhe oiigin oinrs o ceirain goous inuicareu.
4
1umLes (oinr o). on rhe Lcuauoiian coasr. was a signicanr con-
uuir oi Spondylus shells uesrineu oi Cuzco (CoLo1o6 16:]. 1z6). Calleu
mullu in Quechua. Spondylus shells anu rhe oLiecrs ashioneu iom rhem
helu giear ieligious signicance oi rhe Inka (Nuiia 1o: Rosrwoiowski
1oo. 1o). 1hey aeai in many ie-Inka sires in rhe noirhein anu cen-
rial Anues anu may have enreieu inro cenrial Anuean exchange nerwoiks as
eaily as 11oo v.c. (Paulsen1o). Spondylus was nor a signicanr riaue irem
in rhe ieceiamic eiiou. howevei: only a ew insrances o irs ieceiamic
occuiience in rhe highlanus have Leen uocumenreu (Rick 1o88. :8).
1he haLirar o rwo Pacic secies o Spondylus. Spondylus princeps anu
Spondylus calcifer. iange iomrhe Gul o Guayaguil in Lcuauoi ro rhe Gul
o Calioinia. Borh secies live in wareis rwenry-ve ro sixry mereis uee
(Naicos 1o8). As Nuiia (1o) nores. millions o Spondylus musr have
Leen haivesreu ro sarisy Inka neeus. 1umLes. as air o an exchange ner-
woik srierching inro Cenrial Ameiica. was ar rhe sourhein euge o Spon-
dylus haLirar. 1hus. ro ensuie rhar a suly o Spondylus ieacheu Cuzco.
rhe Inka ieouiieu oen lines o exchange iom1umLes ro rhe highlanus. In
6z David Jenkins
reims o wealrh nance. rhen. 1umLes anu rhe ioau rhar linkeu ir wirh rhe
sieiia weie airiculaily imoiranr. CoLo (1o6 16:]. 1z6) noreu rhar
rhe ioau iom 1umLes ro rhe sieiia was one o rhe rwo mosr signicanr
lareial ioaus linking coasr anu highlanu.
5
Anu Iiancisco ue Xeiez (1o1
1:]. :zz6). one o rhe 1 Luioean invaueis who lanueu in 1:z. oL-
seiveu seveial sroiehouses neai 1umLes lleu wirh sucienr clorh anu oou
ro mainrain rhemselves oi rhiee oi oui yeais.
1he imoirance rhar rhe Inka arriiLureu ro 1umLes was Laseu in air
on irs nerwoik osirion in rhe sysrem o wealrh nance. Alrhough 1umLes
has ielarively low cenrialiry in rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. irs iemoval woulu
have eecrively cur o rhe ow. oi ar leasr much o rhe ow. o Spondylus ro
rhe highlanus. As an ourei oinr in rhe sysrem o wealrh nance. 1umLess
imoirance was Laseu nor on irs cenrial locarion Lur iarhei on irs maigin-
aliry. oi whar mighr Le calleu irs sriaregic maiginaliry.
Orhei locarions wirh similaily low cenrialiry weie imoiranr in rhe
sysremo wealrh nance. 1uii (oinr z). oi examle. was an Inka auminis-
riarive cenrei rhar conriolleu rhe owo iecious merals iom rhe Aracama
ueseir ro rhe highlanus. Ir was linkeu ro Caraie (oinr :) sevenry kilo-
mereis ro rhe sourh. which has Leen uesciiLeu as rhe laigesr. mosr clas-
sically uesigneu anu sriaregically locareu ramLo on rhe Aracama ionriei
(Lynch1oo:. 1zo). 1uii. rhiough Caraie. was linkeu ro rhe Coiao valley
(oinr ). some oui hunuieu kilomereis airhei sourh.
In a suivey o Inka serrlemenr arreins. Hyslo (1ooo) aigues rhar Inka
auminisriarive cenreis weie Luilr anu locareu accoiuing ro enviionmenral.
uemogiahic. culruial. anu olirical ciireiia. Lynch (1oo:. 1zo) suggesrs
anorhei ossiLiliry.
I am remreu ro ruin rhe usual inreiierarion aiounu anu visualize rhe
Inca ioau as a connecroi o auminisriarive cenreis. iarhei rhan o rhe
nuclei o uensesr oularion. which oren lay a Lir o ro rhe siue on
lareial access ioures (Lynch1o8o. ). Iollowing rhis line o ieasoning.
we mighr execr rhe auminisriarive cenreis ro Le Luilr moie accoiuing
ro oimula oi masrei lan. rhan suLsranrial rowns oi ciries woulu Le.
Given rhe laigely airicial oiigin anu olirical uiose o such aumin-
isriarive cenreis (iarhei rhan economic oiigin anu Lasis). ir is no won-
uei rhar many cenreis weie aLanuoneu soon arei rhe Sanish invasion
anu uesriucrion o rhe Inca coie.
Caraie was a sire wheie coei (Lynch 1oo:. 1z:) anu eihas orhei
iecious mareiials (iemeyei anu Schiaacasse 1o88) weie woikeu oi
Inka uioses anu rhen senr ro Cuzco via 1uii. Ir may have also Leen an
inreimeuiare srarion oi conriolling rhe ow o iecious goous iom rhe
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 6:
Coiao valley. alrhough rhis seems unlikely. given rhe haish ueseir envi-
ionmenr sourh o Caraie (Hyslo 1o8. 1o6) anu rhe alreinare ioure
iomrhe Coiao valley ro rhe highlanus. Lynch aigues rhar Caraies sria-
regic locarion anu classical Inka uesign can Le unueisroou Lesr in reims o
an exchange nerwoik. 1he ouesrion is whar kinu o nerwoik.
Caraies locarion anu uesign anu 1umLess locarion anu imoirance
suggesr a hyorhesis aLour nerwoik osirion in reims o rhe Inka-imoseu
sysrem o wealrh nance. 1he hyorhesis is rhar rhe Inka Luilr anu main-
raineu small Lur imoiranr auminisriarive cenreis ar sires o giearesr mai-
ginaliry. ieouenrly ar rhe enuoinrs o exchange nerwoiks. 1hus nerwoik
osirion. iarhei rhan uemogiahic oi enviionmenral vaiiaLles. may accounr
oi rhe locarion o smallei auminisriarive cenreis along rhe coasra oinr
suggesreu Ly Lynch (1oo:. 1zo). Iiguie : shows Caraie anu 1umLes as
enuoinrs o such an exchange nerwoik.
1his hyorhesis can Le resreu Ly invesrigaring orhei sires ar enuoinrs
in rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. In rhe noirheasrein highlanus o Peiu. Chacha-
oyas (oinr ). oi examle. ianks rhiiry-rh in closeness cenrialiry anu
oiry-rhiiu in Lerweenness cenrialiry. Ir was a iegion o Inka inreiesr Le-
cause o irs ioximiry ro rioical iesrige goous. such as earheis anu exoric
woou. Aichaeological iemains o Inka uesign in rhis maiginal locarion in-
cluue rwenry-rhiee sroiage sriucruies anu ossiLly an auminisriarive cenrei
(Schielleiu 1oo8o. 1o8).
Hualn (oinr :). in rhe Caramaica Piovince o noirhwesr Aigenrina.
ianks rhiiry-rhiiu in closeness cenrialiry anu rierh in Lerweenness cen-
rialiry. Ir was ioLaLly Luilr oi rhe exloirarion anu auminisriarive conriol
o rhe iegions golu anu silvei mines (Gonzalez 1o8:). Hualn comiises
sevenry sriucruies. rwenry-rhiee (Sneau1ooz. oo) ro rhiiry-rhiee (Gonzalez
1o8:. :) o which weie sroiage unirs. Gonzalez (1o8:. :o) shows Hualn
as an enuoinr on rhe Inka ioau nerwoik.
Poirieio ue Payogasra (oinr :). in rhe Calchaoui valley o noirhwesr-
ein Aigenrina. also aeais ro suoir rhe iuea rhar rhe Inka Luilr small
auminisriarive cenreis ar sires o giearesr maiginaliry. Alrhough nor an enu-
oinr. Poirieio ianks oirierh in closeness cenrialiry anu rhiiry-ninrh in Le-
rweenness cenrialiry. Hyslo (1o8. 1z) suggesrs rhar Calchaoui Valley
may have Leen useu Ly rhe Inka oi oou iouucrion. Lur Laile (1oo. o)
nores rhar no laige-scale Inka sroiage sriucruies have Leen ounu rheie.
Srale nance was ioLaLly inoeiarive oi unelaLoiareu. By conriasr. evi-
uence oi wealrh nance is comelling. Laile (1oo) shows rhar rhe manu-
acruie o wealrh in rhe oim o woikeu Lone. coei. ruiouoise. anu shell
was uiiecrly associareu wirh Inka aciliries. Iinisheu wealrh oLiecrs. how-
evei. aie comaiarively iaie in rhe same aciliries. 1his arrein suggesrs rhar
6 David Jenkins
Figure . Graph of the Inka road network emphasizing the system of wealth
nance.
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 6
manuacruieu wealrh was exoireu iom rhe valley. iesumaLly ro Cuzco
as air o rhe sysrem o wealrh nance.
Summary
1he rwo hyorheses aLour srale nance. wealrh nance. anu nerwoik osi-
rion iesenreu aLove can now Le iesrareu.
1) Baseu on rhe ieouiiemenrs o srale nance. rhe Inka Luilr mas-
sive auminisriarive cenreis anu[oi sroiage comlexes ar highlanu locarions
o high cenrialiry anu ar highlanu locarions o low cenrialiry. 1hese ie-
ouiiemenrs incluueu rhe caaciry ro eeu. clorhe. anu orheiwise caie oi
rhe suLsisrence neeus o miliraiy eisonnel. auminisriarois. mira anu mir-
mao laLoieis. anu orheis involveu in srare-oiienreu ioiecrs. In rhis sysrem.
srales weie iegionally ocuseu. anu eole weie moLile. Naioi auminis-
riarive cenreis anu associareu sroiage aciliries weie ryically Luilr in loca-
rions o high cenrialiryHarun Xuaxa. oi examle. By conriasr. sroiage
aciliries wirhour associareu maioi auminisriarive comlexes weie Luilr in
locarions o low cenrialiryoi examle. Camo uel Pucaia. 1omeLamLa
anu Quiro. on rhe maigins o rhe Inka emiie. hau Lorh sroiage anu au-
minisriarive sriucruies.
z) Baseu on rhe ieouiiemenrs o wealrh nance. rhe Inka Luilr smallei
auminisriarive comlexes wirh no oi lirrle sroiage caaciry ar locarions o
lowcenrialiry oi ar enuoinrs in rhe ioau nerwoik. Nany coasral anu high-
lanu locarions rhar geneiareu high-srarus goousSpondylus shells. golu. sil-
vei. coei. earheis. exoric woou. anu so onweie rhus sriaregically mai-
ginal. As Nuiia (1o6z) anu Noiiis (1o86) have iemaikeu. long-uisrance
movemenr irsel coneiieu auueu value ro iesrige goous. erwoik osirion
rhus ieinoiceu iueology.
1hese rwo uisrincr ciicuirs o exchange coiiesonu ro whar Laile anu
DAlrioy (1o8o). ollowing Hassig (1o8. 1oo1). call sriaregies o reiii-
roiial conriol anu sriaregies o hegemonic conriol. 1hey aigue rhar Inka
imeiial owei is Lesr concerualizeu as a conrinuum o sriaregies. wirh
hegemonic conriol ar one enu anu reiiiroiial conriol ar rhe orhei.
Wirh hegemonic control. rhe coie Inka oliry iuleu inuiiecrly. rhiough
clienrs who ieraineu consiueiaLle auronomy in managemenr o local
aaiis. Lur weie oiceu ro accer miliraiy suLmission. riiLuraiy ay-
menrs in laLoi anu secial iouucrs. anu riuncarion o economic iela-
rions wirh neighLoiing erhnic gious. Ioi rhe coie. rhe auvanrages o
such hegemonic ielarionshis weie ounu in rhe ielarively lowcosrs o
conriol anu in rhe minimal inreinal secuiiry uuries.
66 David Jenkins
Wirh territorial control. rhe coie Inka oliry exrenueu uiiecr srare ies-
ence inro rhe uominareu iegions rhiough a comiehensive iesriucrui-
ing o economic anu olirical ielarionshis. a sueivisoiy auminisria-
rive iesence. anu oren a seiies o uiamaric culruial changes. Conriol
was high. eimirring a high level o exriacrion. Lur rhe uegiee o inrei-
venrion was remeieu Ly rhe high cosrs o uiiecr auminisriarion. (Laile
anu DAlrioy 1o8o. 18)
Hegemonic conriol ieouiies minimal auminisriarive invesrmenr. 1he
inrenr is ro iouuce a suilus iom local oularions simly Ly usuiing.
unuei rhiear o arrack. a oirion o rhe laLoi oi iouucrs rhar woulu orhei-
wise have Leen consumeu Ly rhar oularion. By conriasr. reiiiroiial con-
riol ieouiies high auminisriarive invesrmenr. Irs inrenr is ro rie rhe welaie
o local oularions uiiecrly ro rhe srare. In rhe Inka emiie. reiiiroiial
conriol was sriongesr in rhe cenrial highlanus Lerween Cuzco anu Quiro.
wheie rheie weie laige oularions anu high agiiculruial iouucriviry. anu
weakesr along rhe noirhein anu sourhein coasrs anu in rhe easrein rioical
iegions. Wealrh nance wirh irs cenrialiry coiielares woulu acilirare hege-
monic conriol. wheieas srale nance. wirh irs uieienr ser o cenrialiry
coiielares. woulu acilirare reiiiroiial conriol.
Research Potential of Network Models
erwoik mouels o rhe gloLal ioeiries o srale nance anu wealrh
nance ioviue one means ro uiscovei rhe macioarreins (DAlrioy1ooz.
o8) o Inka serrlemenr lanning. 1hese mouels may Le exrenueu anu claii-
eu in ar leasr rhiee ways.
1) Given sucienrly iich aichaeological anu erhnohisroiical uara. o
rhe soir rhar has in acr Leen accumularing ovei rhe lasr seveial uecaues. one
coulu arremr ro calculare rhe owo srale goous inro iegional cenreis. as
well as rhe ow o high-iesrige goous inro anu our o Cuzco. 1he Ioiu-
Iulkeison (1o. 1o6z) Nax-ow Nin-cur 1heoiem ioviues one means
ro Legin such an analysis. 1his rheoiem secies rhe nerwoik conuirions
unuei which rhe maximumowo some unir. Laseu on rhe caaciry o lines
(in rhis case. ioaus). can ieach a oinr calleu rhe ieceivei r iom a oinr
calleu rhe riansmirrei t. 1he caaciry o a line is rhe laigesr numLei o unirs
rhar can ow rhiough a given line uuiing a secieu rime eiiou. Since in
a nerwoik rheie aie oren seveial arhs iom t ro r. ir is imoiranr ro know
whar owcaaciry exirs oi all such arhs. whar rhe sum o such caaciries
may Le. anu wherhei rheie is an orimal ow caaciry iom t ro r rhiough
a ser o lines. Cleaily. rhe ow caaciry o a ser o lines cannor exceeu rhe
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 6
smallesr ow caaciry o an inuiviuual line in rhar ser. 1he useulness o
rhe Nax-ow Nin-cur 1heoiem is rhar rhe maximum ow is measuieu Ly
rhe minimum cur ser. rhar is. Ly rhe smallesr ow caaciries o rhe ser o
lines iomt ro r rhe iemoval o which woulu iesulr in a uisconnecreu giah.
Ir also shows wherhei a nerwoik has a unioue minimum cur ser oi seveial
alreinarive cur sers wirh eouivalenr ows.
In rhe Inka ioau nerwoik. consriicrion oinrs oi Lorrlenecks weie ie-
ouenr. DAlrioy (1ooz. 86) ioviues a viviu examle o enviionmenral in-
uences on rhe caaciry o one line in rhe Inka nerwoik.
1o illusriare rhe eecrs o reiiain on miliraiy movemenrs. Chalcu-
chimas aimy o :.ooo srarioneu ar Harun Xuaxa ar rhe rime o rhe
Sanish aiiival may Le raken as an examle. Single le. aLour oo sol-
uieis rake u 1 km (c. Hassig 1o88. 6z). I rhe oireis. soluieis
wives. anu orhei cam olloweis comoseu a giou aLour rhe size o
Chalcuchimas aimy. rhe sriing woulu have sriercheu our ro 1o km.
I a llama is alloweu : m in rhe riain. aLour ::: llamas rake u1 km o
ioau. A llama caiavan o. say. 1.ooo accomanying rhe rioos woulu
have exrenueu an auuirional km. 1he enrouiage woulu likely have
iegioueu. iarhei rhan riavel single le. o couise. anu Inka aimies
weie ryically ueloyeu in secrions. iarhei rhan as single Louies. As a
unir. howevei. moving ar a iare o km ei houi (i.e.. 1 league[houi).
ir woulu have raken rhis aimy anu enrouiage : houis ro ass rhiough
rhe naiiowesr oinr o rhe ioau oi acioss a Liiuge. 1iaveling consranrly
iomuawn ro uusk. rhe human oice woulu have consumeu moie rhan
:oo.ooo kg o oou anu rhe llamas oo.ooo kg o oiageiusr ro ger
km oursiue o Harun Xuaxa rowaiu rhe coasr.
Lnviionmenral acrois such as goiges oi ueseirs consriain rhe ows
rhar aie ossiLle iom oinr ro oinr. I. as wirh DAlrioys examle. rhe
caaciry o all lines in rhe Inka nerwoik weie esrimareu. rhen ir woulu Le
ossiLle ro calculare rhe maximum ow o rhe Inka ioau nerwoik N iom
t ro r. rhar is. rhe laigesr numLei o some unir rhar can ieach r iom t. 1his
woulu rhen ioviue anorhei concerual rool oi analyzing rhe uisriiLurion
o sroiage sires scarreieu rhioughour rhe Inka emiie. Cleaily rhe Inka musr
have known rhar enviionmenral consriainrs on rhe ow o goous limireu
rhe numLei o goous rhar any one cenrei coulu ieceive. Peihas rhe loca-
rions o some o rhose sires weie chosen Lecause o rhe owcaaciry o rhe
ioaus rhar linkeu rhem wirh auiacenr auminisriarive cenreis oi iovincial
cairals.
Roau wiurhs. as ourlineu Ly Hyslo (1o8). woulu ioviue anorhei
means ro arremr ro measuie owcaaciry in rhe ioau nerwoik. As Hyslo
68 David Jenkins
has shown. rhe mosr imoiranr ioausLerween Quiro anu Cuzco. oi ex-
amleryically weie wiuei rhan less-imoiranr ioaus. Using DAlrioys
(1ooz) calcularions o rhe loau-Leaiing caaciry o humans anu llamas.
couleu wirh rhe many ieeiences in rhe Sanish chionicles o long-uisrance
movemenr o goous (e.g.. Arienza 1o:1 1]: Oiriz ue Zuniga 1o6
16z]. :o. 1oz 16z]. :z61: Diez ue San Niguel 1o6 16]. 81
116). one may Le aLle ro Legin ro unueisranu rhe logisrical. enviionmenral.
anu eneigeric consriainrs on rhe amassing anu sroiing o goous rhioughour
rhe Inka emiie. In iincile. Laseu on owcaaciry. eneigeric consriainrs.
anu sroiage chaiacreiisrics o uieienr goous. one coulu calculare howlong
n numLei o human Leaieis wirh n numLei o llamas woulu rake ro com-
lerely ll rhe sroiehouses ar. say. Hunuco Pama. Such a numLei woulu
ioviue uirhei insighr inro rhe social oiganizarion o sroiage in rhe Inka
emiie.
z) 1he evolurion o rhe Inka ioau nerwoik may also Le invesrigareu
Ly using giah rheoieric mouels. algoiirhms. anu rheoiems. Ioi examle.
Ninimum Sanning 1iee (NS1) algoiirhms have Leen useu ro mouel rhe
evolurion o highlanu-coasr exchange nerwoiks in noirhein Peiu (|enkins
n.u.) anu may also iove valuaLle oi analyzing rhe evolurion o rhe Inka
ioau nerwoik. NS1s ioviue one means ro simulare nerwoik giowrh anu
ro analyze. as a nerwoik henomenon. clusreis o culruially similai ie-
gions. NS1 algoiirhms aie an imiovemenr ovei Reniew anu Sreiuus
(1o6o) close-ioximiry analysis. since rhey simliy comurarion o ner-
woik giowrh (Hage anu Haiaiy 1oo6).
erwoik analysis o rhe evolurion o rhe Inka ioau sysrem may also
ioceeu Ly consriucring cenrialiry mouels o each srage o Inka exansion
(Iiwin1o). As rhe Inka incoioiareu orhei oliries anu orhei nerwoiks o
exchange. rhe ielarive cenrialiry o each oinr in rhe oveiall nerwoik woulu
alrei. Shiring ielarive cenrialiry o a oinr may accounr oi why rhe Inka
aLanuoneu one auminisriarive locarion in avoi o anorheioi examle.
aLanuoning Inkawasi (oinr ) arei rhe conouesr o rhe Canere valley in
avoi o Ceiio Azul. a sire rhar coulu Lerrei conriol rhe noirhwaiu ow o
goous anu inoimarion in rhe laigei nerwoik (Hyslo 1o8. 8oo).
One coulu also sruuy rhe uisairicularion o rhe Inka nerwoik arei rhe
aiiival o rhe Sanish. 1he Sanish maue use o exisring exchange ielarions
as rhey soliuieu conriol ovei rhe Anues (Srein1o8z: Ramiiez1oo6) Lur uiu
nor conrinue ro use all Inka auminisriarive insrallarions ro uo so. Some o
rhese locarions. such as Caraie. weie nor sucienrly cenrial ro rhe emeig-
ing Sanish exchange nerwoiks anu so weie aLanuoneu.
:) A moie comlere mouel o Inka ioaus. auminisriarive cenreis. anu
sroiage aciliries coulu Le consriucreu. which woulu rake inro accounr nor
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 6o
only rhe iimaiy anu seconuaiy ioaus anu cenreis. as in Iiguie z. Lur rei-
riaiy anu smallei ioaus anu cenreis as well. In auuirion. ocean riavel. which
was cleaily imoiranr on rhe cenrial anu noirhein coasrs (Rosrwoiowski
1oo. 1o: Nosely 1o: Paulsen 1o: Naicos 1o8). woulu neeu ro Le
incoioiareu inro rhe mouel. Such a mouel may nor signicanrly alrei rhe
cenrialiry chaiacreiisrics o imoiranr highlanu Inka sires such as Cuzco.
Harun Xuaxa. anu Coraachi. Lur ir may ieveal rhar coasral sires such as
1umLes anu Pachacamac weie much moie cenrial in rhe oveiall exchange
nerwoik rhan has ieviously Leen acknowleugeu.
Conclusion
1he rhiee mouels o cenrialiry iesenreu aLove ioviue a means ro calcu-
lare rhe avoiaLle nerwoik osirion o auminisriarive cenreis. iouucrive
enclaves. anu sroiage sires ielareu ro Lorh iouucrion anu auminisriarion.
1he iesulrs inuicare rhar in rhe highlanus rhe Inka Luilr gianu auminisria-
rive cenreis anu laige sroiage aciliries ar iegions o high anu lowcenrialiry
anu laige sroiage aciliries wirhour auminisriarive cenreis ar iegions o low
cenrialiry. Laseu uon rhe ieouiiemenrs o srale nance. 1he iesulrs also
inuicare rhar rhe Inka Luilr smallei auminisriarive cenreis wirh lirrle oi no
sroiage caaciry ar iegions o low cenrialiry. Laseu on rhe ieouiiemenrs o
wealrh nance. 1hese nuings aie suggesrive Lur ieliminaiy. 1hey awair
conimarion oi uisconimarion Laseu uon newaichaeological anu aichi-
val ieseaich rhar ocuses on rhe communicarive anu exchange links Lerween
oinrs in rhe ioau nerwoik. Such ieseaich woulu in ruin allow oi a moie
comlere mouel o Inka exchange ielarions. which woulu incoioiare sec-
onuaiy ioaus anu cenreis anu incluue elemenrs o ocean riavel. Ir woulu
also ioviue rhe Lasis oi a Lerrei unueisranuing o rhe gloLal arreins o
rhe Inka olirical economy.
Notes
I woulu like ro rhank Pei Hage. RoLeir Zeirlin. anu rwo anonymous Ethnohistory
ievieweis oi rheii helul commenrs on rhis airicle. Aieliminaiy veision was ie-
senreu ar rhe Inreinarional Social erwoik Coneience. Lonuon. Lnglanu. o |uly
1oo.
1 1he sroiy o Inka exansion has Leen rolu anu ierolu a numLei o rimes. Ioi eaily
Sanish accounrs see. e.g.. Beranzos 1o68 11]. 1o8 11]: CoLo 1o6 16:]:
Saimienro ue GamLoa1o6 1z]: Gaicilaso ue la Vega1o6: 16oo]: Cieza ue
Leon1o6 1:]. Ioi mouein summaiies. see Rowe 1o6: Coniau anu Demaiesr
1o8: Rosrwoiowski 1o88: Parreison 1oo1: anu Bauei 1ooz.
68o David Jenkins
z As Noiiis (1ooz) ciring Buiron (1o66) oinrs our. a meriic ron o oraroes can
Le sroieu in a sace as small as 1.6 cuLic mereis.
: Peihas rhe Inka noirhwaiu exansion accounrs oi rhe sroiage comlexes ar rhe
noirhein maigins o rhe Inka emiie. Bur rhe noirhs ielarive inueenuence iom
Cuzco shoulu nor Le ignoieu as a conriiLuring acroi. Quiro. oi examle. which
was ielarively inueenuenr iom rhe inuence o Cuzco. was an aioiiare sire
oi Arahualla ro srage a wai againsr his hal Liorhei. Huscai. who hau Leen
ciowneu king in Cuzco iusr iioi ro rhe Sanish aiiival.
A uigiah is a giah wirh aiiows on irs lines inuicaring ielarional uiiecrion.
CoLos (1o6 16:]. 1z6) six mosr imoiranr lareial ioaus. aaienrly in oiuei
o imoirance. aie 1) Cuzco ro Aieouia iegion. z) 1umLes ro sieiia. :) valley
o 1iuiillo ro Caiamaica. ) valley o Paiamonga ro Xuaxa. ) valley o Lima ro
Xuaxa. anu 6) rhiough ChuouiaLo iom rhe seacoasr ro rhe iovinces o Chun-
chos.
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1o66 1he Poraro. A Suivey o Iacrois Inuencing Irs Yielu. uriirive Value.
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 681
Qualiry anu Sroiage. Wageningen. erheilanus. H. Veenman anu Zo-
nen.
Cieza ue Leon. Peuio
1o6 1:] Ll senoiio ue los Incas. Cailos AianiLai. eu. Lima. Insriruro ue Ls-
ruuios Peiuanos.
CoLo. BeinaLe
1o6 16:] Hisroiia uel nuevo munuo. In OLias uel Pauie BeinaLe CoLo.
Iiancisco Nareos. eu. P. z. Nauiiu. Luiciones Arlas.
Coniau. Geoiey W.
1o Chiouiroy Vieio. An Inca Auminisriarive Cenrei in rhe Chicama Valley.
Peiu. |ouinal o Iielu Aichaeology . 118.
Coniau. Geoiey W.. anu Airhui Demaiesr
1o8 Religion anu Lmiie. 1he Dynamics o Azrec anu Inca Lxansionism.
CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Cosrin. Carhy L.. anu 1imorhy K. Laile
1o8o Srarus Disrincrion anu Legirimarion o Powei as Reecreu in Changing
Parreins o Consumrion in Lare Piehisanic Peiu. Ameiican Anriouiry
. 6o11.
DAlrioy. 1eience .
1ooz Piovincial Powei in rhe Inka Lmiie. Washingron. ic. Smirhsonian In-
srirurion Piess.
DAlrioy. 1eience .. anu Ronalu A. Bisho
1ooo 1he Piovincial Oiganizarion o Inka Ceiamic Piouucrion. Ameiican
Anriouiry . 1zo:8.
DAlrioy. 1eience .. anu 1imorhy K. Laile
1o8 Srale Iinance. Wealrh Iinance. anu Sroiage in rhe Inka Polirical Lcon-
omy. Cuiienr Anrhioology z6. 18zo6.
1ooz Inka Sroiage Iaciliries in rhe Uei Nanraio Valley. Peiu. In Inka Sroi-
age Sysrems. 1eiiy Y. LeVine. eu. P. 16zo. oiman. Univeisiry o
Oklahoma Piess.
DAlrioy. 1eience .. anu Chiisrine A. Hasroi
1o8 1he DisriiLurion anu Conrenrs o Inca Srare Sroiehouses in rhe Xuaxa
Region o Peiu. Ameiican Anriouiry o. ::o.
Diez ue San Niguel. Gaici
1o6 16] Visira hecha a la Piovincia ue Chucuiro oi Gaici Diez ue San
Niguel en al ano 16. Lima. Casa ue Culruia.
Laile. 1imorhy K.
1o8 Secializarion anu rhe Piouucrion o Wealrh. Hawaiian Chieuoms anu
rhe Inka Lmiie. In Secializarion. Lxchange. anu Comlex Socieries.
LlizaLerh N. Biumel anu 1imorhy K. Laile. eus. P. 6. Cam-
Liiuge. CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
1oo Wealrh Iinance in rhe Inka Lmiie. Lviuence iom rhe Calchaoui Val-
ley. Aigenrina. Ameiican Anriouiry o. :6o.
Laile. 1imorhy K.. anu 1. DAlrioy
1o8o 1he Polirical Lconomy o rhe Inka Lmiie. 1he Aichaeology o Powei
anu Iinance. In Aichaeological 1houghr in Ameiica. C. C. LamLeig-
Kailovsky. eu. P. 18:zo. CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Lsinoza Soiiano. Waluemai
1o6o Ll memoiial ue chaicas. Cionica ineuira ue 18z. Canrura . 11z.
68z David Jenkins
Ioiu. L. R.. anu L. Iulkeison
1o A Simle Algoiirhm oi Iinuing Naximal erwoik Ilows anu an A-
licarion ro rhe Hirchcock PioLlem. Canauian |ouinal o Narhemarics
o. z1o18.
1o6z Ilows in erwoiks. Piinceron. Nj. Piinceron Univeisiry Piess.
Iieeman. L. C.
1oo Cenrialiry in Social erwoiks. I. Concerual Claiicarion. Social er-
woiks 1. z1:o.
Gaicilaso ue la Vega Ll Inca]
1o6: 16oo] Comenraiios ieales ue los Incas. In OLias comleras uel Inca
Gaicilaso ue la Vega. Vols. z. P. z.:o. :.111:. .1.
Nauiiu. Luiciones Arlas.
Gasaiini. Giaziano. anu Luise Naigolies
1o8o Inca Aichirecruie. Pariicia |. Lyons. rians. Bloomingron. Inuiana Uni-
veisiry Piess.
Gonzalez. AlLeiro Rex
1o8: Inca Serrlemenr Parreins in a Naiginal Piovince o rhe Lmiie. Socio-
culruial Imlicarions. In Piehisroiic Serrlemenr Parreins. Lssays in
Honoi o Goiuon R. Willey. Lvon Z. Vogr anu Richaiu N. Levenrhal.
eus. P. ::6o. AlLuoueioue. Univeisiry o ew Nexico Piess.
Guaman Poma ue Ayala. Ielie
1o8o 161] Ll iimei nueva coionica y Luen goLieino. : vols. Ciirical euirion.
|ohn V. Nuiia anu Rolena Auoino: Quechua rianslarion anu rexrual
analysis. |oige L. Uiiosre. Nexico Ciry. Siglo Veinriuno.
Hage. Pei. anu Iiank Haiaiy
1oo1 Lxchange in Oceania. AGiah1heoieric Analysis. Oxoiu. Claienuon.
1oo6 Islanu erwoiks. Communicarion. Kinshi anu Classicarion Sriuc-
ruies in Oceania. CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Hage. Pei. Iiank Haiaiy. anu Bienr |ames
1o86 Wealrh anu Hieiaichy in rhe Kula Ring. Ameiican Anrhioologisr 88.
1o81.
Haiaiy. Iiank
1o6o Giah 1heoiy. Reauing. n. Auuison-Wesley.
Hassig. Ross
1o8 1iaue. 1iiLure anu 1iansoirarion. 1he Sixreenrh-Cenruiy Polirical
Lconomy o rhe Valley o Nexico. oiman. Univeisiry o Oklahoma
Piess.
Hunr. 1. L.
1o88 Giah 1heoieric erwoik Nouels oi Laira Lxchange. A 1iial A-
licarion. In Aichaeology o rhe Laira Culruial Comlex. A Ciirical
Review. P. V. Kiich anu 1. L. Hunr. eus. P. 1:. Buike Nuseum
Reseaich Reoir. o. . Searrle. vn. Buike Nuseum.
Hyslo. |ohn
1o8 1he Inka Roau Sysrem. ew Yoik. Acauemic.
1ooo Inka Serrlemenr Planning. Ausrin. Univeisiry o 1exas Piess.
Iiwin. Geoiey
1o 1he Lmeigence o a Cenrial Place in Coasral Pauan Piehisroiy. A
1heoierical Aioach. Nankinu o. z68z.
1o8 Pors anu Lnrieors. A Sruuy o Serrlemenr. 1iaue anu rhe Develomenr
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 68:
o Lconomic Secializarion in Pauan Piehisroiy. Woilu Aichaeology
o. zoo:1o.
|enkins. Daviu
.D. Highlanu-Coasr Relarions in oirhein Peiu. Orimal Roure Locarion.
erwoiks anu rhe Ninimum Sanning 1iee PioLlem.
|ulien. Carheiine |.
1o8: Harunoolla. A View o Inca Rule iom rhe Lake 1iricaca Region. PuL-
licarions in Anrhioology. Vol. 1. Beikeley. Univeisiry o Calioinia
Piess.
La Lone. Naiy B.. anu Daiiell L. La Lone
1o8 1he Inka Srare in rhe Sourhein Highlanus. Srare Auminisriarive anu Pio-
uucrion Lnclaves. Lrhnohisroiy :. 6z.
LeVine. 1eiiy
1o8 Inka LaLoi Seivice ar rhe Regional Level. 1he Iuncrional Realiry.
Ethnohistory :. 1:6.
1ooz Inka Srare Sroiage in 1hiee Highlanu Regions. In Inka Sroiage Sysrems
1eiiy LeVine. eu. P. 1o8. oiman. Univeisiry o Oklahoma Piess.
Lynch. 1homas I.
1o8o Regional Inreiacrion. 1ianshumance. anu Veiricaliry. Aichaeological
Use o Zonal Comlemenraiiry in Peiu anu oirhein Chile. Nichigan
Discussions in Anrhioology 8. 111.
1oo: 1he Iuenricarion o Inca Posrs anu Roaus iom Caraie ro Rio Iiio.
Chile. In Piovincial Inca. Aichaeological anu Lrhnohisroiical Assess-
menr o rhe Imacr o rhe Inca Srare. Nichael A. Nalass. eu. P. 11
z. Iowa Ciry. Univeisiry o Iowa Piess.
Nalass. Nichael A.. eu.
1oo: Piovincial Inca. Aichaeological anu Lrhnohisroiical Assessmenr o rhe
Imacr o rhe Inca Srare. Iowa Ciry. Univeisiry o Iowa Piess.
Naicos. |oige G.
1o8 Ciuising ro Acaulco anu Back wirh rhe 1hoiny Oysrei Ser. A Nouel
oi a Lineal Lxchange Sysrem. |ouinal o rhe Srewaiu Anrhioological
Sociery o. oo1:z.
Nayei. Lniioue
1o Las ieglas uel iuego en la ieciiociuau Anuena. In Reciiociuau e inrei-
camLio en los anues eiuanas. Geoigio AlLeiri anu Lniioue Nayei. eus.
P. :6. Lima. Insriruro ue Lsruuios Peiuanos.
Neans. Phili
1o:1 Ancienr Civilizarions o rhe Anues. ewYoik. Chailes SciiLneis Sons.
Nilicic. Boika
1oo: Lxchange anu Social Sriaricarion in rhe Lasrein Auiiaric. A Giah-
1heoieric Nouel. Lrhnology :z. :o.
Noiiis. Ciaig
1o6 Sroiage in 1awanrinsuyu. Ph.D. uiss.. Univeisiry o Chicago.
1oz Srare Serrlemenrs in 1awanrinsuyu. A Sriaregy o Comulsoiy UiLan-
ism. In Conremoiaiy Aichaeology. A Guiue ro 1heoiy anu ConriiLu-
rions. Naik P. Leone. eu. P. :o:o1. CaiLonuale. Sourhein Illinois
Univeisiry Piess.
1o86 Sroiage. Suly. anu ReuisriiLurion in rhe Lconomy o rhe Inka Srare.
In Anrhioological Hisroiy o Anuean Poliries. |ohn V. Nuiia. arhan
68 David Jenkins
Wachrel. anu |acoues Revel. eus. P. o68. CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge
Univeisiry Piess.
1ooz Hunuco Pama anu 1unsukancha. Naioi anu Ninoi oues in rhe
Inka Sroiage erwoik. In Inka Sroiage Sysrems. 1eiiy Y. LeVine. eu.
P. 11. oiman. Univeisiry o Oklahoma Piess.
Noiiis. Ciaig. anu Donalu L. 1homson
1oo Hunuco Vieio. An Inca Auminisriarive Cenrei. Ameiican Anriouiry
:. :6z.
1o8 Hunuco Pama. An Inca Ciry anu Irs Hinreilanu. ewYoik. 1hames
anu Huuson.
Nosely. Nichael L.
1o Naiirime Iounuarions o Anuean Civilizarion. Nenlo Paik. cn. Cum-
mings.
Nuiia. |ohn V.
1o8o 1o6] 1he Lconomic Oiganizarion o rhe Inka Srare. Gieenwich. c1. jni.
1o6z Clorh anu Irs Iuncrions in rhe Inca Srare. Ameiican Anrhioologisr 6.
1oz8.
1oz Ll conriol veirical ue un mximo ue isos ecologicos en la economia
ue las socieuaues anuinas. In Visira ue la iovincia ue Leon ue Hunuco
en16z. Inigo Oiriz ue Zuniga. visirauoi. |ohn V. Nuiia. eu. Vol. z. .
z6. Hunuco. Peiu. Univeisiuau acional Heimilio Valuizn.
1o Ioimaciones economicas y oliricas uel munuo anuino. Lima. Insriruro
ue Lsruuios Anuinos.
1o8z 1he Mita OLligarions o Lrhnic Gious ro rhe Inka Srare. In 1he Inca
anu Azrec Srares. 1oo18oo. Anrhioology anu Hisroiy. Geoige A.
Colliei. Renaro I. Rosaluo. anu |ohn D. Wiirh. eus. P. z:6z. ew
Yoik. Acauemic.
iemeyei. Hans. anu Viigilio Schiaacasse
1o88 Pariones ue asenramienro incaicos en el oire Gianue ue Chile. In La
ionreia uel esrauo inca. 1homas H. Dillehay anu Pariicia |. erheily.
eus. vni Inreinarional Seiies. vol. z. P. 11o. Oxoiu. Biirish Ai-
chaeological Reoirs.
iles. Susan A.
1o8 Callachaca. Sryle anu Srarus in an Inca Communiry. Iowa Ciry. Univei-
siry o Iowa Piess.
1oo: 1he Piovinces in rhe Heairlanu. Srylisric Vaiiarion anu Aichirecruial
Innovarion eai Cuzco. In Piovincial Inca. Aichaeological anu Lrhno-
hisroiical Assessmenr o rhe Imacr o rhe Inca Srare. Nichael A. Nal-
ass. eu. P. 16. Iowa Ciry. Univeisiry o Iowa Piess.
Oiriz ue Zuniga. Inigo
1o6 16z] Visira ue la iovincia ue Leon ue Hunuco en16z. Inigo Oiriz ue
Zuniga. visirauoi. |ohn V. Nuiia. eu. Vol. 1. Hunuco. Peiu. Univeisi-
uau acional Heimilio Valuizn.
1oz 16z] Visira ue la iovincia ue Leon ue Hunuco en16z. Inigo Oiriz ue
Zuniga. visirauoi. |ohn V. Nuiia. eu. Vol. z. Hunuco. Peiu. Univeisi-
uau acional Heimilio Valuizn.
Parreison. 1homas C.
1oo1 1he Inca Lmiie. 1he Ioimarion anu Disinregiarion o a Pie-Cairalisr
Srare. ew Yoik. Beig.
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 68
Paulsen. Allison C.
1o 1he 1hoiny Oysrei anu rhe Voice o Gou. Spondylus anu Strombus in
Anuean Piehisroiy. Ameiican Anriouiry :o. o6o.
Peiegiine. Perei
1oo1 A Giah-1heoieric Aioach ro rhe Lvolurion o Cahokia. Ameiican
Anriouiry 6. 666.
Pizaiio. Peuio
1o6 11] Relacion uel uescuLiimienro y conouisra ue los ieinos uel Peiu.
BiLlioreca ue auroies Lsanoles. vol. 168. Nauiiu. Real Acauemia Lsa-
nola.
Polanyi. Kail
1o68 Piimirive. Aichaic anu Nouein Lconomies. Lssays o Kail Polanyi.
Geoige Dalron. eu. Gaiuen Ciry. N.. Anchoi.
Piorzen. |ean-Pieiie
1oo: Inca Aichirecruie anu Consriucrion ar OllanrayramLo. ew Yoik.
Oxoiu Univeisiry Piess.
Ramiiez. Susan LlizaLerh
1oo6 1he Woilu Usiue Down. Cioss-Culruial Conracr anu Conicr in
Sixreenrh-Cenruiy Peiu. Sranoiu. cn. Sranoiu Univeisiry Piess.
Regal. AlLeiro
1o:6 Los caminos uel Inca en el anriguo Peiu. Lima. Sanmairi.
Reniew. Colin. anu |. Sreiuu
1o6o Close-Pioximiry Analysis. A Raiu Nerhou oi rhe Oiueiing o Ai-
chaeological Nareiials. Ameiican Anriouiry :. z6.
Rick. |ohn W.
1o88 1he Chaiacrei anu Conrexr o Highlanu Pieceiamic Sociery. In Peiu-
vian Piehisroiy. Richaiu W. Kearinge. eu. P. :o. CamLiiuge. Cam-
Liiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Rosrwoiowski ue Diez Canseco. Naiia
1oo Neicaueies uel Valle ue Chincha en la eoca iehisanica. Un uocu-
menro y unos comenraiious. Revisra Lsanola ue Anrioologia Ameii-
cana . 1:.
1o Pescauoies. airesanos y meicaueies conrenos en el Peiu iehisnico.
Revisra uel Nuseo acional 1. :11o.
1o Lrnia y socieuau cosra eiuana iehisnica. Lima. Insriruro ue Lsru-
uios Peiuanos.
1o88 Hisroiia uel 1ahuanrinsuyu. Lima. Insriruro ue Lsruuios Peiuanos.
Rowe. |ohn Howlanu
1o6 Inca Culruie ar rhe 1ime o rhe Sanish Conouesr. In HanuLook o
Sourh Ameiican Inuians. |ulian Srewaiu. eu. Vol. z. . 18:::o. Wash-
ingron. ic. Buieau o Ameiican Lrhnology.
Salomon. Iiank
1o8 1he Dynamic Porenrial o rhe Comlemenraiiry Concer. In Anuean
Lcology anu Civilizarion. An Inreiuiscilinaiy Peisecrive on Anuean
Lcological Comlemenraiiry. Shozo Nasuca. Izumi Shimaua. anu Ciaig
Noiiis. eus. P. 11z. 1okyo. Univeisiry o 1okyo Piess.
1o86 arive Loius o Quiro in rhe Age o rhe Incas. CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge
Univeisiry Piess.
686 David Jenkins
Sancho ue la Hoz. Peuio
1o1 1:z:] Relacion aia SN ue los suceuiuo en la conouisra y acicacion
ue esras iovincias. In Coleccion ue liLios y uocumenros ieeienrs a
la hisroiia uel Peiu. Hoiacio H. Uireaga. eu. P. 1zzzoz. Lima. San-
mairi.
Sanrley. RoLeir S.
1oo1 1he Sriucruie o rhe Azrec 1iansoir erwoik. In Ancienr Roau er-
woiks anu Serrlemenr Hieiaichies in rhe ewWoilu. Chailes D. 1iom-
Lolu. eu. P. 1o8z1o. CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Saimienro ue GamLoa. Peuio
1o6 1z] Hisroiia Inuica. In OLias Comleras uel Inca Gaicilaso ue la Vega.
BiLlioreca ue Auroies Lsanoles. vol. . . 18ozo. Nauiiu. Lui-
ciones Arlas.
Schielleiu. Inge
1oo8o Documenrs on Paei anu in Srone. A Pieliminaiy Reoir on rhe Inca
Ruins in CochaLamLa. Piovince o Chachaoyas. Peiu. Iolk z1zz.
zoo:11.
1o8 CochaLamLaAn Incaic Auminisriarive Cenrie in rhe ReLellious Piov-
ince o Chachaoyas. In Cuiienr Aichaeological Pioiecrs in rhe Cenrial
Anues. Some Aioaches anu Resulrs. Ann Kenuall. eu. P. 1618o.
vni Inreinarional Seiies. vol. z1o. Oxoiu. Biirish Aichaeological Re-
oirs.
Shimaua. Izumi
1o8z Hoiizonral Aichielago anu Coasr-Highlanu Inreiacrion in oirh Peiu.
Aichaeological Nouels. In Ll HomLie y su amLienre en los Anues Cen-
riales. Luis Nillones anu Hiioyasu 1omoeua. eus. P. 18z. Osaka.
Nusio acional ue Lrnologia.
1o8 Hoiizonral anu Veirical Dimensions o Piehisroiic Srares in oirh Peiu.
In 1he Oiigins anu Develomenr o rhe Anuean Srare. |onarhan Haas.
Shelia Pozoiski. anu 1homas Pozoiski. eus. P. 1:o. CamLiiuge.
CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Sneau. |ames L.
1ooz Imeiial Iniasriucruie anu rhe Inka Srare Sroiage Sysrem. In Inka Sroi-
age Sysrems. 1eiiy Y. LeVine. eu. P. 6z1o6. oiman. Univeisiry o
Oklahoma Piess.
SrehLeig. RuLen. anu azaieno Caivaial
1o88 Roau Sysrem o rhe Incas in rhe Sourhein Pair o 1heii 1awanrinsuyu
Lmiie. arional Geogiahic Reseaich . 8.
Srein. Sreve |.
1o8z Peius Inuian Peole anu rhe Challenge o Sanish Conouesr. Nauison.
Univeisiry o Wisconsin Piess.
SriuLe Liumann. Leon
1o6: Vialiuau Imeiial ue los Incas. Seiie Hisroiica. o. ::. CoiuoLa. Aigen-
rina. Insriruro ue Lsruuios Ameiicanisras. Univeisiuau acional ue Coi-
uoLa.
1oic. |ohn R.. anu Coieen L. Chiswell
1ooz Inka Sroiage in Huamachuco. In Inka Sroiage Sysrems. 1eiiy Y. LeVine.
eu. P. zo6::. oiman. Univeisiry o Oklahoma Piess.
Inka Roaus. Auminisriarive Cenreis. anu Sroiage Iaciliries 68
1oic. |ohn R.. anu 1heiesa Lange 1oic
1o8: Coasr-Highlanu Relarions in oirhein Peiu. Some OLseivarions on
Roures. erwoiks. anu Scales o Inreiacrion. In Civilizarion in rhe An-
cienr Ameiicas. Lssays in Honoi o Goiuon R. Willey. Richaiu N. Lev-
enrhal anu Alan L. Kolara. eus. P. z:o. AlLuoueioue. Univeisiry o
ew Nexico Piess.
1o8 Huamachuco Aichaeological Pioiecr. Pieliminaiy Reoir on rhe 1hiiu
Season. |uneAugusr 1o8:. 1ienr Univeisiry Occasional Paeis in An-
rhioology. o. 1. PereiLoiough. cN. Deairmenr o Anrhioology.
1ienr Univeisiry.
Vaca ue Casrio Cavelleio. Ciisroval
1oo8 1:] Oiuenanzas ue ramLos. Revisra Hisroiica :. zoz.
Wachrel. arhan
1o8z 1he Mitimas o rhe CochaLamLa Valley. 1he Colonizarion Policy o
Huayna Caac. In 1he Inca anu Azrec Srares. 1oo18oo. Anrhio-
ology anu Hisroiy. Geoige A. Colliei. Renaro I. Rosaluo. anu |ohn D.
Wiirh. eus. P. 1ooz:. ew Yoik. Acauemic.
Wallace. Dwighr 1.
1oo1 Chincha Roaus. Lconomics anu SymLolism. In Ancienr Roau erwoiks
anu Serrlemenr Hieiaichies in rhe ew Woilu. Chailes D. 1iomLolu.
eu. P. z:6:. CamLiiuge. CamLiiuge Univeisiry Piess.
Xeiez. Iiancisco ue
1o1 1:] Veiuaueia ielacion ue la conouisra uel Peiu y iovincia uel Cuzco
llamaua la ueva Casrilla. Lima. Sanmairi.

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