Development of Islamic Technology and Science

A Paper submitted in fulfillment of the requirements to graduate from Progressive Program of CILACS-UII

Prepared By Muhammad Fahrudin Muna (ID Number : 09.04.9.311)

PROGRESSIVE PROGRAM OF CILACS-UII 2011

Development of Islamic Technology and Science

A Paper submitted in fulfillment of the requirements to graduate from Progressive Program of CILACS-UII

Prepared By Muhammad Fahrudin Muna (ID Number : 09.04.9.311)

Approved,

(Maya Dania Nurish, S.Fil)

PROGRESSIVE PROGRAM OF CILACS-UII 2011

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Preface
Alhamdulillah, for contributing to the growth of education this paper made to understand and comprehend the growth of Islamic civilization which is compelling to the world attention. The historic of Islam Civilization brings about and influence the technology applying in many realms and being the reference and the foundation in the modern technology nowadays. By describing the history of the Islamic civilization in previous time, the author intend the Indonesian youth generation particularly Islam to possess spirit to propel the development of technology for mankind in the world. The youth generation should have a role model which will motivate and burn the spirit of seeking the knowledge. Spirit to be beneficial to other and to invent some new instruments, thoughts, and concept will lead them studying not only for attaining the best score or pass from class or grade but for securing the achievement and knowledge which will merit to all mankind and apply to solve the problems on a real life. The growth of technology in certain civilization or country insist the awareness the inhabitant of all people to study many various fields. The invention in one field will affect on the other field; However, we should concern to reserve the natural circumstances for not being devastated as the negative impact of technology. The growth of technology will alter people behaved, therefore people recently think simply and not as complicated as people in the past. We have to think considerably not to create the technology employed to make many destruction on our circumstances such as the use of nuclear bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, even though the inventor and creator will attain ample bucks. As a results, the author hopes that this paper will give contribution to the youth generation to possess spirit to elevate the technology for human kind. Besides, the author realizes that this paper remains to possess drawback; therefore the suggestion

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and advices will be advantaged to make improvement. Also, the author thanks to many people who give contribution and spirit to realize this paper.

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List of Content
Cover ................................................................................................................ i Endorsed page .................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................. iii List of Content ................................................................................................. iv Outline ............................................................................................................. v I. Chapter I Introduction ............................................................................. 1 I.1. Description ........................................................................................... 1 I.2. Background ........................................................................................... 2 I.3. Details and Purpose .............................................................................. 2 II. Discussion ............................................................................................... 4 II.1. Prehistoric of Islam ............................................................................... 4 II.2. Influence of Islam on knowledge .......................................................... 4 II.3. Development of Knowledge in Islam Period ......................................... 5 II.4. Mathematic Achievement ..................................................................... 7 II.5. Medic Achievement............................................................................... 9 III. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 12 III.1. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 12 III.2. Recommendation .................................................................................. 12 Reference .......................................................................................................... 13

Chapter I Introduction
I.1 Description Community of people in one region will gather and interact which other group and their circumstances. Every group has distinct pattern that differ to other so that they start to build their ways to adapt with region in the certain period of time. The ways in which they adapt and establish the new thought to behave and sustain their life is usually called as the civilization. The civilization in each period has their basic pattern where they create the development of their thought and notion. Many of the civilization born as the impact of the religion and notion where they are accepted and believed. Other, people who do not build the civilization, merely rely on the natural resources and do not have any norm also regulation will be annexed with other stronger group which build civilization. Civilization will lead people to be more educated and civilized. They can perform more effective and develop their ways in doing one thing such as: When people know how to farm they will not depend on the circumstances more since they can produce the food instead of gathering ones. The growth of time will bring about to the development of civilization. When the civilization moves forward, the human thought will elaborate and alter the ways of their life. Hence, the civilization will influence the economic, politic, architecture, art and culture, also religion and knowledge. In the politic, they will consider more about the ways to select the leader, to reveal their idea and to correct the leader as well as the ways to divide the region. Besides, in the economic they will pay attention regarding to their obligation to the states such as paying tax and necessitating and the spread of the daily stuff. Last, the demand of the civilization to prosper their inhabitant and to face the threat which may be happened insist them to thrive the knowledge by recognizing what is happening in their circumstances to invent something new theory or instrument that can be employed to overcome their problems. The process of how fast the development of their technology depends on

their passion of curiosity to secure and comprehend the knowledge and how many problems they must deal with. The more problem they have, the more rapid the development of technology will be.

I.2 Background Islam play an important role to the change of the courtesy and the culture of human particularly to the Arabic people when it was taught for the first time. The purpose of the Islam creed brought is to repair the human behaved from unmoral and inconsideration deed such as interring their daughter alive since they feel ashamed without any compunction. The belief educate them how to use the brain to think being more logically. Every admonish and obligation in Islam will comprise many aspects. In economic, Islam punishes people who thieve other own stuff and have an obligation to pay zakat (Islamic tax) and give it to the poor; In politic, Islam commands to all believed people to obey to the leader so that it will make the politic of the country being stabled even though the leaders is bad and do not have ability to lead the country. In science field, Islam has a culture to encourage people to use their mind to think about the creating life and prove what the Koran said. The tradition in this faith propel many development as people have to memorize some of the verse and read on their pray. Many of believed people also recite and hafiz to the contains of Islam. It has a correlation that the religion educate to the ummah being accustomed to study.

I.3 Details and Purpose This paper will discuss the history and achievement of Islamic scientist in the development of science field. Next, the paper will reveal the thought of Islam in term of knowledge that lead many scientific manuscripts which have been made by Islamic scientists in the past. Besides, contemplating the Islamic history in science will encourage ummah to study and apply their knowledge contributing to overcome

the mankind problems. Before going far on the discussion, people should realize and be aware of the knowledge since it will not only contribute to the neighborhood but influence and alter the point of view people and ummah to make decision and plan also. Having known to the fact, we should heed to the important of the knowledge in every people not limited by the age or gender so that we can build the new generation which more civilized and educated based on the knowledge and application of the religion creed.

Chapter II Discussion

II.1 Prehistoric of Islam Arabic People lives in field of peninsula belonged to each group and tribe. They do not have feeling of nationalism and affinity to other groups unless in term of mutual beneficial alliances. Each group and tribe was separated and independent entity. They live to compete each other for securing the water resources therefore they often get involve in fought facing each other over the blood feuds and over supremacy. In the belief, the Arab tribes believe in many deity, as the main is Allah and Latta, Uzza and Mannah are another. Their beliefs in pagan lead them to venerate the sculpture as intermediary to worship to god. The totals of sculpture they venerated are roughly at least 360 gods and goddesses. Other, their culture are behaved to drink gin every day or each the special ceremony and social event. These occasions are followed by enjoying women. The women are symbols of having funs, consequently they tend to release their lust to their servant (budak). In addition, the Arabs assumes the men as the leader who will descend the family, otherwise the advent women are not expected since women representing the weakness of their family and they will be possessed. Every the birth of women, they bury it alive to neglect and deprive their shame. When Islam was came, it brings the logic thought that insist and demand people to think about their behaving and the creating of universe as a proof of god . The believed people who perform the creeds in al hadith and Koran in exact term will ameliorate their custody also courtesy and propel their deed being better.

II.2 Influence of Islam on knowledge The creed of Islam educate people to seek knowledge in various fields although it renders people to go abroad to study. Studying is considerably important

in the Islam since we know that the first verse sent to messenger Muhammad order to read on behalf of the lord who create you. It means without study people or ummah will do not have ability to recognize the sign of Lord appearance and know the majesty of deity. Knowledge will play a crucial rule to the human behave since they will be more aware of doing virtuous or vicious thing that will consequently effect on human life. Islam do not educate without any dogma rule. All of the commands have meaning in order to manage people for their best. In the end of verses, Koran usually said whether people think for the rules and the impact on their performs. Believed people being aware regard to the impact on their selves and they endeavor to glean the fact as the evidence that the entire verses of Koran are true as a miraculous manuscript. The book is sent to the illiterate person (Muhammad) when he is not be able to do the research and there are no supporting technology to reveal such kinds of information particularly which is mentioned on Koran about technology. During the Islamic age when Islam aristocracy using the caliph, the knowledge leads rapidly in many various fields. Practicing as part of an extensive culture, also science experiment yield many contribution of thought and theory from many talented intellectual medieval Muslim people. Indeed, thousand manuscript from various regions and countless artifacts ranging from architectural monument to intricate automata and instruments show a vivid testimony to the scientific and technological achievement of these scientists in that time. The fast growth of education can be achieved since they perform the order of the Islam in the knowledge such as "Say, shall those who have knowledge and those who have it not be deemed equal? (Qur'an 39.12). Other, Hadisth "Seek knowledge, in China if necessary, the search after knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim, the ink of scholar is worth more than the blood of the martyrs and many other messanger Muhammad say to emphasize the knowledge. It would be possible to quote many more from the Qur'an and tradition (Hadisth) where the knowledge is extolled.

II.3 Development of Knowledge in Islam Period Islam culture usually has the way to understand and comprehend the new things by memorizing. Many verses sent little by little have been remembered and kept directly in their minds. After long period since the messenger Muhammad pass away, in the governing period of the Abu Bakar the first caliph of companion, the Qur'an has been written into the book from the scattered artifact, stone and paper containing the Qur'an verses. The Islamic scientists start their learning by understanding what is written in Qur'an. Many of them has finished to memorized the Qur'an in earlier age five to ten olds. Then, they start to learn deeply in the term of their beloved field. They spread out to many other country to learn from their master and learn the knowledge by comprehending the original language, way and culture of that knowledge. They realize that they can become success, if they concern in one things of knowledge and focus on that term as mention in the Islam tradition. The attitude, behavior and courtesy of the Islamic ancestor have a great respect to exalt the ken. They will pursue the knowledge although it is delicate field or subject to be comprehend. They will spend all their time and the wealthy to secure their dream to get knowledge to achieve the bless from the lord. Many of them go to china, Persia, Greece, India and other country to learn the knowledge from the best teacher from the indigenous erudite people there. In that period, the regulation and policy published by the government encourage and propel the technology to be achieved facilely. As the patrons, government leash all the tuition fee and pay them to study, build the public facility and equipment supporting them to do research in their country after gaining the knowledge. Moreover, the government collect and keep the knowledge by establishing the national library. The mosque are also be employed to educate their inhabitant. The circumstances and facility established are enamored of researches and experiment. The industrious and disciplines attitude of the Islamic scientists are

emerged as their tremendous motivation to prosper, assist people and overcome inhabitant problem in their vicinity. It shows that they perform all the virtuous deed sincerely not based on the money. It is the motive that always be taught to the Islamic people to straighten and purify their passion. Since the knowledge have the consequence to benefit to other, it will lead them to apply their knowledge to create the appliance or at least to develop and educate the others in order to maintain their knowledge. All the steps that have been mentioned above create the rapid development of technology and bear many Islamic scientist that spread their learning in broad realm such as mathematical, medical, and astronomical and any other fields. However in this thesis, the discussions are focus on mentioning their achievement on both mathematical and medical fields. The praise and achievement have been achieved by the Islamic scientists through in writing like their thought and manuscript are being reference to the west scientists. Their manuscript has been translated and reviewed to prove the fact of technology that has been developed by Islamic. Most of their work has annihilated and incinerated when the invasion of barbarian led by the Jengis Khan burn the center of library which is collect thousands of their work and writing.

II.4 Mathematic achievement.

The work of Islamic scientists bring about many forwarded thought to the west civilization and as the land of their though and inspiration. One of the muslim scientists named Abu Nasr Mansur ibnu Ali ibnu Iraq (960 M - 1036 M). from Persia that has been known as the inventor of Sinus Law in the triangle. Abu Nasr Mansur learns the knowledge from the expert astronomer and mathematic Muslim Abul-Wafa (940 M - 998 M). As a talented and brilliant student, he is facile to comprehend and master in mathematics and astronomic. Abu Nasr and his student Al Biruni(973 M - 1048 M) get together and discover many enormous

formulas and equations that merit to the mankind. They creates 25 astonished books and up to 17 books of their work remains to exist today. Their roles are compelling the west scientist and being translated to European language as the indicator that their works are still reliable to be reference. In the elaboration of trigonometric from the Ptolemy calculation with the junction of two trigonometric function is still used until today. Besides, he also contribute to evolve and scavenge table which contains solution to solve the facile number in the peculiar spherical astronomy problems. The thrive of the Spheres of Menelaus built by Abu Nasr is crucial since the original Yunani Menelaus script which contains the derived from the based solution of Ptolemy number in the astronomy Ptolemy essay which is entitled Almagest has been disappeared. "His work in three books: the first book to learn the content / property a triangular shape, the second book examines the content of a parallel system of circles in a ball / shape they cut a big circle, the third book gives evidence of Menelaus theorem,"explained O'Cornor and Robertson. "Abu'l-Wafa may find this law first and Abu Nasr Mansur may learn from him. Certainly both have a strong priority to determine and will almost certainly never be known with certainty, "said O'Cornor and Robertson. O'Cornor and Robertson also mentioned one other name, referred to as a third person who is sometimes referred to as the inventor of the same law, a Muslim astronomer and mathematician of Persia, al-Khujandi (940 AD - 1000 AD). Another scientist that contribute to the mathematical field is Ibn al-banna alMarrakushi. Through the book he wrote, Talkhis Amal al-Hisab (Summary of Arithmetic Operations) and Raf al-Hijab, he introduce some mathematical notation that makes the historians of science and scientists believe that the symbolism of algebra was first developed civilization Islam. According to some historical records, Ibn al-bann a al-Marrakushi al-Banna of the 13th century AD and al-Qalasadi is the inventor of mathematical notation.

In making his work, al-Banna gets a lot of influence from the earlier Arab mathematicians. Al-Banna is the first to consider the fragments as a comparison between the two numbers and he was the first to use the expression of the almanac, in a work containing astronomical and meteorological data. In the book Raf al-Hijab, al-Banna describes various fractions math and they continue to be used to calculate estimates of the value of the square root. Other interesting results contained in the series add up the results. Actually the work of al Banna is a small step from the Pascal triangle is three centuries previously described al-Karaji. Even so, there is something more fundamental than the Pascal triangle, the result is precisely the combinatorial exposition of al-Banna, together form the relationship between numbers and polygonal combinations. Many Islamic scientist build the basic contribution adapted and evolved by the west scientist. Another scientist that establish astounding mathematical scientific invention are ibnu Shuja as the first people accepting irrational number as the solution of the quadratic equation, Khawarijmi as the founder of algebra, Ibnu al sathir the founder of heliocentric earth rotation and others.

II.5 Medic Achievement Medical books by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi who is dubbed as Abulcasis was so phenomenal. Written in the 10th century AD, Kitab al-Tasrif has helped change the world contributed to modern medicine. The greatness of medical books by legendary surgeon Muslims of Andalusia that has been recognized by physicians and scientists of the West. Ideas and thoughts as outlined al-Zahrawi in Kitab al-Tasrif has become a foothold and grip the doctors for five centuries, after the death of the Muslim surgeon. Kitab al-Tasrif has helped ignite the spirit of the Renaissance that took

place in the Western world. Imagine. Al-Tasrif is a reference for doctors, especially in surgeons Kitab al-i Tasrif consists of 30 volumes that explore and discuss about; description of the anatomy, classification of disease, nutritional information, sections on drugs, orthopedic, ophtalmologi, pharmacology, nutrition, especially surgery.

In the Western world, the book is also known by the title Concessio Data Qui ei Componere Haud. At least for six centuries, the book is very important as medical practice guidelines for physicians and surgeons, both in the Islamic world and medieval Europe. Kitab al-Tasrif covering various medical topics, including dentistry and handle the birth. The book contains a collection of al-Zahrawi experience over the past 50 years dedicating himself as a doctor and teacher. In the book, al-Zahrawi stressed the importance of building a positive relationship between doctor and patient, and positive relationship between a teacher with his students. Besides, Ibn al-Quff was a prolific Muslim scientist. He wrote several books that address some aspect of medical science, philosophy and natural sciences. Among a series of works he wrote, there are two medical books of Ibn al-Quff which is considerably influential, the Kitab al-Umda fil Harahat, about the surgery and Jami fi al-Gharadh Hifz al-Sihha, about embryology and health. Furthermore, Ibn al-Quff is one of the great Muslim scientists to the discovery of the importance of the relationship with the cardiac vascular system (blood vessels). He first proved the relationship between the arteries and veins, to explain and discuss the capillary vessels and heart valve function. "When I saw the discussion of Ibn al-Quff in the field of anatomy and physiology of arteries and veins, I found a statement that indicates a new observation and speculation of the most important in the history of physiology. I was amazed to read an explanation of the pores. It is unique theory, since it cannot be seen with the naked eye, but he has known this phenomenon'' said Hamraneh.

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According Hamraneh, ibn al-Quff registered as a medical pioneer who is capable of connecting between the arterial and venous blood vessels throughout the body. In the 13th century AD, he has been able to explain the presence of vessels of very small vessels that connect arteries and veins and form a network. "Facts and truths found in Ibn al-Quff was merely known to doctors in Europe four centuries later by the Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) who rediscovered the achievement of Ibn al-Quff with the aid of a microscope, "explained Dr Hamraneh. The technology of medical treatment and knowledge are adapted the west from the Islamic scientist and their books. It is a proof that the knowledge of Islam at the past are the more developed compare to other civilization in that period.

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Chapter III Conclusion

III.I Conclusion 1. The rapid development of technology that happened in the Islamic period shows that the creed of Islam encourage the Muslim to seek the knowledge and contribute to the prosper of human being. 2. The government play a role to the technology and invention since it will provide the fund supply and facilitation to the research. 3. The circumstances that built in that time propel people to get the best source an teacher from the master lead them become the next inventive generation. 4. The vestige of Muslim scientist remain to use as the reference and inspire them to get more fact by evolving what have been invented by their predecessors. 5. Inherent behavior and courtesy to read when it is implanted to the soul of the generation will bring and alter the technology as being the astonishing civilization since the key of pursuing knowledge are the passion and forbearance to read and the spirit of curiosity to knowledge.

III.2 Recommendation 1. The writing to explore the fact of each scientist will influence more to the reader to model them. 2. Revelation to the secret how the Islamic scientist have a great achievement will be the best way to elevate and create the number of Islamic scientist nowadays.

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Reference

1. Anonym, Islam Scientist, Source : http://alkisahteladan.blogspot.com/2009/10/ilmuwan-islam.html, accessed date : 27 April 2011. 2. Editor : Espoxitz. John L.,The Oxford History of Islam., Published by Oxford University Press., New York ,1995 3. Editor : P.M Holtz.,The Cambridge History of Islam: Vol. 28., Pblished by University of Cambridge, Australia 1-2, 1970

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