Def

Causes

Mechanism

Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Adaptation Atrophy Metaplasia

types types types types

disturbance of water metabolism disturbed fat metabolism Reversible change " degeneration" fatty changes (steatosis) obesity

Cell Injury

disturbed mucopolysaccharide metabolism

mucoid deg myxomatous deg

hyaline change

intracellular extracellular

Cellular Response

coagulative liquefactive caseous fat fibrinoid dry moist necrosis Irreversible change "necrosis" infective gas lung gangrene cancrum oris phagedena Fournier's intestinal moist gangrene of limbs bed sores types physiological pathological

apoptosis
Cell Injury.mmap - 22/6/2011 - Mindjet

melanin endogenous pigment lipofuscin hemosiderin primary hemochromatosis secondary iron overload anthracosis silicosis

Intracellular accumulation

inhaled particles exogenous pigment ingested particles

Gout

II) Tissue deposits

Dystrophic Pathological calcification

degenerated tissue dead tissue

metastatic calcification localized classification

Extracellular deposits
Amyloidosis morphology

systemic liver spleen kidney GIT heart

primary secondary

focal type diffuse type

endocrine glands
II) Tissue deposits.mmap - 22/6/2011 - Mindjet

vascular change

change in caliber slowing of blood stream formation of fluid exudate margination rolling adhesion Leukocytes recruitment and activation transmigration inflammatory fluid exudate chemotaxis recognition and attachment phagocytosis engulfment killing and degradation local reaction of macrophages leukocytes induced tissue damage

local reactions cellular events

Acute
general

changes in blood cells changes in organ

cardinal signs and symptoms

Inflammation

catarrhal fibrinous serous non-suppurative serofibrinous membranous allergic types hemorrhagic necrotizing localized suppurative diffuse fate abscess carbuncle

causes

chronic

types functions of macrophages

Inflammation.mmap - 22/6/2011 - Mindjet

reactive phase reparative phase remodelling phase CNS peripheral bone fracture

Repair in specialized tissue

Proliferative capacity of tissue

type of tissue

nervous tissue

Repair
Primary union (healing by first intention) Secondary union (healing by secondary union) Complications

I) repair by regeneration

factors affecting

growth factor structurally and functionally intact residual tissue surface epi.

examples

parenchymatous organ

conditions

Healing of wound

II) repair by CT deposition (fibrosis)

steps angiogenesis mechanism fibrogenesis scar formation

Repair.mmap - 23/6/2011 - Mindjet

types stages patho. outcome post mortem change factor

damage to vascular endothelium change in blood stream change in blood constituents mechanism

shock

Thrombosis

pathogenesis morphology types fate complications infection site

causes types mechanism effect compensatory mech. colour : red or pale bacterial : septic or aseptic blood vessel : arterial or venous small/large, single/multiple, recent/healed heart brain intestinal pulmonary liver kidney spleen examples types

hemorrhage

Circulatory Disturbance

thrombo-embolism pulmonary embolism gas embolism

Embolism

fat embolism amniotic fluid embolism parasitic embolism

infarction

tumor emboli

factor

ischemia

types effect

Circulatory Disturbance.mmap - 21/6/2011 - Mindjet

Immunity
natural (non-specific) active type acquired (specific) passive passive-active

Immune response

lymphocytes macrophages cellular basis dendritic cells of lymphoid tissue Langerhans cells of skin definition anaphylactic pathogenesis clinical disorder systemic local

complement mediated reaction cytotoxic types antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibody-mediated cell dysfunction pathogenesis type III clinical eg. systemic immune complex localized immune complex delayed T-cell mediated toxicity

Immunopathology

types hypersensitivity

Immune-mediated disorder
def. autoimmune disease tolerance

type IV (cell-mediated)

types

pathogenesis clinical example primary (congenital)

immunodeficiency syndrome

secondary Human Leukocytes Antigen (HLA) system hyperacute

immunological complications of organ transplantations

A) Transplant rejection

acute chronic

B) Graft-versus host disease (GVHD)

Immunopathology.mmap - 22/6/2011 - Mindjet

def, mode
causative organism predisposing factor routes of infection proliferative (tubercle) exudative tissue reaction spread primary TB secondary TB miliary TB Triad healing spread encapsulation and reactivation healed apical (fibrotic TB) apical lesion acinar lesion lymph node acute pulmonary TB acute miliary TB complications primary secondary primary secondary ascitic or wet type dry or adhesive type caseous type encapsulated type kidney urinary bladder male female long bone short bone flat bone deformity cold abscess paraplegia joints TB of nervous system primary secondary tuberculous pericarditis tuberculos myocarditis tuberculous endocarditis TB of lymph node TB of heart TB of skin vertebrae (Pott disease) TB of bones and joints cervico-facial actinomycosis congenital TB of urinary tract TB of peritoneum testis site larynx bone meningio-vascular neurosyphlis CNS parenchymatous syphilis Tabes Dorsalis general paralysis of insane TB of tonsils secondary chronic fibrocaseous TB types of lesion pulmonary TB secondary stage skin rashes condyloma latum mucous patches generalized lymphadenopathy general gumma diffuse syphlitic inflammation heart CVS syphilitis aortitis syphilitis arteritis lips GIT tertiary stage tongue liver fate primary (primary complex) method infection presentation pyaemia toxemia bacteraemia

effects

septicemia sapraemia systemic portal Tuberculoid Leprosy Lepromatous Leprosy sexual blood primary stage chancre

leprosy (Hansen disease)

Bacterial Infection

tuberculosis
TB of intestine

syphilis
classification

acquired

TB of genital organ

abortion stillbirth living with syphilitic manifestation

actinomycosis

pulmonary actinomycosis intestinal actinomycosis

Bacterial Infection.mmap - 23/6/2011 - Mindjet

Mycotic disease

Mycetoma Pedis (Nocardiasis) Moniliasis (Candidiasis)

Mycotic disease and viral infection

Mumps virus

Viral infection

Measles virus German measles (Rubella) Cytomegalovirus

Mycotic disease and viral infection.mmap - 23/6/2011 - Mindjet

congestion sandy patches Intestinal ulcers polyps fibrosis fine or diffuse periportal fibrosis

Non-infectious granulomas (Sarcoidosis) Bilharzial (Shistosomiasis) Filariasis

liver spleen

coarse bilharzial fibrosis

urinary bladder

Hydatid disease
cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) visceral leishmaniasis mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

ureter

Parasitic disease

male genital organ lung female

Leishmaniasis

Ankylostomiasis Malaria

bening malignant

Parasitic disease.mmap - 23/6/2011 - Mindjet

agenesis hypoplasia failure of fusion Carcinoma in situ

dysplasia

congenital anomalies

failure of separation malformation supernumary organs

DNA damage decreased cellular replication accumulation of metabolic damage

ectopia-heterotopia mech.

ageing

Disturbance of growth

choristoma

hamartoma causes anomalies in infant

Disturbance of growth.mmap - 23/6/2011 - Mindjet

within solid tissues growth Capillary Cavernous simple cavernous Lymphangiomas Hemangiomas from surface tumor encapsulation

Benign Lesion of vessels

gross picture

tumor shape cut section

characters
mic. pic. behavior

cell morphology structure

may be harmful to the host :

Benign tumor
Fibroma Lipoma Chondroma Osteoid osteoma compact osteoma Osteoma myxoma leiomyoma rhabdomyoma

can be diagnosed as undergoing malignant trans. : squamous cell papilloma

Benign Mesenchymal Tumor

Papilloma

transitional cell papilloma duct papilloma simple adenoma fibroadenoma

Benign Epithelial Tumor

adenoma

cystadenoma papillary cystadenoma

Benign tumor.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

growth

prognosis of malignant tumor

gross pic

size shape cut section cell morphology mic. pic. stroma differentiation

Characters staging of tumor

grading of tumor
detachment of tumor cell from each other attachment to matrix components degradation of ECM migration of tumor cell vascular dissemination and homing of tumor cell invasion ECM

comparison between malignant and benign metastatic cascade

definition

Malignant Tumor

general features

malignant epithelial tumor (carcinoma)

mic picture distant spread types

local lymphatic embolism lymphatic permeation mech course of tumor emboli organ metastasis site trans-coelomic implantation blood distant lymphatic def general features

malignant spread

malignant mesenchymal tumor (sarcoma)

gross pic mic pic. spread

comparison between carcinoma and sarcoma

Malignant Tumor.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

carcinoma of surface epi.

squamous cell carcinoma transitional cell carcinoam adenocarcinoma

Malignant epithelial tumor

carcinoma of glandular origin

mucin secreting carcinoma carcinoma simplex

liposarcoma

Malignant Tumor (II)

Malignant mesenchymal tumor

fibrosarcoma leiomyosarcoma embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma pleomorphic alveolar basal cell carcinoma

locally malignant tumor

Malignant Tumor (II).mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

nevocellular navi congenital nevi multistep theory theory of genetic mutation failure of immune surveillance viral oncogenesis teratoma pigmented tumor malignant melanoma lateral growth phase vertical growth phase

tumor genesis

miscellaneous tumor

mature benign immature malignant monodermal "specialized" teratoma

co-carcinogens chemical radiation DNA RNA viral carcinogens

Other tumor
aetiology of cancer embryonic tumor
local effect

hormones hormone production cancer cachexia paraneoplastic syndrome

precancerous lesion

effect of tumor on host

Other tumor.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

eyes skin vit A def. trachea and bronchi renal pelvis rickets vit D def. vit E def. vit K def. osteomalacia

fat soluble vitamin

Vitamin deficiency

dry beri-beri thiamine (vit B1) wt beri-beri wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

water soluble vitamins

vit. B complex

riboflavin (vit B2) niacin folic acid cobalamin (vit B12) scurvy pellagra

vit C (ascorbic acid)

Vitamin deficiency.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

indoors sulfur oxide nitrogen oxide CO CO2 volatile organic compound

Air pollution

outdoors

particulate matter persistent free radicals toxic metals CFC ammonia radioactive pollutans pneumoconiosis

effects

source non ionizing

Environmental disease
Radiation

types

ionizing

direct effect indirect effect skin GIT testis and oary lungs blood and lymph bone other organ long term effect

effect on specific tissue

radiation-induced neoplasm radiosensitivity of tumor atherosclerosis CVS myocardial infarction chronic bronchitis

Tobacco smoking

lung GIT

emphysema bronchogenic carcinoma

pregnancy
Environmental disease.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

dec. coronary blood flow dec. O2 transport inc. myocardial demend stable unstable variant angina risk factor causes sites acute coronary occlusion pathogenesis pathology complications systemic hypertension acute chronic pulmonary hypertension (cor pulmonale) myocardial infarction manifestation angina pectoris pathologic process causes predisposing factor etiology and pathogenesis exudative proliferative healing

ischemic heart disease

myocarditis

rheumatic fever
organ

heart joints skin

endocarditis pericarditis

brain (syndenham chorea)

Heart (I)
hypertensive heart disease

blood vessel clinical manifestation complications

mitral stenosis mitral incompetence mitral valve prolapse aortic incompetence aortic stenosis pulmonary stenosis acute bacterial endocarditis subacute bacterial endocarditis differences between rheumatic, acute and subacute endocaridits

valvular disease

endocarditis

Heart (I).mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

causes myxoma lipoma rhabdomyoma papillary fibroelastoma

infections non-infections gross

cardiac tumor
myocarditis

viral picture mic bacterial trichinosis hypersensitivity

myocardial disease

acute left side HF right side HF chronic (congestive) acute adhesive constrictive serous chylous hemopericardium pericardial effusion chronic pericarditis

heart failure
cardiomyopathy (CMP)

congestive (CMP) hypertrophic CMP restrictive CMP

Heart (II)
ventricular septal defect (VSD) arterial septal defect (ASD) acyanotic group ostium primum defect ostium secundum defect

pericardial disease congenital heart disease malposition of heart

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) coarctation of aorta transposition of great vessels preductal coarctation post-ductal coarctation common form corrected transposition Subtopic

ectopia cardia dextrocardia

cyanotic group

Fallot tetralogy

Heart (II).mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

risk factor atherosclerosis (atheroma) pathogenesis complications

arteriosclerosis
lymphangitis lymphedema

medial calcification (Monkeberg's medial sclerosis) arteriolosclerosis (diffuse hyperplastic sclerosis) bening malignant

disease of lymphatics

capillary hemangioma cavernous hemangioma glomus tumor angiosarcoma classic/European African transplant associated AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma benign

cardiac lesion kidney lesion kidney lesion

hypertension tumors

essential malignant secondary

Blood vessel
according to nature

true false saccular

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) Takayasu's arteritis Thromboangitis obliterans

according to shape

fusiform dissecting athersclerotic

vasculitis aneurysm

syphilitic true dissecting mycotic according to cause congenital false complications simple cirsoid

varicose veins

Blood vessel.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

allergic viral infections bacterial fungal acute non-allergic acute suppurative otitis media chronic suppurative otitis media inflammation non-infections allergic vasomotor occupational hormonal rhinosinusitis acute chronic laryngitis inflammation benign tumor malignant chronic specific chronic chronic non-specific drug-induced cellular phase

ear

squamous cell papilloma fibroma, hemangioma, chodroma laryngeal carcinoma

larynx

nose and paranasal sinuses

Rhinoscleroma

fibrotic phase complications

chronic atropic

primary atrophic secondary atrophic

chronic hypertrophic causes of hoarseness of voice acute catarrhal tonsilits acute follicular tonsilitis membranous tonsilitis chronic non-specific chronic specific chronic acute tonsilitis inflammation malignant tumors

Upper respiratory tract

nasal polyp epithelial : papilloma, mixed salivary glands tumor benign mesenchymal : osteoma, chondroma, fibroma, hemangioma epi : trans. & SCC, malignant mixed salivary gland tumor mesenchymal : sarcoma, malignant lymphoma

pharynx
epistaxis epithelial : squamous cell papilloma,carcinoma mesenchymal : lymphoma tumor inflammation

acute nasopharyngitis chronic nasopharyngitis adenoids

ulcer of tonsil

nasopharynx
tumors

benign

epithelial mesenchymal epithelial mesenchymal

malignant

Upper respiratory tract.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

hemoptysis
epi : SCP, cystadenoma, benign clear cell mesodermal : angioma, chondroma, neurofibroma, lipoma, fibroma, leiomyoma benign

congenital anomalies
acute trachebronchitis

locally malignant : bronchial adenoma (bronchial carcinoid) location : central, peripheral, diffuse SCC adenocarcinoma small cell carcinoma large cell carcinoma secondary tumor like lesion : teratoma, hamartoma predominant histologic pattern primary malignant

trachea and bronchi lung tumor

pleurisy

inflammatory exudate transudate pleural effusion hemothorax chylothorax pneumothorax

pleura disease
empyema

lung abscess
lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia primary atypical pneumonia lipoid pneumonia centriacinar panacinar paraeptal irregular chronic bronchitis intrinsic extrinsic drug-induced occupational aspergillosis bronchiectasis bronchial asthma emphysema

Lower Respiratory Tract

pneumonia atelectasis (collapse)

benign solitary fibrous tumor tumor malignant mesothalioma

congenital resorption acquired compression contraction

acute resp. distress syndrome (ARDS)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage and infarction

pulmonary hypertension

Lower Respiratory Tract.mmap - 24/6/2011 - Mindjet

congenital pyloric stenosis heterotopia (ectopic rests) diaphragmatic hernia acute gastritis H.pylori bacilli autoimmune gastritis chronic superficial gastritis chronic atropic gastritis pathogenesis diff. between chronic gastritis inflammation (gastritis) congenital anomalies

stomach
Leukoplakia inflammation squamous cell carcinoma tumors

peptic ulcer hyperplastic polyp adenomatous polyps gastric polyps benign tumor cancer stomach malignant

Mouth
ulcer of tongue

dental dyspeptic TB syphilitic malignant

atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula congenital shortness heterotopic gastric mucosa rings and webs Pulsion (Zenker's) diverticulum Traction diverticulum Barrets esophagus reflux infectious iatrogenic corrosive achalasia varices Mallory Weiss syndrome lacerations ulcers dysphagia polyp benign carcinoma
GIT (I).mmap - 26/6/2011 - Mindjet

congenital anomalies

GIT (I)

sialoadenitis sialothiasis

esophageal diverticula

pleomorphic adenoma

esophagitis inflammation

salivary glands
tumor

benign

Warthin's tumor oxyphilic adenoma monomorphic adenoma malignant mixed tumor

oesophagus
malignant

mucoepidermoid adenoma squamous cell carcinoma adenoid cystic carcinoma

tumor malginant

megacolon congenital anomalies bacillary dysentery inflammation amebic dysentery differences. hematemesis melena bleeding per rectum diverticula septic peritonitis ascitis benign, malignant appendicitis acute chronic

congenital acquired

GIT bleeding

appendix

mucocele tumors

simple

peritonium
primary tumor intestinal obstruction acute

mechanical obs.

starngulated hernia volvolus intussusception

secondary (metastasis) atresia stenosis diverticula heterotopic pancreatic tissue transmural infarction mucosal and mural infarction non-infectious infectious Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease comparison Typhoid fever Celiac disease Tropical sprue adenoma leiomyoma, lymphoma, lipoma carcinoid tumor idiopathic

functional (nervous) obs. vascular obs. chronic hyperplastic non-neoplastic polyps hamartomatous lymphoid polyps inflammatory and bilharzial polyp tubular adenoma villous adenoma juvenile polyps Peutz-Jeghers polyp

large intestine
congenital anomalies

GIT (II)
ishemic bowel disease

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

small intestine

tumors neoplastic polyps

adenoma tubulo-villous adenoma

Familial Polyposis Coli (FPC); Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) Gardner's syndrome Turcot's syndrome

malabsorption syndrome benign tumor

T.N.M staging carcinoma staging modified Duke's staging : Astler-Coller modification

locally malignant

GIT (II).mmap - 26/6/2011 - Mindjet

hepatic failure
inflammation degenerative vascular disorder metabolic disorder blood disease malignant disease benign hepatocellular carcinoma hepatoblastoma primary

hepatic degeneration and cellular accumulation

apoptosis

hepatic cell death hepatomegaly

focal necrosis coagulative (ischemic) necrosis zonal necrosis diffuse necrosis

acute yellow atrophy

A, B, C, D, E

acute viral hepatitis tumor

hepatitis virus

malignant

secondary (liver metastasis)

Liver

fulminant hepatitis

chronic hepatitis

hepatic cyst
solitary multiple

primary (cryptogenic) portal biliary cardiac metabolic disorder syphilitic

Hepatic suppuration (liver abscess) cirrhosis Jaundice

etiological

secondary cirrhosis

Hemolytic jaundice hepatocellular jaundice obstructive jaundice

micronodular phological macronodular mixed Laennec's cirrhosis

portal hypertension

types

Biliary cirrhosis

primary secondary

Liver.mmap - 26/6/2011 - Mindjet

acute Cholecystitis chronic

mucocele (hydrops) cholestrolosis

Gall bladder

metabolic (pure) cholelithiasis (gall stones) benign tumors malignant carcinoma of gall bladder mixed cimbined calcium carbonate

Gall Bladder and Exocrine Pancreas

acute intestinal pancreatitis

exocrine pancreas

acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis chronic pancreatitis carcinoma

acute necrotizing pancreatitis acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Gall Bladder and Exocrine Pancreas.mmap - 26/6/2011 - Mindjet

cystitis benign carcinoma of urinary bladder malignant tumors

congenital anomalies disease of urinary bladder polycystic kidney disease

adult type childhood type

benign, malignant renal pelvis benign, malignant clear cell, non papillary papillary chromophobe nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumor) pathogenesis primary stones secondary (infected) stones renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) In situ immune complex deposition anti-glomerular basement membrane (BM) nephritis Heymann nephritis (membranous glomerulonephritis) antibodies against planted, non-glomerular, antigen circulating immune complex epithelial cell injury Subtopic antibody deposition T-cell immune reaction hypercellularity

tumors
kidney

renal stones

other

Kidney
urinary tract obs. glomerular disease

mediators

hydronephrosis pyonephrosis acute chronic

pyelonephritis

disease of renal interstitial tissue

morphological pattern of response

basement membrane thickening hyalinization and sclerosis additional alterations nephritic syndrome

atherosclerotic (senile) kidney benign nephrosclerosis malignant nephrosclerosis arteriolosclerotic kidney

disease of renal bloof vessel

clinical presentation

nephrotic syndrome Subtopic acute proliferative GN rapidly progressive (cresenteric) GN minimal change disease (Lipoid nephrosis)

tubular damage direct effect of toxin

causes of oliguria in ATN acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

disease of renal tubules

clinicopathological class.

membranous GN focal segmental glomerulosclerosis membrano-proliferative GN

Lupus nephritis chronic GN

Kidney.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

congenital anomalies hydrocele hematocele chylocele varicocele spermatocele inflammation

penis scrotal cystic lesion

tumors

benign malignant

condyloma acumiratum squamous cell carcinoma

Male genital system

acute prostatitis chronic prostatitis inflammation

congenital anomalies inflammation

cryptorchidism

seminoma

nodular prostatic hyperplasia grading and staging adenocarcinoma of prostate

prostate

testis and epididymis

tumor

germ cell tumor

teratoma embryonal carcinoma yolk sac tumor choriocarcinoma

sex cord stromal tumor

Leydig (interstitial) tumor Sertoli cell tumor

Male genital system.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

gestational trophoblastic disease complete mole partial hydatiform mole hydatiform mole (vesicular mole) invasive mole placental site throphoblastic tumor ectopic pregnancy

gonorrhea

pelvic inflammatory disease placenta

puerperal sepsis acute cervicitis

inflammation

chronic cervicitis squmous intra-epithelial lesion (SIEL) squamous cell carcinoma

cervix
tumors

benign malignant

follicular cyst theca lutein cyst polycystic ovarian disease corpus luteum disease

cyst of follicular origin

menorrhagia abnormal uterine bleeding inclusion cyst non-neoplastic cyst dysfunctional uterine bleeding uterine bleeding due to organic disease neoplastic endometrial hyperplasia simple complex complex with atypia endometriosis endometriosis interna endometriosis externa endometrial polyp endometrium benign stromal nodule other tumor type carcinoma tumor sex cord stromal origin tumor malignant non-estrogen related type estrogen related type metrorrhagia polymenorrhea

endometriosis cyst inflammatory cyst Subtopic benign borderline malignant benign atypically proliferating malignant endometrioid transitional cell tumor granulosa cell tumor theca cell tumor fibroma sertoli-stromal cell tumor gynadroblastoma dysgerminoma teratoma endodermal sinus tumor ovarian choriocarcinoma mixed germ cell tumor Krukenberg tumor metastatic germ cell origin serous derived from surface epithelium mucinous

Female genital system

ovaries

body of uterus

endometriod adenocarcinoma endometriod carcinoma contain squamous epithelium low grade stromal sarcoma high grade stromal sarcoma

sarcoma

mixed epithelial mesenchymal tumors

adeno-fibroma carcino-sarcoma

benign tumor myometrium malignant

leiomyoma leiomyosarcoma

Female genital system.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

acute mastitis

inflammation

chronic mastitis fat necrosis mammary duct ectasia

non-proliferative breast change (mammary fibrocystic change)

benign

proliferative breast disease without atypia proliferative breast lesion with atypia

epithelial tumor

Female breast

benign

fibroadenoma Phylloides tumor non-invasive carcinoma (CIS) ductal CIS lobular CIS

tumor

stromal tumor malignant

breast carcinoma

invasive breast carcinoma colloid (mucinous) carcinoma medullary carcinoma tubular carcinoma

spread staging system

male breast
Female breast.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

gynecomastia carcinoma

ant. pituitary (adenohypophysis) post. pituitary (neurohypophysis)

hyperpituitarism hypopituitarism diabetes insipidus

Diabetes Mellitus
Cushing's syndrome Conn's syndrome adrenogenital syndrome adenoma of adrenal cortex carcinoma of adrenal cortex acute adrenal insufficiency Addison disease neuroblastoma ganglioneuroma pheochromocytoma tumor of adrenal medulla hypofunction tumor of adrenal cortex hyperfunction

pituitary gland lesion

adenomas tumors carcinoma

prolactinomas growth hormone producing adenomas corticotroph cell adenomas thyrotroph null cell adenomas metastatic tumor

adrenal gland

Graves disease

Endocrine

primary hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) secondary primary hypothyroidism secondary

toxic multinodular goiter toxic adenoma

primary secondary tertiary hypoparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism

parathyroid

thyroid gland lesion

Hashimoto's thyroiditis Giant cell thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis) thyoriditis subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis Riedel's thyroiditis benign follicular adenoma papillary adenocarcinoma tumor malignant follicular adenocarcinoma anaplastic adenocarcinoma medullary carcinoma

Endocrine.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

traumatic rheumatic suppurative gonorrheal dysostoses inflammatory metabolic neuropathic Rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis chronic autoimmune degenarative arthritis osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) acute

joints

congenital bone disease

bone dysplasia

osteopetrosis (marble bone disease) achondroplasia

infantile (malignant) adult (benign)

pigmented villonodular synovitis and giant cell tumor of tendon sheath malignant synovioma tumor

Bone
acquired

osteoporosis rickets and osteomalacia osteitis fibrosa cystica Paget disease (osteitis deformans) fibrous dysplasia

osteoblastic (bone forming) tumor osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma osteosarcoma osteochondroma (exostosis) chondroma (enchondroma) chondrosarcoma chondromatous tumor

tumors

infections (osteomyelitis)

acute pyogenic chronic

giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma) multiple myeloma

Bone.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

acute post hemorrhagic anemia hereditary abnormality in red cells hereditary spherocytosis hereditary hemoglobinopathies G6PD deficiency erythroblastosis fetalis

anemia
hemolytic anemia presence of red cell antibodies

acquired hemolytic anemia anemia due to impairment red cell production due to bone marrow hypofunction aplastic anemia myelophthisic anemia

iron deficiency anemia pernicious anemia

primary

polycythemia

secondary

neutrophilic eosinophilia

Blood and lymph

leucocytosis

lymphocytosis monocytosis

leucopenia

agranulocytosis
acute chronic myeloid leukemia chronic chronic lymphatic leukemia primary

leukemia

hemorrhagic blood disease

thrombocytopenia hemophilia purpura

secondary

Blood and lymph.mmap - 27/6/2011 - Mindjet

acute non-specific lymphadenitis follicular hyperplasia

Reactive lymphadenitis

chronic non-specific lymphadenitis

paracortical lymphoid hyperplasia sinus histocytosis

chronic specific lymphadenitis infectious mononucleosis Hodgkin's lymphoma follicular (nodular) lymphomas

Lymph nodes and spleen

lymphomas

tumor

primary

Non-hodgkin's lymphomas

small lymphocytic lymphoma diffuse large B-cell lymphoma lymphoblastic lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma

leukemias secondary

lymphadenopathy

spelonmegaly

Lymph nodes and spleen.mmap - 28/6/2011 - Mindjet

special character effects gemistocytic juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas

congenital disorder

glioblastoma multiforme oligondendroglioma ependymomas ganglioglioma gangliocytoma neurocytoma medulloblastoma peripheral neuronal tumor

increase ICP
gliomas obstructive communicating

neuroglial cells neuronal tumor classification

hydrocephalus tumors

intracerebral hemorrhage embryonal tumor meningiomas meningeal spinal cord congenital berry mycotic atherosclerotic arterio-venous cerebral infarction

Nervous system

cerebroavascular disease

cerebral aneurysms

neurofibroma schwannoma

cranial and peripheral nerve sheath

skull fracture concussion parenchymal injuries contusion and lacerations epidural hematoma subdural hemorrhage traumatic vascular disease subarachnoid hemorrhage intracerebral hemorrhage petechial hemorrhage

acute pyogenic (bacterial) acute lymphatic granulomatous cerebritis cerebral abscess CNS parenchymal infections meningitis

CNS trauma infections

Nervous system.mmap - 28/6/2011 - Mindjet