ISA-S37.

10-1982 (R1995)
Approved September 29, 1995

Standard

Specifications and Tests for Piezoelectric Pressure and Sound-Pressure Transducers

ISA-S37.10 Specifications and Tests for Piezoelectric Pressure and Sound-Pressure Transducers

ISBN 0-87664-382-9 Copyright 1995 by ISA. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISA 67 Alexander Drive P.O. Box 12277 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709

Preface

This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for informational purposes and is not part of ISA-S37.10. This standard has been prepared as a part of the service of ISA, the international society for measurement and control, toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P.O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone: (919) 549-8411; Fax: (919) 549-8288; E-mail: standards@isa.org. The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the preparation of instrumentation standards, recommended practices, and technical reports. The Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA Standards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Towards this end, this Department will endeavor to introduce SI and acceptable metric units in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice Guide, which has been published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as ANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1992, and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions, symbols, abbreviations,and conversion factors. It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals and interests in the development of ISA standards, recommended practices, and technical reports. Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes endorsement by the employer of that individual, of ISA, or of any of the standards which ISA develops. This Standard was originally prepared by the SP37.10 Committee which operated under the guidance of SP37. The following individuals served on the original SP37.10 Subcommittee: NAME N. Keast, Chairman G. T. Cozad L. Horn R. W. Lally J. Rhodes COMPANY Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated McDonnell Douglas Corporation National Bureau of Standards PCB Piezotronics Endevco Corporation

ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

The following individuals served on ISA Committee SP37, who reaffirmed ISA-S37.10 in 1995: NAME E. Icayan, Chairman J. Weiss P. Bliss, Deceased M. Brigham D. Hayes M. Kopp C. Landis J. Miller A. Mobley J. Mock D. Norton H. Norton M. Tavares R. Whittier J. Wilson COMPANY Westinghouse Hanford Co. Electric Power Research Inst. Consultant The Supply System LA Dept. Water & Power Validyne Corp. Weed Fiber Optics Rosemount Inc. 3M Co. Consultant McDermott Energy Svces Inc. Consultant Boeing Defense & Space Group Endevco Consultant

This standard was reaffirmed by the ISA Standards and Practices Board on September 29, 1995. NAME M. Widmeyer, Vice President H. Baumann D. Bishop P. Brett W. Calder III H. Dammeyer R. Dieck H. Hopkins A. Iverson K. Lindner T. McAvinew A. McCauley, Jr. G. McFarland J. Mock E. Montgomery D. Rapley R. Reimer R. Webb W. Weidman J. Weiss COMPANY Washington Public Power Supply System H. D. Baumann & Associates, Inc. Chevron USA Production Company Honeywell, Inc. Foxboro Company Phoenix Industries, Inc. Pratt & Whitney Utility Products of Arizona Lyondell Petrochemical Company Endress + Hauser GmbH + Company Metro Wastewater Reclamation District Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc. Honeywell Industrial Automation and Controls Consultant Fluor Daniel, Inc. Rapley Engineering Services Allen-Bradley Company Pacific Gas & Electric Company Consultant Electric Power Research Institute

ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

Contents

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................. 7 2 Purpose.............................................................................................................................. 7 3 Drawing Symbol ............................................................................................................... 8 4 Characteristics ................................................................................................................. 9 4.1 Design characteristics............................................................................................ 10 4.2 Performance characteristics .................................................................................. 13 4.3 Additional terminology ........................................................................................... 17 5 Individual acceptance tests and calibrations .............................................................. 18 5.1 Visual inspection .................................................................................................... 18 5.2 Voltage or charge sensitivity, range, and linearity ................................................. 18 5.3 Proof pressure (pressure transducers) (4.2.2.6).................................................... 20 5.4 Frequency response, resonant frequency and resonant frequency amplification ........................................................................... 20 5.5 Transducer capacitance ........................................................................................ 22 5.6 Shunting resistance ............................................................................................... 22 5.7 Insulation resistance (for transducers isolated from case ground) ........................ 22 5.8 Transducer cable (non-integral)............................................................................. 22 6 Qualification tests .......................................................................................................... 23 6.1 Transducer seal test (sealed transducer only). ..................................................... 23 6.2 Cable noise test. ................................................................................................... 23 6.3 Ambient-pressure sensitivity shift (4.2.1.12). ........................................................ 24 6.4 Vibration error (4.2.1.10) . ..................................................................................... 24 6.5 Linear-acceleration effects (4.2.1.11.f) ................................................................. 24 6.6 Thermal sensitivity shift at maximum and minimum operating temperature (4.2.1.7). ........................................................................... 25 6.7 Temperature gradient error (4.2.1.8). ................................................................... 25 6.8 Sensitivity stability (4.2.1.11). ............................................................................... 26 6.9 Burst Pressure (pressure transducers) (4.2.1.6) ................................................... 26 7 Sample data sheets ........................................................................................................ 26 Annex A References ..................................................................................................... 33 Figures 1 Sample data sheet No. 1............................................................................................... 27 2 Sample data sheet No. 2............................................................................................... 29 3 Sample data sheet No. 3............................................................................................... 31
ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995) 5

1 Scope

1.1 This standard covers piezoelectric (including ferro-electric) pressure transducers and piezoelectric sound pressure transducers. Pressure and sound-pressure types could be the same instrument differing only in the method of calibration and manner of specifying performance. With the exception of certain impedance and charge measurements, this standard is also applicable to piezoelectric transducers with built-in amplifiers. Sound pressure transducers sense and measure the pressure oscillations within an elastic fluid medium experiencing stress-strain waves. When installed near the sound source or in the wall of a test object, the transducer behavior relates to its pressure response. When installed in a sound field, considerable interaction occurs at higher frequencies during the measuring transaction, changing the quantity being measured and relating transducer behavior to its free-field or diffusefield response. Both aspects of transducer behavior are covered in this standard. 1.2 Included among the specific types of piezoelectric pressure transducers to which this standard is applicable are the following: a) Piezoelectric pressure transducers for transient pressure measurements b) Piezoelectric pressure transducers that, in conjunction with associated electronic equipment, have quasi-dc response to gage pressures c) Piezoelectric transducers for sound pressure levels in excess of 100 dB overall re 20 Pa associated with fluid-borne noise 1.3 Terminology used in this document is defined in ISA-S37.1, except that additional definitions particularly applicable to piezoelectric pressure and piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers are defined in 4.3 of this document.

2 Purpose

This Standard establishes the following for piezoelectric pressure and piezoelectric soundpressure transducers. 2.1 Uniform minimum general specifications for describing design and performance characteristics 2.2 Selected uniform acceptance and qualification test methods, including calibration techniques 2.3 Uniform procedures for the presentation of transducer test data 2.4 A drawing symbol for use on measurement system electrical schematics (See Note in Section 3.)

ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

3 Drawing Symbol

The drawing symbol for a transducer is a square with an added equilateral triangle, the base of which is one side of the square. The triangle symbolizes the sensing element. The piezoelectric element is symbolized by a small rectangle encompassing two diagonally crossing lines. Surrounding this rectangle is the electrical symbol for a capacitor. Lines from the symbolic capacitor to the right side of the large square represent the electrical leads. NOTE This symbol is not ANSI-approved at this time. It has been submitted to the ANSI Y32 Committee on Graphic Symbols for their consideration and approval.

Indicates case connection, if any

ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

4 Characteristics
Individual Acceptance Tests go/no-go measured

Summary Basic Cable Characteristics (state whether integral or nonintegral) Type Length Connector(s) used Temperature range Capacitance at Room Temperature Noise Characteristics Case Connector Sealing (if applicable) Dimensions, configurations, and markings Connector Type Exposed Materials Transduction Element Material Type Sensing Mode Mounting Method Transducer Temperature Range (excluding cable if nonintegral) Operating Storage Dead Volume Equivalent Volume Diaphragm Material and Thickness Vibration Isolation or Cancellation Descriptions Mechanical Electrical Capacitance Room Temperature Over Temperature Range Grounding Insulation Resistance (if applicable) Room Temperature Over Temperature Range Shunting Resistance Room Temperature Over Temperature Range Range Sensitivity At Room Temperature (nominal+tolerance) Over Temperature Range Over Ambient Pressure Range (sound-pressure transducers only) Stability Frequency Response Pressure Transducers Sound-Pressure Transducers Linearity Pressure-Excited Resonance At lowest resonant frequency At additional frequencies Proof Pressure Pressure Transducers Burst Pressure Rating Pressure Transducers Spurious Output from Temperature Gradient Vibration Error Directivity Susceptibility to Environments Mechanical Shock Humidity Salt Spray Nuclear Radiation Electromagnetic Interference Steady-state Acceleration Supplemental

Qualification Tests

4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1

5.1 5.8.1 5.1 5.8.1 6.2 6.1 5.1 5.1

5.1

4.2.1.9 4.1.4 4.1.2 4.1.2 4.1.2 4.1.2 4.1.4 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.3 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2.1.1 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.5

6.6

6.4 6.4

6.6

6.6

4.2.1.7 4.2.1.13

6.6 6.3 6.8 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.2 5.4.1 4.2.2.1 5.4.1 5.3 6.9 6.7 6.4 5.4.2

4.2.1.3 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.1.14 4.2.1.5 4.2.1.6 4.2.1.8 4.2.1.10 4.2.1.15 4.2.1.11 4.2.1.11 4.2.1.11 4.2.1.11 4.2.1.11 4.2.1.11

6.8 6.5

ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

4.1 Design characteristics

4.1.1 Basic mechanical design characteristics The following mechanical design characteristics are required to be listed: a) Cable, non-integral If a non-integral cable is supplied with the transducer, the type, length, connector types, and maximum operating temperature of this cable shall be specified. (Requirements for the specification of electrical cable characteristics are given in 4.1.3). b) Case sealing If case sealing is employed, the mechanism and materials for sealing shall be described. The same requirement applies to the electrical connector. The resistance of the sealing materials to common and corrosive fluids shall be stated. c) Connection, pressure The pressure connection shall be indicated on the outline drawing [see (e) Dimensions]. For threaded cases of fittings, indicate the nominal size, thread pitch, thread series, and thread class. For a flush-mounted transducer, indicate whether flange mounting, cemented installation, or other specified means is employed. d) Connector, electrical The connector on the transducer shall be described. If the transducer is supplied with an integral cable, the connector at the end of the cable shall be described. The mating connector for the above connector shall also be described or designated. e) Dimensions An outline drawing of the transducer shall show its complete configuration with dimensions given in millimeters (or inches). f) Identification The following characteristics shall be permanently inscribed on the outside of the transducer case or (for very small transducers) supplied with the transducer: 1) Nomenclature of transducer (According to ISA-S37.1, Section 3) 2) Name or trademark of manufacturer. Model (Part) Number, and Serial Number 3) Range (if applicable) g) Materials, housing The case materials exposed to the environment shall be identified. h) Material, transduction element The type of piezoelectric material employed as the transduction element shall be identified. (A proprietary name is acceptable.) The sensing mode of this element shall also be specified.

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i) Fluid limitations If specific corrosive fluids are associated with a particular transducer application, the compatibility of the transducer and its accessories with such specified fluids shall be stated. j) Mounting and mounting dimensions Unless the pressure connection serves as the transducer mounting, the outline drawing shall indicate the method of mounting with dimensions in millimeters or inches. k) Mounting force or torque Mounting force or torque shall be specified. When pressure connection is not integral with mount, pressure-connection torque shall also be specified. l) Weight The weight of the transducer shall be specified in grams (or ounces). If the transducer includes an integral cable, its weight also shall be stated. 4.1.2 Supplemental mechanical design characteristics Listing the following mechanical design characteristics is optional. a) Dead volume For non-flush-mounted transducers, the dead volume may be given in cubic millimeters (or cubic inches). For piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers, the Equivalent Volume due to the compliance of the diaphragm may be specified to assist in transducer calibrations. b) Identification The following supplemental information may be inscribed on the transducer case: 1) Sensitivity 2) Customer Specification, Part Number, or both 3) Type of Electrical Connector 4) Maximum Operating Pressure 5) Maximum Operating Temperature c) Material, pressure sensing The diaphragm material and thickness may be specified, if a diaphragm is employed. d) Vibration isolation If the transduction element is mechanically isolated in some way from the transducer mounting points (to reduce vibration sensitivity) this may be described.

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4.1.3 Basic electrical design characteristics The following electrical design characteristics are required to be listed. They are applicable at "room conditions" according to the definition given in ISA-S37.1. a) Capacitance The capacitance of the transducer and that of any non-integral cable shall be stated separately. Capacitances shall be expressed as "______ picofarads." b) Grounding It shall be stated whether or not one of the transducer signal leads is internally connected to case ground electrically. c) Resistance, shunting Expressed as "not less than______megohms at ______volts dc" as applied for two minutes between the two output terminals, unless a different time is specified. d) Resistance, insulation Insulation resistance shall be expressed as "not less than______megohms at______volts dc" as applied for two minutes between both output terminals connected in parallel and the transducer case at the mounting point. Note that this requirement is not applicable for those transducers that are internally grounded. e) Temperature range (storage) All restrictions on the temperature at which the transducer can be safely stored shall be specified. f) Load impedance The impedance presented by the immediately associated measuring system (cable if not integral, amplifier, etc.) to the transducer's output terminals shall be specified either as a minimum value, a range of values, or a nominal value with tolerances. All specified performance characteristics are intended to be applicable under this specified loadimpedance condition. 4.1.4 Supplemental electrical design characteristics Listing the following electrical design characteristics is optional: a) Capacitance vs. temperature This may be given as a graph of transducer temperature. A corresponding curve of cable capacitance vs. cable temperature may also be provided. b) Cable noise The noise produced by the transducer cable when mechanically excited in some specified way may be stated (see 6.2). c) Insulation resistance vs. temperature This may be given as a curve of the transducer insulation resistance vs. temperature.

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d) Shunting resistance vs. temperature This may be given as a curve of the shunting resistance of the transducer vs. transducer temperature. e) Vibration cancellation (electrical) Any built-in electrical method for reducing the vibration sensitivity of the transducer may be specified. f) Polarity The positive-going output terminal for an applied increase in pressure may be specified.

4.2 Performance characteristics

The pertinent performance characteristics of piezoelectric pressure and piezoelectric soundpressure transducers shall be tabulated in the order shown. Unless otherwise specified, they apply at "room conditions" as defined in ISA-S37.1; i.e., Temperature: 25 10C (77 18F); Relative Humidity: not to exceed 90 percent; Barometric Pressure: 730 70 millimeters Hg (29 3 in. Hg). Terminology used here is defined either in ISA-S37.1 or in 4.3 of this document. An asterisk appears beside the paragraph number of those terms defined in S37.1. It is important that all transducer performance characteristics be listed independent of the characteristics of any amplifier and/or non-integral cables supplied with the transducer. (Performance characteristics may also be supplied including the effects of amplifiers and cables, if so identified as supplemental information.) In those cases where such characteristics cannot be stated independent of amplifier properties, the pertinent amplifier and cable type, part number, and properties shall also be specified. All performance characteristics are applicable under the conditions specified for Load Impedance. Note that this practice is used in lieu of specifying "open-circuit" output characteristics (an earlier practice, which did not permit verification of such characteristics since all ancillary equipment has a finite value of input impedance). NOTE In the following, separate statements are given for pressure transducers and for piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers in those cases where current terminologies differ for the two applications. 4.2.1 Required performance characteristics 4.2.1.1 Range* a) Pressure transducers. The range, usually expressed as " ____Pa (psi)" or "0 to ____Pa (psi.)" b) Piezoelectric Sound-Pressure Transducers. The range is usually expressed as "____dB sound pressure level (SPL) to ____dB SPL re 20 Pa."

*Defined in ISA-S37.1 ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995) 13

4.2.1.2 Sensitivity, charge or voltage* a) Pressure Transducers. The voltage sensitivity is expressed as "____mV per Pa (psi) ____%," or as "_____ ____mV per Pa (psi)." Equivalently, charge sensitivity may be expressed as "_____ picocoulombs per Pa (psi) _____%," or as "_____ _____ picocoulombs per Pa (psi)." In any case, it is assumed that the pressure and electrical parameters are both reported as peak, average, or rms values unless stated otherwise. b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. The voltage sensitivity level is expressed in dB as 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the sensitivity to the reference sensitivity. That is, sensitivity level S, re 1V/Pa, is S = LV Lp = 20 log10 V/p where Lv is the output voltage, re 1V, produced by applied sound pressure level Lp, re 20Pa. Appropriate tolerances should be shown for a specified nominal value. Alternatively, the charge sensitivity level may be expressed as "_____ _____dB re 1 picocoulomb per Pascal." 4.2.1.3 Frequency response* a) Pressure transducers. This is expressed as "within _____% of the sensitivity at ____ Hz from _____ to ____ Hz." The method for determining this frequency response should be described. b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. Frequency response shall be specified as "____ type frequency response) within 3 dB (or, alternatively, within 1 dB) from ____ Hz to ____ Hz." The quantity entered into the first blank shall be one of the following (as defined in 4.3): calculated frequency response*, pressure response, free-field grazing incidence response, free-field normal incidence response, or free-field random incidence response. Frequency response shall be referred to a frequency within the specified frequency range of the transducer and to a specific fluid. The methods of mounting the transducer and applying the test fluid should both be specified. 4.2.1.4 Linearity* a) Pressure transducers. Linearity is normally expressed as "_____ linearity within _____% of full (or a specified partial) scale output." The type of linearity to be entered in the first blank above shall be one of the straight line types defined in ISA-S37.1; namely: end point, independent, least squares, terminal, or theoretical slope. b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. Linearity is generally expressed as "____ linearity within _____dB." The type of linearity specified in the first blank shall be one of the straight one types defined in ISA-S37.1. 4.2.1.5 Proof pressure* a) Pressure transducers. Proof Pressure shall be expressed as (application of) "____Pa (psi) for ____ minutes" (will not cause changes in transducer performance that exceed its specified error limits).

*Defined in ISA-S37.1 14 ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

4.2.1.6 Burst pressure rating* a) Pressure transducers. Burst Pressure Rating is stated as "____Pa (psi) applied ____times for a period of ____ minutes each" (will not result in mechanical failure of the transducer housing). 4.2.1.7 Thermal sensitivity shift* a) Pressure transducers. Thermal Sensitivity Shift is expressed in terms of a maximum change from the (actual) room-temperature sensitivity level over the specified operating temperature range* as "____ % maximum, from ____C(F) to ____C(F)." b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. Thermal Sensitivity Shift is expressed as " _____dB" (sensitivity level change over the specified operating temperature range*) "from _____C(F) to ____C(F)." 4.2.1.8 Temperature gradient error* Expressed as "less than _____ mV output when subjected to a step-function temperature change from _____C(F) to _____C(F), applied to (specify particular part) of the transducer" (at constant ambient pressure). State whether Procedure I or II of 6.7 is to be used to verify this characteristic. NOTE Alternatively, the temperature-gradient error may be expressed as equivalent Pa (psi) input (for pressure transducers), or in picocoulombs output for transducers to be used with charge amplifiers, or in dB SPL. 4.2.1.9 Maximum and minimum ambient temperature* Expressed as (the transducer can be operated indefinitely at any temperature within the range from) "_____C(F) to _____C(F)" (without incurring a permanent calibration shift). 4.2.1.10 Vibration error* a) Pressure transducers. Vibration error limits are expressed as "less than ____ mV" (or alternately, picocoulombs) "rms output due to ____ g rms acceleration along any axis over a frequency range from ____ Hz to ____ Hz." The errors shall be listed for each of three mutually perpendicular axes, or for that axis expected to have the largest vibration error. State whether a swept sinusoidal or broad-band random vibration input is to be employed. In the latter case it is preferable to show a graphical representation of the vibration program. b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. Vibration error limits may be expressed as "less than ____ dB equivalent SPL output due to ____ g rms acceleration along any axis over a frequency range from ____ Hz to Hz." State whether a swept sinusoidal or broad-band random vibration input is to be employed. NOTE Alternatively, the equivalent SPL output may be expressed relative to peak acceleration, provided that this is made clear and that the type of vibration waveform is specified.

*Defined in ISA-S37.1 ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995) 15

4.2.1.11 Other environmental conditions* Other pertinent operating* or non-operating* environmental conditions that shall not affect the transducer performance beyond the specified limits shall be listed; examples are as follows: a) Mechanical Shock b) Humidity c) Salt Spray d) Nuclear Radiation e) Electromagnetic Interference f) Acceleration (steady) g) Ambient Pressure The test conditions for determining such properties shall be identified. 4.2.1.12 Sensitivity stability a) Pressure transducers. Sensitivity stability shall be stated as, "The sensitivity shall not vary more than _____ % of its room-temperature value when subjected to ____ temperature cycles between ____C(F) and ____ C(F) and to ____ pressure cycles up to ____ Pa (psi)." b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. Sensitivity Stability shall be stated as, "The sensitivity level shall not vary more than ____dB when subjected to ____ temperature cycles between ____C(F) and____C(F) and to sound pressure levels up to ____dB re 20Pa at ____ Hz." 4.2.1.13 Ambient-pressure sensitivity shift* a) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. The allowable sensitivity shift due to variations in ambient pressure shall be expressed as, "The microphone sensitivity level will not vary more than ____ dB when operated at any ambient pressure within the range from ____ Pa (psia) to ____ Pa (psia)." 4.2.1.14 Resonant frequency amplification factor a) Pressure transducers. Resonant frequency amplification factor at the lowest resonant frequency shall be expressed as "the amplification factor at resonant frequency ____ Hz shall not exceed ____." b) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. Resonant frequency amplification factor at the lowest resonant frequency shall be expressed as "the amplification factor resonant frequency ____ Hz shall not exceed ____ dB." 4.2.1.15 Directivity* a) Piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers. The Directivity shall be specified as an allowable envelope for a specified directivity characteristic (directional response pattern, see 4.3).

*Defined in ISA-S37.1 16 ISA-S37.10-1982 (R1995)

4.2.2 Optional performance characteristics 4.2.2.1 Resonant frequency characteristics of sensing elements Amplification (damping) at additional frequencies shall be expressed as in 4.2.1.14.

4.3 Additional terminology

4.3.1 decibel (dB): (see ANSI-S1.1 reference) (see also Sound Pressure Level). A unit of level, where P1 Level in dB = 10 log 10 --------P ref P1 = a power, or, quantity directly proportional to power. Pref = a reference power, or, a corresponding reference quantity proportional to power. 4.3.2 diffuse-field response: A frequency response of a piezoelectric sound-pressure transducer with the sound incident from random directions. 4.3.3 directivity characteristic: (Directional Response Pattern) (see Beranek reference). A plot of the sensitivity level of piezoelectric sound-pressure transducer vs. the angle of sound incidence on its sensing element relative to the sensitivity level in a specified direction, and at a specified frequency. 4.3.4 equivalent volume: (see ANSI-S1.12 reference). The volume of a gas enclosed in a rigid cavity which would give the same acoustical input impedance as that of the piezoelectrical soundpressure transducer. 4.3.5 free-field frequency response: (see ANSI-B88.1 reference). The free-field frequency response of a piezoelectric sound pressure transducer is the ratio, as a function of frequency, of the transducer's output in a sound field to the free-field sound pressure existing at the transducer location in the absence of the transducer. 4.3.6 free field (sound): (see ANSI-S1.1 reference). A free sound field is one existing in a homogeneous, isotropic medium free of any acoustically-reflecting boundaries. 4.3.7 free-field grazing incidence response: A free-field frequency response of a piezoelectric sound-pressure transducer with the sound incident parallel to a specified sensing surface of the microphone. 4.3.8 level: (see ANSI-S1.1 reference). A measure of the logarithm of the ratio of some quantity to a reference quantity of the same kind. The reference quantity must be identified. 4.3.9 pressure (frequency) response: The pressure frequency response (pressure response) of a piezoelectric sound-pressure transducer is the ratio, as a function of frequency, of the transducer output to a sound pressure input which is equal in phase and amplitude over the entire sensing surface of the transducer. The pressure frequency response is generally equal to the free-field frequency response at wavelengths long compared to the maximum dimension of the piezoelectric sound-pressure transducer.

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4.3.10 resonant frequency amplification factor: The ratio of the maximum sensitivity of a transducer at its lowest resonant frequency to its nominal sensitivity. 4.3.11 sensitivity stability: A measure of the irreversible change in transducer sensitivity level after exposure to temperature and/or pressure extremes, or with time. 4.3.12 shunting resistance: The electrical resistance observed between the two terminals of a piezoelectric transducer or its integral cable. 4.3.13 sound pressure level (SPL): (see ANSI-S1.1 reference). Defined in decibels as

p2 p ( rms ) SPL (dB) = 10 log 10 --------------- = 20 log 10 -----------------p ( rms ) ( p 2) ref

ref

Where p2 is mean square sound pressure and pref is reference pressure, which shall be stated as 20 Pa. NOTE Sound level (see ANSI-S1.1 reference) is a weighted sound pressure level reading obtained by use of metering characteristics and weightings A, B, or C specified in ANSI Standard S1.4-1971. This is not to be confused with sound pressure level.

5 Individual acceptance tests and calibrations

Tests are listed in the order in which they are to be performed. Results obtained during these calibrations and test procedures shall be recorded on data sheets similar to the sample data sheet in Section 7 of this guide. These procedures shall be performed under "room conditions," as defined in ISA-S37.1, unless otherwise indicated and under specified load impedance conditions. References to the pertinent paragraphs in 4.2 are given in parentheses.

5.1 Visual inspection

Conduct a complete visual examination for conformance to stated configuration and markings. Determine dimensions, thread sizes, and thread classes utilizing standard inspection instruments. Check mating of accessory cable (if any) by attaching and removing the cable.

5.2 Voltage or charge sensitivity, range, and linearity

For most applications, the sensitivity (level) of the transducer may be determined by comparison with a secondary standard transducer. The secondary standard transducer used shall have a calibration traceable to a calibration performed at the National Bureau of Standards (or at another suitable facility using a well-documented absolute calibration procedure) with a normal calibration period of one year. The transducer used as a standard shall be reserved for this purpose only; it shall not be exposed to large values of shock, vibration or temperature extremes; and its calibration shall be checked periodically. In general, although the calibration of a piezoelectric pressure transducer may require the use of a connecting cable and amplifier, the effective voltage sensitivity (or equivalent charge sensitivity)

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of the transducer shall be determined. Statement of the calibration of a transducer, cable, and amplifier solely as a system shall be avoided. 5.2.1 Voltage and charge sensitivity, range, and linearity of transducers with quasi-dc response A piezoelectric pressure transducer which has, in conjunction with an associated amplifier, essentially dc response may be calibrated against a standardized source of constant pressure. Typical example of such sources are the mercury manometer, air piston gauge, precision dial gauge, oil piston gauge, etc. (see ISA-S37.3). The error of the pressure source shall be one-fifth (or less) the permissible error tolerance of the transducer performance characteristics under evaluation. The range of the instruments supplying or monitoring the calibration pressure shall be selected to provide the necessary accuracy to 125 percent of the full-scale range of the transducer. The source of calibration pressure may be either continuously variable over the range of the instrument or may be provided in discrete steps, as long as the pressure is returned to zero after each step. The transducers shall be connected to the pressure source and secured with recommended force or torque. The necessary cable, amplifier, and readout instruments shall also be connected to the transducer and turned on. Adequate warmup time shall be allowed for the test equipment before tests are conducted. The pressure source, connecting tubing, and transducer systems shall have passed a prior test for leaks that might cause calibration errors. Two or more complete calibration cycles shall be run consecutively. At least five data points shall be obtained in both ascending and descending directions of pressure application. Amplifier characteristics shall be monitored as required. The voltage sensitivity of the transducer is determined by the ratio (at full scale) of the transducer output in millivolts (suitably corrected for the gain of any amplifier employed, and for the effect of any cables employed) divided by the full scale static pressure applied. Charge sensitivity level can be determined by using a charge amplifier of known characteristics, or by multiplying the voltage sensitivity level in volts per Pa (psi) by the total capacitance of the system (i.e., that of the transducer and its associated cable, and the effective input capacitance of the voltage amplifier) in picofarads, yielding charge sensitivity in picocoulombs Pa (psi). From the data obtained in these tests, the following characteristics shall be determined: a) Sensitivity b) Range c) Linearity 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.4

5.2.2 Voltage or charge sensitivity, range, and linearity of pressure transducers not capable of quasi-dc response The sensitivity (level) of a transducer not capable of quasi-dc response may be determined by comparison with a secondary standard transducer, or by the reciprocity technique (see Beranek reference). The latter method is limited to use with piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers and low-range pressure transducers. The former method is described here. It is preferable that the secondary-standard transducer be capable of dc response, so that it may be calibrated in turn in the manner described in 5.2.1. In order to excite the transducers, a source of transient or alternating pressure is necessary. Among the former are the shock tube, quickopening valve devices, burst-diaphragm devices, etc. (see Schweppe, et al. reference). Among the latter are loudspeakers, various siren-type devices, and hydraulically driven actuators (see

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Schweppe, et al. reference). In general, it is preferable that the transient or alternating pressure applied to the transducer be comparable to the rated full-scale pressure of the transducer under test. Frequently, however, a suitable actuating device satisfying this requirement is not available, and pressures well below full-scale must be used for calibration purposes. The sensitivity of the transducer is computed as the ratio of the maximum instantaneous output voltage of the transducer (after suitable corrections for associated cables and amplifiers) in millivolts to the maximum instantaneous pressure applied to produce this output. Equivalently, if the pressure excitation is sinusoidal, the ratio of the rms output voltage, in millivolts, to the rms pressure applied may be determined. Charge sensitivity can be measured with a charge calibrator (Q-step calibrator), or a charge amplifier of known characteristics, or calculated by multiplying the voltage sensitivity in volts per Pa (psi) by the total capacitance of the system in picofarads, yielding charge sensitivity in picocoulombs per psi. By repeating the above tests at various measured amplitudes, it is possible to determine a) Sensitivity b) Range (if within the capability of the pressure source) c) Linearity 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.4

5.2.2.1 Voltage sensitivity level of piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers (4.2.1.2) The voltage sensitivity level of microphones is expressed in dB re 1 volt per Pa. This can be computed from the voltage sensitivity measured as specified in 5.2.1 or 5.2.2 by employing the following equation: output in volts Sensitivity Level = 20 log 10 -----------------------------------input in Pa

5.3 Proof pressure (pressure transducers) (4.2.2.6)

After application of the specified proof pressure, a specified number of times, at least one complete calibration cycle shall be performed using the procedures of 5.2.1 or 5.2.2, whichever is applicable, to establish that the performance characteristics of the transducer are still within specifications.

5.4 Frequency response, resonant frequency and resonant frequency amplification

5.4.1 High-range transducers The dynamic response characteristics of pressure transducers may be established either with transient-excitation devices or with sinusoidal pressure generators. 5.4.1.1 Transient excitation method Transient-excitation devices generally produce step functions of pressure. A positive stepfunction of pressure may be generated in gases with a shock-tube or a quick opening valve. A hydraulic quick-opening valve is used to generate a positive pressure step function in a liquid medium. A burst-diaphragm generator is used to produce a negative pressure step in a gas medium. In all cases, the rise time of the generated step function shall be sufficiently short to shock-excite at least the lowest few resonances of the transducer under test.

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Since any tubing used to mechanically connect the transducer to the test set-up will affect the dynamic characteristics, it is recommended either that the shortest possible tubing be installed, or that any tubing used shall duplicate as closely as possible the actual installation. By applying step functions of pressure at room conditions within the full scale range of the transducer, and analyzing the electronic or electro-optical recording of the transducer output, the following can be determined: Frequency Response (amplitude and phase) Resonant Frequency 4.2.1.3 4.2.2.1

NOTE These may be a function both of the polarity of the pressure step and of the type of test fluid. 5.4.1.2 Sinusoidal excitation method Generators are available to produce sinusoidal pressure waveforms in either liquids or gases. These sinusoidal generators operate either on the "piston-phone" principle (which is in common use for the absolute calibration of microphones), by modulating a fluid flow through an orifice or by vibrating or rotating a column of liquid in a vertical plane. (See ANSI-S1.1 reference.) By applying a sinusoidal pressure waveform of varying frequency at a specified static pressure, frequency response (4.2.1.3) can be observed directly by comparison with a suitable reference transducer. The following can be established from the frequency response: a) Resonant Frequencies and their Amplification Factors b) Damping Ratios c) Ringing Period d) Discharge Time Constant e) Overshoot 5.4.2 Low-range pressure transducers and piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers For these transducers it is generally possible to measure frequency response directly. A number of methods exist for this purpose. In general, these methods provide either a pressure response or a free-field response as defined in 4.3. (The pressure response is the same as the free-field response for frequencies whose wave lengths in the measure medium are large compared to the dimensions of the transducer. At higher frequencies, the pressure response differs from the freefield response because of diffraction of the sound field by the transducer and its associated mounting hardware.) Pressure responses can be obtained with pistonphones, calibration couplers, or electrostatic actuators. Free-field responses must be measured in an anechoic space and must be measured in the fluid medium in which the transducer will be employed (see ANSI-1.10, ANSI-B88.1, ANSI-S1.12, ANSI-1.20, and Beranek reference). In general, because the free-field frequency response of a transducer is affected by its geometry, this response depends upon the direction of propagation of sound waves with respect to the transducer. Therefore, it is essential that the direction of sound incidence upon the transducer be specified. Typically, free-field frequency response determinations are made for normal sound incidence, grazing sound incidence and/or random sound incidence.

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To establish directivity, a set of directivity characteristics can be reported that illustrate the sensitivity of the microphone for sound incident from all possible directions. This is normally done only on a qualification basis. From such a test, it is possible to determine, for a low range pressure transducer a) frequency response b) directivity 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.15

In some cases, the mechanical resonant frequencies (4.2.2.1) and resonant-frequency amplifications (4.2.1.5) also can be observed.

5.5 Transducer capacitance

Measure the capacitance of the transducer and any integral cable by means of a capacitance bridge at 1000 Hz; measure the capacitance of the transducer cable at 1000 Hz. NOTE When very high frequency (fast-response) pressure measurements are to be made, with the transducer, capacitance measurements at 100,000 Hz should be performed additionally.

5.6 Shunting resistance

Measure the resistance between the two electrical leads of the transducer with an electrometer type megohmmeter or similar acceptable device, using a potential of 50 volts unless otherwise specified.

5.7 Insulation resistance (for transducers isolated from case ground)

Measure the insulation resistance between all terminals or leads connected in parallel, and the case of the transducer, with a megohmmeter or similar acceptable device using a potential of 50 volts applied for two minutes unless otherwise specified.

5.8 Transducer cable (non-integral)

5.8.1 Length and capacitance Measure the length of any non-integral cables supplied with the transducer. It is acceptable if within 6 mm ( 1/4 inch) or 2 % of specified length, whichever is larger, unless otherwise specified. Measure the capacitance of the non-integral cable with a capacitance bridge at 1000 Hz and record. The cable tests shall be done at room temperature as specified in ISA-S37.1. NOTE When very high frequency (fast response) pressure measurements are to be made with the transducer, capacitance measurements at 100,000 Hz should be performed additionally.

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6 Qualification tests

These tests are performed on representative transducers in addition to the individual acceptance tests and calibrations. One transducer shall be subjected to all applicable portions of the qualification test unless otherwise specified.

6.1 Transducer seal test (sealed transducer only)

Use a light mineral oil (or equivalent) with a viscosity between 175 and 190 centistokes in a transparent container such as a Pyrex beaker. Heat the oil to approximately 125 C or to the maximum temperature specified for the transducer. Remove detachable cables and connectors from the transducer. Immerse the transducer beneath the surface of the heated oil. Any stream of air bubbles released from within the transducer indicates leakage and constitutes failure. Dry the transducer without application of heat (compatible solvents may be used).

6.2 Cable noise test

The mechanically-induced (triboelectric) output noise of a standard length of cable that is supplied with the transducer shall be specified as "less than______ mV (peak-to-peak)" when tested as described in this paragraph (adapted from Perls reference). The instrumentation shall include a standard shielded capacitor (1000 picofarads) connected across the cable; a weight equal to the weight of 12 meters (40 ft) of the cable under test in two half-cylindrical shapes that are clamped or taped to the outer jacket of the cable; a pre-amplifier or cathode follower having a specified frequency response and input impedance; and an oscilloscope or oscillograph with the capability of providing a full-scale deflection from a one millivolt signal.

Connect the cable electrically as shown in the above drawing. Clamp the cable between pieces of wood to the two anchor points, allowing a 76 mm sag in the center of the cable. Clamp weight (B) to cable at center of anchored span. Raise the cable by the weight to a maximum height of three inches above its horizontal position and permit it to drop. Monitor the output noise of the cable on the oscilloscope. Repeat the test three times and record the maximum output in millivolts peak-to-peak.

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6.3 Ambient-pressure sensitivity shift (4.2.1.12)

Certain low-range piezoelectric pressure transducers and piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers have different sensitivity levels at different ambient atmospheric pressures. In order to observe this effect, the test transducer and a secondary standard transducer (whose sensitivity as a function of ambient pressure is known) shall be inserted simultaneously or alternately into a pressure coupler calibration cavity. The static pressure in the cavity shall be established at a number of discrete points between 345 Pa (50 psi) and 0.69 Pa (0.1 psi) unless a different range is specified. At each point, the frequency of excitation of the cavity shall be varied up to the maximum frequency possible within the dimensions of the cavity while maintaining uniformity of instantaneous pressure within the cavity. The frequency response and sensitivity of the transducer shall be determined at each static pressure by comparison with the output of the secondary standard transducer. In those cases where observations of frequency response vs. ambient pressure must be made to frequencies higher than those normally obtainable in pressure-coupler cavities, and electrostatic driving technique may sometimes be employed (see Beranek reference). This requires that the sensitive surface of the piezoelectric pressure transducer be electrically conductive, and that the polarizing voltage between this conductive surface and the electrostatic actuator be sufficiently small so that arcing will not occur at low ambient pressures. Under these circumstances, the transducer and electrostatic actuator combination may be inserted in an altitude chamber, and frequency response measurements made directly at various ambient pressures as described in 5.4.2. (The electrostatic actuator provides a pressure frequency response, as defined in 4.3).

6.4 Vibration error (4.2.1.10)

Most piezoelectric pressure transducers and piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers have some electrical output due to vibration. In most test applications, it is essential that the output due to the vibration environment be insignificant when compared to the output due to the corresponding pressure environment. Vibrate the transducer along each of the three mutually perpendicular axes, two of which lie in the mounting plane of the transducer. The acceleration amplitudes and frequencies applied shall be as specified (see 4.2.1.10). Depending on the specification, either sinusoidal vibration or random vibration, or both, should be employed. Observe the electrical output of the transducer under vibration and report the vibration error as a percent of full-scale output, or as equivalent Pa (psi) output per g. For piezoelectric sound-pressure transducers, the equivalent SPL output due to vibration may be reported instead. This would consist of one or more curves of the equivalent SPL output of the transducer for 1 g rms (or 1 g peak, if the type of waveform is specified) excitation, plotted as a function of the frequency of excitation. Such curves can be computed from the vibration-induced output of the transducer by the application of the transducer sensitivity level calibration.

6.5 Linear-acceleration effects (4.2.1.11.f)

Pressure transducers (dc-response only). Place the transducer on a centrifuge, apply specified acceleration along specified axes, and measure changes in output. This shall establish the (linear) acceleration error of the transducer.

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6.6 Thermal sensitivity shift at maximum and minimum operating temperature (4.2.1.7)
Determine the transducer capacitance at room temperature. Mount the transducer in a calibration coupler at ambient temperature. Determine the output voltage of the transducer at room temperature and at a specified static pressure or at a pressure frequency within the usable range of the pressure coupler, as applicable. Then stabilize the transducer at the upper limit of the specified operating temperature range for at least 15 minutes. Measure the following: a) Voltage output at maximum operating temperature with a known external capacitance. b) Transducer capacitance at maximum operating temperature. c) Transducer shunting resistance at maximum operating temperature. NOTES 1. 2. 3. The standard which is used to establish the excitation amplitude must have known or reliably-calculable characteristics under all test conditions. Allowances may have to be made for changes in cable resistance and/or cable capacitance throughout the test temperature range. Do not leave the transducer in an open-circuit condition while the temperature is being changed. It should be shortcircuited or connected to a preamplifier.

Allow the transducer to return again to room temperature and repeat the calibration tests of 5.2.2 or 5.2.3 (whichever is applicable). Allow the transducer to stabilize at the lower limit of the specified operating temperature range and repeat the tests of 5.2.2 or 5.2.3 (whichever is applicable). Allow the transducer to return again to room temperature and repeat the tests of 5.2.2 or 5.2.3 (whichever is applicable). Compute the percentage change in transducer voltage sensitivity at the two temperature extremes compared to room temperature. Alternatively, compute the percentage change in transducer charge sensitivity at the operating temperature extremes compared with that at room temperature.

6.7 Temperature gradient error (4.2.1.8)

Procedure I: With the transducer initially at room temperature, immerse in a suitably nonconducting liquid whose temperature is at the upper limit of the operating temperature range of the transducer making sure all cavities are filled. Measure and record the maximum voltage which is generated by the transducer, and the time from the start of the transient at which this maximum voltage is reached. If the voltage reverses and reaches a peak of opposite polarity, record the amplitude and the time of that peak also. These voltages may be converted to equivalent Pa (psi) based upon the transducer voltage sensitivity with the specified cable.

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Procedure II: With certain low-range pressure transducers and microphones, a qualitative test for transient temperature error may be performed as follows. Connect the transducer electrically as it would be employed for measurement purposes. Connect the output of the transducer to an oscilloscope. Approximately two feet in front of the sensitive surface of the transducer, discharge a clear No. 25 flash bulb. Observe and record the electrical output of the transducer as equivalent Pa (psi) (or dB SPL) peak.

6.8 Sensitivity stability (4.2.1.11)

Repeat the voltage sensitivity or charge sensitivity tests for the transducer as described in 5.2.2 or 5.2.3, whichever is applicable. Then perform the following: a) Expose the transducer to its maximum rated temperature for one hour. Return to room temperature by allowing to cool for 24 hours. Measure and record the new sensitivity. In extreme cases for very high temperature use, the transducer may be exposed directly to the flame of a torch, and heat flux measured and recorded. b) Subject the transducer at least ten times in succession to maximum rated pressure applied as rapidly as possible. Measure and record the new sensitivity levels 24 hours later. c) Expose the transducer to its minimum rated temperature for one hour. Return to room temperature by allowing to stabilize for 24 hours. Measure and record the new sensitivity. Note the maximum percentage change from the original voltage sensitivity or charge sensitivity during any portion of the above tests.

6.9 Burst Pressure (pressure transducers) (4.2.1.6)

Apply the rated burst pressure to the transducer the specified number of times and for the specified time durations. Observe safety precautions for high range transducers. Examine for mechanical damage.

7 Sample data sheets

The test data sheets included in this Standard are intended to be used for the tests described in Sections 5 and 6. They consist of the following: a) Test Summary 2 sheets b) Individual Acceptance Test and Calibration c) Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer Frequency Response Data (Transient Test and Sinusoidal Test 2 sheets) d) Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer Vibration Sensitivity Data

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Test Summary Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

Tests Started, Date___________ Test Finished, Date______________

Report No.: ______________ Vendor: _________________ Range: _________________

Linearity: ____________________ Vendor Part No.: ______________ Purchase Order No.: ___________
Summary of Results Test Procedure ISA S37.10 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2.2.1 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Length Capacit. Check if Accep.

Test Type Serial No.: Part No.:

Failure

Allowed Tolerances (% FSO) Mechan.

TEST

Error

Electr.

1 Visual Inspection 2 Sensitivity Voltage 3 Sensitivity Charge 4 Sensitivity Level (Sound Press. Trans.) 5 Proof Pressure 6 Frequency Response 7 Resonant Frequency 8 Transducer Capacitance 9 Shunting Resistance 10 Insulation Resistance 11 Transducer Cable (non-integral)

12* Transducer Seal 13* Cable Noise 14* Ambient Pressure Sensitivity Shift 15 Vibration Error 16 Linear Acceleration Effect 17 Thermal Sensitivity Shift 18 Temperature Gradient Error 19 Sensitivity Stability 20* Burst Pressure

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

*Does not apply to all transducers under test.

Figure 1 Sample data sheet No. 1 (Sheet 1 of 2)

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Figure 1 Sample data sheet No. 1 (Sheet 2 of 2)

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Figure 2 Sample data sheet No. 2 (Sheet 1 of 2)

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Figure 2 Sample data sheet No. 2 (Sheet 2 of 2)

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PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE TRANSDUCER VIBRATION SENSITIVITY DATA Vendor's Part No. Vendor X Report No. Type of Test Diaphragm Measured Output in Units of (check) _______ mV ______ pC, using peak* Mag. _____ rms * Mag. _____ *Acceleration (g) rms *Measured Output Output/g Equivalent Output Pa(psi)/g dB@lg pk dB@lg Z Y Customer Range _______ to _______ Pa (psi) _______ Customer's Part No. Serial No.

Z Direction Frequency ______ Hz

Frequency ______ Hz

Frequency ______ Hz

Random ________

X Direction Frequency ______ Hz

Frequency ______ Hz

Frequency ______ Hz

Random ________

Y Direction Frequency ______ Hz

Frequency ______ Hz

Frequency ______ Hz

Random ________

*Either rms or peak magnitudes may be employed if consistency is maintained including the measurement of pressure and acceleration.

Figure 3 Sample data sheet No. 3 (Sheet 1 of 2)

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Outputs in pC/g or mV/g** are converted to outputs in Pa/g (psi/g) from knowledge of a previous calibration in terms of mV/Pa (mV/psi)** or pC/Pa (pC/psi). Record data here if known. Acoustic Sensitivity Level* Calibration Source

__________ mV/Pa (mV/psi) as recorded by ___________________________________________________________________________ __________ pC/Pa (pC/psi) as recorded by ___________________________________________________________________________

Outputs in pC/g or mVg are converted** to equivalent SPL for one g acceleration by using a previous calibration in terms of acoustic output at a reference SPL and utilizing the relationship that the equivalent SPL at one g is:*

(reference SPL in dB) = 20 log 10 output at reference SPL acceleration

Record the reference SPL here if known:

Output*

Calibration Source

_______________ at ______________________________ dB reference, as recorded by _______________________________________

*Either rms or peak magnitudes may be employed if consistency is maintained for all quantities. **If mV/g and mV/Pa(psi) are being used, the cable capacitance should be the same in both the calibration test and the vibration test.

Figure 3 Sample data sheet No. 3 (Sheet 2 of 2)

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Annex A References

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI) ANSI-B88.1-1971 ANSI-S1.1-1960 (R 1971) ANSI-S1.10-1966 (R 1971) ANSI-S1.12-1967 (R 1972) ANSI-S1.20-1972 Available from: A Guide for the Dynamic Calibration of Pressure Transducers, ASME, August, 1972 Acoustical Terminology Method for the Calibration of Microphones Specification for Laboratory Standard Microphones Calibration of Underwater Electro-Acoustic Transducers ANSI 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036

Tel. (212) 642-4900

ISA ISA-S37.1-1982 ISA-S37.3-1982 (R 1995) Available from: Electrical Transducer Nomenclature and Terminology Specifications and Tests for Strain Gage Pressure Transducers ISA 67 Alexander Drive P.O. Box 12277 Research Triangle Park, NC 27707

Tel. (919) 990-9200

MISCELLANEOUS Beranek, L. L., Acoustic Measurements, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1949. Gardner, M. F., and Barnes, J. L., Transients in Linear Systems. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1942. Hilten J. S., Lederer P. S. and Sethian J., A Simple Hydraulic Sinusoidal Pressure Calibrator, National Bureau of Standards, Technical Note 720, April 1972. Perls, T. A., A Simple Objective Test for Cable Noise Due to Shock, Vibration or Transient Pressure. PB 121583, Office of Technical Services, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1955. Schweppe, J. L., et al, Methods for the Dynamic Calibration of Pressure Transducers. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 67, 12 December 1963.

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Developing and promulgating technically sound consensus standards, recommended practices, and technical reports is one of ISA's primary goals. To achieve this goal the Standards and Practices Department relies on the technical expertise and efforts of volunteer committee members, chairmen, and reviewers. ISA is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited organization. ISA administers United States Technical Advisory Groups (USTAGs) and provides secretariat support for International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committees that develop process measurement and control standards. To obtain additional information on the Society's standards program, please write: ISA Attn: Standards Department 67 Alexander Drive P.O. Box 12277 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

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