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Voice is an Application Complete understanding of Voice Application fundamentals helps us to design and build better Networks
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Objective
To Prepare the Data Communications Professional for Voice and Data Network Integration by Providing Voice Technology Fundamentals
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Telephony Equipment
Telephone set Key system
Optimizes use of telephone sets to lines Mechanical to electronic Two to ten telephone handsets is typical
Sleeve
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Local Loop
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Telephone Switch
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Analog TelephonySignaling
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Loop start
Almost all telephones Current flow sensed
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Ground start
Switch Trunk Lines Momentary ground ring lead
15
Loop Start
Station Loop
(Local or Station)
+ +
DC Current
Switch
Ringing
AC
Switch
+
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E&M Signaling
PBXs, switches
Separate signaling leads for each direction E-Lead (inbound direction) M-Lead (outbound direction) Allows independent signaling
State On-Hook Off-Hook
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Dial Pulse
DTMF
ISDN
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Pulse Dialing
Off-Hook Make (Circuit Closed) Dialing Inter-Digit Next Digit
700 ms
19
Tone Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)
1209 697 1336 1477 1633
770
852
941
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10
.2
Frequency (K-Hertz)
Switching Systems
Manual ControlSwitch/Cord Boards
Off-Hook Indicator Tip Ring
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Central Office
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Class Name
2 3 4C 4P 5
1 2 3 Regional Center Sectional Center Primary Center Toll Center Toll Point Interm. Point End Office EO w/ RSU Remote Sw. Unit
4C
4P
4X
5R
4C 4P 4X
4C
4P
5R
4X
5 5R R
R
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12
25
Delay
Talker Echo
Listener Echo
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13
Two- to four-wire hybrid combines receive-and transmit-signals over the same pair Two-wire impedance must match four-wire impedance
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2w-4w Hybrid
Central Office
2w-4w Hybrid
Central Office
Reflected Signal
Receive Direction
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Impedance Mismatch at the 2w-4w Hybrid Is the Most Common Reason for Echo
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14
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Echo suppresser
Acts like a noise gate, effectively making communications half-duplex
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15
Echo Canceler
Most Effective Means for Removing Echo
Voice Endpoint
Echo Cancelled Here
E/C
Received Voice Signal
+
Echo Canceler Block Diagram Adaptive Filter
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Summary
Information exchange based on voltage, current flow, grounding, and so on Analog voice technology dates back to the late 1800s
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Switch Switch
Digital Network
Switch
A to D Conversion
Switch
34
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Digital Telephony
Pulse Code ModulationNyquist Theorem
Voice Bandwidth = 200 Hz to 3400 Hz
Codec Technique
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ALaw (Europe)
10010011011
Stage 1
Law (USA)
Quantizing Stage
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18
OUTPUT
8,000 Frames per Second (1 Frame per 125 s)
Eight Bits from Each Channel Input In Sequential Order Next Frame Framing Bit
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3
Ch 4 Ch 5
Ch 6
Chs 7-23
Ch 24
Ch 1, etc
T1 Multiplexer
64 kbps x 24 = 1.536 Mbps Add Framing Bits = 8 Kbps Total Bit Rate: 1.544 Mbps
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1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
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19
Fe 0 0 1 0 1 1
DL m m m m m m m m m m m m
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
Bits 17
Bit 8
D
39
Bit A B C D
Supervision On/Off Hook Address Signaling (Dial Pulse)
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20
64 Kbps Signaling Channel in TS24 of Each Frame (e.g. ISDN D Channel Q.931 Messages)
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Time-slot synchronization
Bits/bytes/channels
Frame alignment
193rd Bit Pattern
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21
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PRS
Timing
Toll Office
Timing Timing
End Office
Timing
End Office
3
PBX
DCS
PBX
44
4
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Business Quality
PCM (G.711)
Bandwidth (Kbps)
32 24 16 8 0
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* ADPCM 32 (G.726)
ADPCM 24 (G.726)
* CS-ACELP 8 (G.729)
Quality
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Speech-Coding Schemes
Waveform coders
Non-linear approximation of the actual waveform Examples: PCM, ADPCM
Vocoders
Synthesized voice Example: LPC
Hybrid coders
Linear waveform approximation with synthesized voice Example: CELP
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24
Vocoders
Kbps
16
32
64
Quality
Excellent Good Fair Poor Bad
Description of Impairment
Imperceptible Just Perceptible, not Annoying Perceptible and Slightly Annoying Annoying but not Objectionable Very Annoying and Objectionable
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25
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Input
Input
Nonlinear Encoding
Closely Follows Human Voice Characteristics. High Amplitude Signals have More Quantization Distortion.
Linear Encoding
Relatively Easy to Analyze, Synthesize and Regenerate. All Amplitudes Have Roughly Equal Quantization Distortion.
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Quantizing
Sampling
Encoding
Filtering
1110010010010110
Waveform ENCODER
Waveform DECODER
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Voice Compression
Objective: reduce bandwidth consumption
Compression algorithms are optimized for voice Unlike data compression: these are loose
Drawbacks/tradeoffs
Quantization distortion Tandem switching degradation Delay (echo)
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Voice CompressionADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
Waveform coding scheme Adaptive: automatic companding Differential: encode the changes between samples only Rates and bits per sample:
32 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 4 bits/sample 24 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 3 bits/sample 16 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 2 bits/sample
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Voice CompressionCELP
Code excited linear predictive Very high voice quality at low-bit rates, processor intensive, use of DSPs G.728: LD-CELP16 Kbps G.729: CSA-CELP8 Kbps
G.729a variant stripped down 8 kbps (with a noticeable quality difference) to reduce processing load, allows two voice channels encoded per DSP
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28
PCM Decoder
Frames
Model Parameters
10110010
Parameters
Model Parameters
Analysis
Synthesis
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G.729
Cake A/D Code DSP Packet Recipe
10.1.1.1 Cake
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29
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- 31 dbm B/W Saved Voice Activity (Power Level) - 54 dbm Pink Noise Voice Spurt
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Hang Timer
SID Buffer
Silence
Voice Spurt
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Time
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Bandwidth Requirements
Voice Band Traffic
Encoding/ Compression
G.711 PCM A-Law/ A-Law/ -Law G.726 ADPCM G.729 CS-ACELP G.728 LD-CELP G.723.1 CELP
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Data
15 10 5 0 1990 1995 2000 Data Is 5x Voice Traffic
Voice
2005
Year
Source: Electronicast
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Interexchange
DS0 Class-4 Switch DS0
Local CO
Class-5 Switch
Customer Premise
DS0
Switching
DS1
DS1
DS1 DS0
Transport
DS3 DS3 DS3
DS1
DS1
OC-3/12
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-3/12
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Utilization
Legacy
PBX
Wasted Bandwidth
5060%
LAN
Video
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Utilization
Legacy
9095%
LAN
Video
Individual Packets
67
Delay
Sender
PBX
Receiver Network
PBX
A
Processing Delay Network Transit Delay
A
t
Processing Delay
End-to-End Delay
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Delay VariationJitter
Sender Network Receiver
Sender Transmits
t A D1
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B D2 = D1
Sink Receives
D3 = D2
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400+
70
35
Delay in Perspective
Cumulative Transmission Path Delay
CB Zone Satellite Quality High Quality
0 100 200 300 400 500
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Dejitter Buffer
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An Example
Assumptions:
We have eight trunks We are going to use CS-ACELP that uses 8 Kbps per voice channel Our uplink is 64 Kbps Voice is using a high priority queue and no other traffic is being used
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Delay Calculation
Los Coder Delay Queuing Delay Angeles 25 ms 6 ms Propagation Delay32 ms (Private Line Network) Serialization Delay 3 ms
Fixed Delay Coder Delay G.729 (5 msec Look Ahead) Coder Delay G.729 (10 msec per Frame) Packetization DelayIncluded in Coder Delay Max Queuing Delay 64 kbps Trunk Serialization Delay 64 kbps Trunk Propagation Delay (Private Lines) Network Delay (e.g., Public Frame Relay Svc) Dejitter Buffer
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Dejitter Buffer 50 ms
Munich
Variable Delay
5 msec 20 msec
21 msec
3 msec 32 msec 50 msec
Total
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75 82
76
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Delay Calculation
Site B
Fixed Delay
DELAY #1 Coder Delay G.729 Packetization Delay (Included in Coder Delay) Max Queuing Delay 64 kbps Trunk Serialization Delay 64 kbps Trunk Propagation Delay (Private Lines) Dejitter Buffer Tandem Switch Delay #1 Total 21msec 3 msec 32 msec 50 msec 25 msec
Variable Delay
Site A
Delay #1
110 msec
Site C
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Delay Calculation
Site B
Fixed Delay
DELAY #1 Total DELAY #2 Coder Delay G.729 Packetization Delay (Included in Coder Delay) Max Queuing Delay 2 Mbps Trunk Serialization Delay 2 Mbps Trunk Propagation Delay (Private Lines) Dejitter Buffer Delay #2 Total Total Delay .7 msec 0.1 msec 5 msec 50 msec 80 msec 190 msec 25 msec 110 msec
Variable Delay
Site A
Delay #1
Site C
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Summary
Voice traffic engineering principles still apply Packet-based voice trunks can provide efficiency with high quality if properly engineered The biggest impact on voice quality over a data network will be as a result of the delay and delay variation
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Voice is an Application Complete understanding of Voice Application fundamentals helps us to design and build better Networks
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Part of a network architecture Definition for the access to the network Allows access to multiple services through a single access
Standards-based
ITU recommendations Proprietary implementations
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Network Access
Traditional Access
Customer Equipment (PBX) Public Packet-Switched Network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private Lne Data
ISDN Access
Customer Equipment (PBX) Telephone Switch Public Packet-Switched Network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private Line Data
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Terminology
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Terminology (Cont.)
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Terminology (Cont.)
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Terminology (Cont.)
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TE1 TE2
S/T R
TE1
NT1
BRA
TA
TE2
. . R
S
TA
Carrier
NT2 (PBX)
. T
NT1
. U
PRA
TE2
.
Local Loop
90
Customer Premises
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NT1
Terminates local loop Coding and transmission conversion Maintenance and performance monitoring Functions as a CSU
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TE2
Non-ISDN compatible equipment Requires TA
TA
Interfaces available for different TE2 E.g. RS-232, X.21, V.35, PC-Bus, video, etc.
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NT2
Typically a PBX Provides switching functions Handles Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocols
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Access to ISDN
At the S-reference point:
RJ-45 (receive and transmit pair) Optional power can be provided for TE devices
Distance: 1 Km (1 x TE only), 200 m (8 x TE), 500 m (4 x TE)
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Access to ISDN
At the U-Reference point (BRA)
Standards differ NA, France, UK vs. Germany vs. Japan In North America, designed to use as much of existing copper plant available Two wire, unloaded local loops are 99% of total Up to 5.5 Km loop length
95
D Channel
ISDN Access Protocols are carried in the D channel Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocol specifications
Protocol specifications are identical for BRA and PRA
Layer 3, Q.930/931
Call setup, call supervision, call tear down, and supplementary services Uses standard set of messages to communicate
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D-Channel Encapsulation
Layer 3
Call Reference
Message Type
Information Elements
Layer 2
Flag
Address Control
Information
CRC
Flag
Layer 1
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Call Information
Hold Hold ack Hold reject Resume Resume ack Resume reject Retrieve Retrieve ack Retrieve reject Suspend Suspend ack Suspend reject User information
Call Clearing
Disconnect Release Release complete Restart Restart ack
Miscellaneous
Congestion control Facility Information Notify Register Status Status inquiry
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PBX1
PRI
Switch
Transmission Network
Switch
PRI
PBX2
DSS1
Signaling System 7
DSS1
99
Switch
SSP
SCP
Switch
SS7
Signaling Network
STP STP
SSP
Voice and ISDN Signaling PRI
Voice Transmission
STP
STP
Switch
SSP
STP
PBX1 SCP
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SS7 Components
SCP SCP
Network 1
STP
Network 2
STP
SCP SCP
SSP
STP
STP
SSP: Signal Switching Point STP: Signal Transfer Point SCP: Signal Control Point
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Network Addressing
LEC 1-609-555-1234
1-609-5551234 Dials: 9+1-609-555-1234
IXC
555-1234
LEC
555-1234
PBX PBX
Dials: 8+555-1234
1234 1234
555-1234
555-1234
VCI/VPI
VCI/VPI
WAN
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Thank You!
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