CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA

SMK TAMAN DATO HARUN

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK

1/2011

MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD RASDI IC/NO: 940725146753 5 ANGGERIK / ( 2011 ) MR.TAN CHUNG CHING ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2011 | 2011

Content page : Content 1. 2. 4. Preface Introduction Definision : Introduction of integration History of integration History 5. Problem Solving : Diagram PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4 PART 5 Further exploration

pages

6. 7. 8. 9.

Conclusion Reflection Further Exploration Reference

Preface
First and foremost, I praises god for His kindness and blessing I was able to finish this interesting additional mathematics project. A full of thanks to all additional mathematics panels and teachers especially my additional mathematics teacher, Mr.Tan Chung Ching because all of them had help me a lot in compiling this project. Also not to-be-forget, thanks to my parents and family that had sacrifice their money and precious time to help me and encourage along the way in the making of this project. Also to all my friends thank you for helping me out in solving the mathematics problems that was given in the questions. This project has help me to realize and figure the beauty and essential of additional mathematics to be apply in everyday life. Additional mathematics is really exciting to be learn and it is important for us to appreciate the existence of this knowledge. Garden is the topic I choose to answer from the questions given as it hold many applications secret of additional mathematics in it.

INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2011

The aims of carrying out this project work are to enable students to : a) Apply mathematics to everyday situations and appreciate the importance and the beauty of mathematics in everyday lives ; b) Improve problem-solving skills, thinking skills , reasoning and mathematical communication ; c) Develop positive attitude and personalities and instrinsic mathematical values such as accuracy , confidence and systematic reasoning ; d) Stimulate learning environment that enhances effective learning inquiry-base and teamwork ; e) Develop mathematical knowledge in a way which increase students interest and confidence.

INTRODUCTION OF INTERGRATION
INTRODUCTION OF INTEGRATION This article is about the concept of integrals in calculus. For the set of numbers, see integer. For other uses, see Integral (disambiguation).

A definite integral of a function can be represented as the signed area of the region bounded by its graph. Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function of areal variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral

is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xyplane bounded by the graph of , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The term integral may also refer to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function . In this case, it is

called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed in this article are termed definite integrals. Some authors maintain a distinction between antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an antiderivative F of is known, the definite integral of over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. The founders of the calculus thought of the integral as an infinite sum of rectangles of infinitesimal width. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. Aline integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space. Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These generalizations of integrals first arose from the needs of physics, and they play an important role in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract mathematical theory known as Lebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue.

HISTORY OF INTEGRATION
Integrals appear in many practical situations. Consider a swimming pool. If it is rectangular with a flat bottom, then from its length, width, and depth we can easily determine the volume of water it can contain (to fill it), the area of its surface (to cover it), and the length of its edge (to rope it). But if it is oval with a rounded bottom, all of these quantities call for integrals. Practical approximations may suffice for such trivial examples, but precision engineering (of any discipline) requires exact and rigorous values for these elements.

Approximations to integral of x from 0 to 1, with 5 right samples (above) and 12 left samples (below) To start off, consider the curve y = f(x) between x = 0 and x = 1, with f(x) = x. We ask: What is the area under the function f, in the interval from 0 to 1? and call this (yet unknown) area the integral of f. The notation for this integral will be

As a first approximation, look at the unit square given by the sides x = 0 to x = 1 and y = f(0) = 0 and y = f(1) = 1. Its area is exactly 1. As it is, the true value of the integral must be somewhat less. Decreasing the width of the approximation rectangles shall give a better result; so cross the interval in five steps, using the approximation points 0, 15, 25, and so on to 1. Fit a box for each step using the right end height of each curve piece, thus 15, 25, and so on to 1 = 1. Summing the areas of these rectangles, we get a better approximation for the sought integral, namely

Notice that we are taking a sum of finitely many function values of f, multiplied with the differences of two subsequent approximation points. We can easily see that the approximation is still too large. Using more steps produces a closer approximation, but will never be exact: replacing the 5 subintervals by twelve as depicted, we will get an approximate value for the area of 0.6203, which is too small. The key idea is the transition from adding finitely many differences of approximation points multiplied by their respective function values to using infinitely many fine, or infinitesimal steps. As for the actual calculation of integrals, the fundamental theorem of calculus, due to Newton and Leibniz, is the fundamental link between the operations of differentiating and integrating. Applied to the square root curve, f(x) = x1/2, it says to look at the antiderivative F(x) = 23x3/2, and simply take F(1) F(0), where 0 and 1 are the boundaries of the interval [0,1]. So the exact value of the area under the curve is computed formally as

(This is a case of a general rule, that for f(x) = xq, with q 1, the related function, the so-called antiderivative is F(x) = (xq+1)/(q + 1).) The notation

conceives the integral as a weighted sum, denoted by the elongated s, of function values, f(x), multiplied by infinitesimal step widths, the socalled differentials, denoted by dx. The multiplication sign is usually omitted. Historically, after the failure of early efforts to rigorously interpret infinitesimals, Riemann formally defined integrals as a limit of weighted sums, so that the dx suggested the limit of a difference (namely, the interval width). Shortcomings of Riemann's dependence on intervals and continuity motivated newer definitions, especially the Lebesgue integral, which is founded on an ability to extend the idea of "measure" in much more flexible ways. Thus the notation

refers to a weighted sum in which the function values are partitioned, with measuring the weight to be assigned to each value. Here A denotes the region of integration. Differential geometry, with its "calculus on manifolds", gives the familiar notation yet another interpretation. Now f(x) and dx become a differential form, = f(x)dx, a new differential operator d, known as the exterior derivative is introduced, and the fundamental theorem becomes the more general Stokes' theorem,

from which Green's theorem, the divergence theorem, and the fundamental theorem of calculus follow. More recently, infinitesimals have reappeared with rigor, through modern innovations such as non-standard analysis. Not only do these methods vindicate the intuitions of the pioneers; they also lead to new mathematics.

Although there are differences between these conceptions of integral, there is considerable overlap. Thus, the area of the surface of the oval swimming pool can be handled as a geometric ellipse, a sum of infinitesimals, a Riemann integral, a Lebesgue integral, or as a manifold with a differential form. The calculated result will be the same for all.

HISTORY
Over 2000 years ago, Archimedes (287-212 BC) found formulas for the surface areas and volumes of solids such as the sphere, the cone, and the paraboloid. His method of integration was remarkably modern considering that he did not have algebra, the function concept, or even the decimal representation of numbers. Leibniz (1646-1716) and Newton (1642-1727) independently discovered calculus. Their key idea was that differentiation and integration undo each other. Using this symbolic connection, they were able to solve an enormous number of important problems in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. Fourier (1768-1830) studied heat conduction with a series of trigonometric terms to represent functions. Fourier series and integral transforms have applications today in fields as far apart as medicine, linguistics, and music.Gauss (1777-1855) made the first table of integrals, and with many others continued to apply integrals in the mathematical and physical sciences. Cauchy (1789-1857) took integrals to the complex domain.Riemann(18261866)andLebesgue(18751941) put definite integration on a firm logical foundation. Liouville (1809-1882) created a framework for constructive integration by finding out when indefinite integrals of elementary functions are again elementary functions. Hermite (1822-1901) found an algorithm for integrating rational functions. In the 1940s Ostrowski extended this algorithm to rational expressions involving the logarithm. In the 20th century before computers, mathematicians developed the theory of integration and applied it to write tables of integrals and integral transforms. Among these mathematicians were Watson, Titchmarsh, Barnes, Mellin, Meijer, Grobner, Hofreiter, Erdelyi, Lewin, Luke, Magnus, Apelblat, Oberhettinger, Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Exton, Srivastava, Prudnikov, Brychkov, and Marichev. In 1969 Risch made the major breakthrough in algorithmic indefinite integration when he published his work on the general theory and practice of integrating elementary functions. His algorithm does not

automatically apply to all classes of elementary functions because at the heart of it there is a hard differential equation that needs to be solved. Efforts since then have been directed at handling this equation algorithmically for various sets of elementary functions. These efforts have led to an increasingly complete algorithmization of the Risch scheme. In the 1980s some progress was also made in extending his method to certain classes of special functions. The capability for definite integration gained substantial power in Mathematica, first released in 1988. Comprehensiveness and accuracy have been given strong consideration in the development of Mathematica and have been successfully accomplished in its integration code. Besides being able to replicate most of the results from well-known collections of integrals (and to find scores of mistakes and typographical errors in them), Mathematica makes it possible to calculate countless new integrals not included in any published handbook.

Part 1
Route 1.1 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.3 2.3

Distnce 131 km Bearin g

24km

109k m N73.3

307km N27.9W

85k m N77. 5E

104km N78.7E

Goe Goes to s to east nort h

Coordi nates Possibl Cor Shark,inf Coral,r e al ested eef, Danger reef water sunke s n ship Shark,inf ested water,su nken ship, thunders torm Time For route 1(1.1,1.2,1.3)=55minutes 59seconds For route 2(2.1,2.2,2.3)=1hour 31minutes36seconds Giant Giant octo octopus, pus thunder storm

Judging from the possible dangers & possibilities of intruding into the preserved and conservation aresas and the time taken to reach the offshore oil rig,route 1 is the recommended optio

Part 2
a)

Starting position

o086

Vresultant=Vboat+Vcurrent
45v35v=36cosa36sina+-150

Vresultant=Vcosvsin =v810v610 =45v35v Vcurrent=-150

35v=36sin

V=60sin a _________
45v=36cos

a-15______

From , ,we get a=22.4,v=22.55km/h Time taken=1022.855x1hour =0.4375hour

b)From861016 Vresultant=Vcosvsin =v2104v10104 Vboat=36cosB36sinB Vcurrent=-150

Vresultant=Vboat+Vcurrent
v2104v10104=36cosB36sinB+-150

By using the similar concept as shown in step ,B=54.6 ,v=29.915km/h Time taken=10429.915x1hour=20.3416

c)From15182424 Vresultant=Vboat+Vcurrent Vcurrent=-150 Vboat=36cosC36sinC Vresultant=Vcosvsin =v9117v6117 Similary,by working it out youself,C=20.3 ,v=22.548km/h Time taken=11722.548x1hour =0.48hour a) Time to reach the wind farm=10.00a.m+26minutes15seconds+20minutes28second s =10:46:43+2hours+28minutes48seconds =13:15:31a.m

Part 3

a)

P=cAu2 C=PAu2 =1000010(13)2 =1000169 =5.917

b)(1)E=0tPdt 50000000=0t10000dt =10000tt0 =10000t t=5000seconds (2)500000000=0tcA0.02t2dt =0t100016910(0.02)2t2dt =0t4169t2dt =4169t33t0 =4507t3 t=1850.6seconds

Part 4

a)v=R2h
dvdt=dvduxdhdt

Vfull=1000000000 = R2h R2 (3000)=100000000 R2=1000003 v= R2h =1000003h

dvdh=1000003__________

3000metres=(10x365x24)hours
dhdt=300010x365x24

=5146

dvdt=10000035146

=250000219barrels per hour

b)

V=r2h =(0.25)2h

=0.0625h
dvdh=0.0625_______

Vfull=(0.25)2(1) =0.0625 Tfull=(5x60)seconds

dvdt=0.06235x60

=4800________

dvdt

dvdhxdhdt

4800 dhdt

= 0.0625 xdhdt

= 1300ms-1 =1x100cm300x160min =20cms-1

Par t 5
Oil Reserves - Top 20 Nations (% of Global)
Saudi Arabia has 261,700,000,000 barrels (bbl) of oil, fully 25% of the world's oil. The United States has 22,450,000,000 bbl.

The United States government recently declared Alberta's oil sands to be 'proven oil reserves.' Consequently, the U.S. upgraded its global oil estimates for Canada from five billions to 175 billion barrels. Only Saudi Arabia has more oil. The U.S. ambassador to Canada has said the United States needs this energy supply and has called for a more streamlined regulatory process to encourage investment and facilitate development. - CBC Television - the nature of things - when is enough enough Oil Production & Consumption, Top 20 Nations by Production (% of Global) Here are the top 20 nations sorted by production, and their production and consumption figures. Saudi Arabia produces the most at 8,711,000.00 bbl per day, and the United States

consumes the most at 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, a full 25% of theworld'soil consumption.

Exports & Imports Here's export and imports for all the nations listed in the CIA World Factbook, sorted alphabetically as having exports and imports. Conspicuously missing is the United States, but I can tell you that we consume 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, and produce 8,054,000.00, leaving a discrepancy of 11,596,000.00 bbl per day. This compares to the European Union, which produces 3,244,000.00 bbl per day and consumes 14,480,000.00 bbl per day for a discrepancy of 11,236,000.00 per day. Basically, about the same.

World Oil Market and Oil Price Chronologies: 1970 - 2003

Further Exploration
Petroleum engineers work in the technical profession that involves extracting oil in increasinglydifficult situations as the world's oil fields are found and depleted. Petroleum engineers

searchthe world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas. Once these resources are discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologicformation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling methods to be used, and monitor drilling and production operations. Low-end Salary: $58,600/yr Median Salary: $108,910/yr High-end Salary: $150,310/yr EDUCATION: Engineers typically enter the occupation with a bachelors degree in mathematics or anengineering specialty, but some basic research positions may require a graduate degree. Mostengineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along withcourses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Engineers offering their servicesdirectly to the public must be licensed. Continuing education to keep current with rapidlychanging technology is important for engineers. MATH REQUIRED: College AlgebraGeometryTrigonometryCalculus I and IILinear AlgebraDifferential EquationsStatistics WHEN MATH IS USED: Improvements in mathematical computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery,have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades.

POTENTIAL EMPLOYERS: About 37 percent of engineering jobs are found in manufacturing industries and another 28 percent in professional, scientific, and technical services, primarily in architectural, engineering,and related services. Many engineers also work in the construction, telecommunications, andwholesale trade industries. Some engineers also work for Federal, State, and local governmentsin highway and public works departments. Ultimately, the type of engineer determines the typeof potential employer. FACTS: Engineering diplomas accounted for 12 of the 15 toppaying majors, with petroleum engineeringearning the highest average starting salary of $83,121.

REFERENCES:Books:i) Longman SUPER SCORE Additional Mathematics Form 4 Tam Siew Hong ii) Pelangi Analysis Series SPM Additional Mathematics Chong Pak Cheong iii) SetiaEmas AGENDA A+ Additional Mathematics Form 5 H.S.Wong iv) Longman Essential Additional Mathematics SPM 2011 - Lan Foo Huat, Yong KienChen v) Success Additional Mathematics SPM, Oxford FajarSdn.Bhd. Wong Pek Wei and Dr.Wong Sin Mong Internet:i)

http://www.one-school.net/notes/SPMAddMaths/SPM-AddMaths-Formula-List-Form4.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/35182797/AdditionalMathematics-Form-4-and-5-Notes http://www.oneschool.net/notes/SPMAddMaths/Integration %20Practice.pdf http://www.keepandshare.com/doc/943521/probabilitydistributions-pdf-december-3-2008-1-05-am-420k?da=y http://wanitasolehah87.blogspot.com/2009/03/formulaadd-math-form-4.html

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)