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GB

mxwgZ|
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(Hydrology)
(Geology) Geomorphology) I b`xR
Ë¡ (Fluvial Morphology)
b eû welq m¤úwK©Z eûgvwÎK welq|

| Hydrology kãwU j¨vwUb kã( hydrologia)


hydr I logia , hydr A_© cvwb I logia

Glossary of Hydrology -"the science that deals


with the waters of the earth , their occurrence,circulation and distribution, their
chemical and physical properties, and their reaction with their environment,
including their relation to living beings" (Unesco/WMO International Glossary of
Hydrology)

Encyclopædia Britannica - ÒHydrology


scientific discipline concerned with the waters of the Earth, including their
occurrence, distribution, and circulation via the hydrologic cycle and interactions
with living things. It also deals with the chemical and physical properties of water
in all its phases.Ó

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. Hydrology


Òscience that deals with the waters of Earth—their properties, behavior, and
distribution. Hydrologists, as scientists in this field are called, study the
occurrence, distribution, and circulation of Earth’s waters as well as their chemical
and physical properties and their interaction with the environment and living
things.Ó

Douglas S. Cherkauer, Professor of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin,


Milwaukee. Hydrology, is the study of the movement and distribution
of the waters of the earth.Õ

U.S. Geological Survey


Hydrology is the science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement and
properties of the waters of the earth and their relationship with the environment within each
phase of the hydrologic cycle.

Hydrology on wiseGEEK:

Hydrology is the study of the earth's water cycle, including the distribution of resources, the
composition and movement of water in oceans, lakes, and rivers, and the analysis of rainfall data.

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GB msMÖvg cvwb weÁvb


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Ein es-Sultan
viv
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b`xi
b`xi cvwb AvMgb, cwigvb

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mf¨Zvi m~wZKvMvi ejv nq|


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cvwb ev
inundation ©i

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AvMgb,

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vb I cwðg fvi‡Zi wmÜy (Indus) I Nv¾vi-nvKiv(Ghaggar-Hakra) b`x DcZ¨Kvq
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wmÜz DcZ¨Kvi niàv bMi Rbc‡`i ‣`N©¨ wQj 4 wKwg| wmÜz
wmÜz
cqtcÖbvjxi Aw¯ Z¡ wQj|
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(Lªx.c~. 15

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b`x cÖevn,
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cÖvPxb Pxbv (dynasty)


Fu Xi or Fu Hsi cÖ_g Pxbv RvwZ cÖwZôvZv ejv nq|dz-
Chengji -wR I Zvi
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dz-
Chen ( Huaiyang, Henan) Lªx.c~. 2800
cvwbi cªvc¨Zvi Rb¨ f¨Zvi cËb nq| Yu Yu
the Great cÖ_g Xia dynasty (2205-1570 eb¨v
GB mgq cvwbi
Pxbv mf¨Zv ev ‡nvqvs‡nv mf¨Zvi cÖavb wb`k©Y
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Pig DbœwZ jvf Kivi wcQ‡b DbœZ †mP e¨e¯’v gyL¨ fywgKv cvjb K‡i|

Z…Zxq wg‡jwbhv‡g wek&¦‡Kv‡li Ava‡j ewPZ Erya ‡K cÖ_g cy¯ÍK wnmv‡e Mb¨ Kiv nq| Gi
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e¨vL¨vÕ wk‡ivbv‡g b`xi aib, †mP I †b․Pvjbvi welq e¨vL¨v I weeib †`qv n‡q‡Q|
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cvwb Pµ,

†mP I †b․Pvjbvi
K~c Lb‡bi †K․kj

Gi Dm I ,
cvwbi e¨envi, ¸bv¸b I msiÿb|

bZy Andean region


|
mf¨Zv wew
i kvK-mwâ , f~-
avZyewe`¨v,

cvwbi Rb¨ Moche River Chan Chan


Chimú civilization

cÖvPxb mf¨Zv¸‡jvi wfwË cvwb n‡jI welq wnmv‡e Zv Aa¨q‡bi `„óvš— AwZAí w`‡bi|
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Aa¨qb I M‡elYv Ki‡Zb | †hgb evuawbg©vY, Lvj Lbb, b`x ms¯‥vi, cwÄKv •Zix, †mP
c×wZ D™¢veb BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg|
cvwbi Drm, b`x‡Z cvwb cÖevn, mvM‡ii we¯—…wZ, el©‡bi mgq I cwigvY, eb¨vi AvMgb I
cÖ¯’vY, So-SÅvi gvÎv wb‡q mvaviY gvby‡li †K․Zznj wQj| GB †K․Zznj wgUv‡bvi Rb¨
weÁ‡jv‡Ki bvbvgZ I wØgZ wb‡q mZ¨-AmZ¨ Kvwnbx wQj|

natural philosophyÕ Gi cÖwZôvZv| Zvui

MÖxK `vk©wbK

Aet. iii. 3, i (Dox. p. 367).

Aet. iii. 6, i (Dox. P- 374).


Aet. iii. 16, i (R. P. 20 a).

Zvui

Aet v. 19, i (R. P. 22).

nq|

AvR †_‡K AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Greek HwZnvwmK Herodotus me©cÖ_g bxjb‡`i
cvwbi Drm I bxj e-Øxc wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb bxjb‡`i cvwbi Drm I Dcb`xi mwVK
weiiY w`‡Z bv cvi‡jI bxjb‡`i eb¨vi mgqKvj I bxjb‡`i cvwb evwnZ cwjØviv e-Øxc
MwVZ Zvi mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| e-Øxc A‡_© Delta () kãwU e¨envi K‡ib| Greek
letter Δ (delta) evsjvq gvÎvnxb ÔeÕ A¶‡ii gZ †`Lvq e‡j G‡K e-Øxc ejv nq|
Herodotus bxj b` ch©‡e¶b K‡i †`Lvb †h b`x I mvM‡ii ms‡hvM ¯’‡j bxj b†` A‡bK
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Delta ( ) bv‡g AwewnZ K‡i‡Qb|

On Airs, Waters, And Places cy¯


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wcw_qvm(Lªxtc~t380-310) cÖ_g w`b I iv‡Zi •`‡N©¨i mv‡_ Rjevqyi m¤úK© Ges †Rvqvi-
fvUvi KviY DrNvUb K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z †Rvqvi-fvUv nq P‡›`ªi Kvi‡b Ges weªwUk Øxccy‡Äi
†Rvqvi-fvUvi D”PZv A‡bK †ewk|

Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)


Rjevqywe`¨vi
(Meteorology ) Dci Pvi LÛ I c`v_©we`¨v Z_v K iPbv
(Classical element) wPwýZ

-
1. Av¸b(Fire)-
2. Earth)-
3. evqy(Air) -Dò I Av`©ª
4. cvwb (Water) - kxZj I Av`©ª
5. (Aether)-MÖn I ZviKvivRx|

Meteorology

Meteorology
Zvui Meteorology BookI Part1( Written350B.C.) -
ÒWe have already discussed the first causes of nature, and all natural motion, also the
stars ordered in the motion of the heavens, and the physical element-enumerating and
specifying them and showing how they change into one another-and becoming and
perishing in general. There remains for consideration a part of this inquiry which all our
predecessors called meteorology.Ó

the finest and sweetest water

f~wgK¤ú(which he thought were caused by underground winds), eRªcvZ, we`¨yrPgK,


which he thought were atmospheric phenomena
Avay

(350-
Biv‡Uvm‡_wbm Zvu‡K Gwo‡q
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-

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fvUv nq P‡›`ªi Kvi‡b wKš‘ wZwb Gi mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Zvuiv

Emperor Hadriyen (117-138)

Emperor Teodosius (378-395)

(Vitrivius) weL¨vZ “Architectura libri decem”

cvwb G i

Ávb-
ivj| MÖxK-

vaviv µg

nq|
- eL¨vZ wPÎwkíx, weÁvb
wZwb
BZvwjqvb cvwb weÁvbx wMIf (Giovan Fontana)
(On Christmas day, )| wZwb
1598, when a great flood occurred on the Tiber River at Rome

IqvUvi Kwgkbvi
Sextus Julius Frontinus c c×wZ Abymib (Q=
A)| Benedetto Castelli (1577-

1644) ] Zvi weL¨vZ cy¯ÍK “Della misura dell’acque correnti” (The Mensuration of Running Waters) 16
1661 BZvwjqvb `vk©wbK I weÁvbx M¨vwjwjI
GB

I bi ¸bdj |
wZwb | -
w Q= AV
Q = wbM©gb
A=AvqZb
V=Mw GB mgxKi b I
"Father of Modern
Hydrodynamics."ejv nq|

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