Advanced Materials Advanced Materials Reversible Switching of the Emission of Diphenyldibenzofulvenes by Thermal and Mechanical Stimuli The thermochromic

and mechanochromic fluorescence of diphenyldibenzofulvenes is investigated. Emission is boosted and blue-shifted upon crystallization. Yellow emissive crystals of the material transform to green fluorescent crystals upon heating before melting. Reversible switching of the emission color and efficiency are achieved by repeated amorphization and crystallization of dye molecules by a pure thermal process or grindingheating cycles. Superstrong Ultralong Carbon Nanotubes for Mechanical Energy Storage Superstrong, ultralong, individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are deposited with TiO2 particles and visualized under an optical microscope with excellent strain-relaxation reversibility and high fatigue resistance capability. The CNTs with perfect structures have tensile strengths of up to 200 GPa, densities to 1.34 TPa, energy density as high as 1125 Wh kg1 and the power density can be up to 144 MW kg1 for mechanical energy storage. The superb mechanical properties confirm the potential of an individual CNT as an effective storage medium with mechanical energy for nano-electromechanical systems, flexible devices, sensors, actuators, antennas, etc. In Situ Observation of Voltage-Induced Multilevel Resistive Switching in Solid Electrolyte Memory Solid electrolyte memories utilizing voltage-induced resistance change display the capability of multilevel switching, but understanding of the microscopic switching mechanism has been left incomplete. Here, in situ TEM observation of voltage-induced changes in the microstructure of a solid electrolyte memory is reported, revealing that the multilevel switching originates from the growth of multiple conducting filaments with nanometer-sized diameter and spacing. Resolving Bulk and Grain Boundary Transport Properties of TiO2 Thin Films Enabled by LaserInduced Anisotropic Morphology Precise deconvolution of grain and grain boundary contributions to the overall impedance of TiO2 thin films is achieved by impedance spectroscopy measurements of textured films with elongated grains obtained by laser-induced melting and sequential lateral solidification. The ability to engineer the grain morphology of electroceramic films provides opportunities for new designs of ferroelectric memories, piezoelectric microsensors and microactuators, optical waveguides, and other devices. Improving Device Efficiency of Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Through Enhanced Crystallinity and Reduced Grain Boundaries Induced by Solvent Additives The power conversion efficiency of a device incorporating a crystalline polymer/fullerene thin film improves from 5% to 7.3% a relative increase of 45% when an additive, diiodohexane (DIH), is present during processing. The DIH-processed active layer exhibits substantially enhanced polymer crystallinity and smaller fractal-like fullerene clusters. Dual-Gate Thin-Film Transistors, Integrated Circuits and Senors The first dual-gate thin-film transistor (DGTFT) was reported in 1981 with CdSe as the semiconductor. Other TFT technologies such as a-Si:H and organic semiconductors have led to additional ways of making DGTFTs. DGTFTs contain a second gate dielectric with a second gate positioned opposite of the first gate. The main advantage is that the threshold voltage can be set as a function of the applied second gate bias. The shift depends on the ratio of the capacitances of the two gate dielectrics. Here we review the fast growing field of DGTFTs. We summarize the reported operational mechanisms, and the application in logic gates and integrated circuits. The second emerging application of DGTFTs is sensitivity enhancement of existing ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFET). The reported sensing 1

Advanced Materials Advanced Materials mechanism is discussed and an outlook is presented.Dual-gate thin-film transistors (DGTFTs) have gained popularity in recent years. The additional second gate allows controlled shifting of the threshold voltage. The shift depends on the ratio of the capacitances of the two gate dielectrics. We summarize the reported operation mechanism and review the application of DGTFTs in both integrated circuits and sensors. Electronic Transport in Organic Materials: Comparison of Band Theory with Percolation/ (Variable Range) Hopping Theory Band theory for inorganic materials versus hopping or percolation theory for organics? Band theory conduction is contrasted with the more widely used percolation and hopping theories for organic electronic materials (). These materials are generally of lower performance than their inorganic counterparts and this is often presented as justification for a different conduction mechanism. Here it is reasoned that switching to a different conduction mechanism for electronic organic materials is not justified. Cytophilic Fluorescent Bioprobes for Long-Term Cell Tracking Molecules of silolesare almost non-fluorescent but their nanoaggregates are highly emissive, exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The AIE-active aggregates are cytocompatible with living cells, stain cytoplasms of HeLa cells indelibly without contaminating another type of cell line in a co-culture system, and remain visible for a long period of time. Reduction of Lattice Thermal Conductivity in Single Bi-Te Core/Shell Nanowires with Rough Interface The role of the interface roughness of Bi-Te core/shell nanowires is reported in reducing lattice thermal conductivity, which are prepared by on-film formation of nanowire (OFF-ON) that is capable of growing high-quality single-crystalline Bi nanowires, and by the subsequent sputtering of Te onto the Bi nanowires. The rough interface Bi-Te core/shell nanowires exhibit lower thermal conductivities than that of smooth interface counterparts, while electrical conductivities for these two types of nanowires are similar. We propose that the rough interface plays a pivotal role in suppressing phonon transport, which in turn, reduces thermal conductivity significantly. Melanin Layer on Silicon: an Attractive Structure for a Possible Exploitation in Bio-Polymer Based MetalInsulatorSilicon Devices Synthetic melanin based metalinsulatorsemiconductor devices are fabricated for the first time thanks to silicon surface wettability modification by using dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Ambipolar charge trapping in air and ion drift mechanisms under vacuum are identified by capacitancevoltage hysteresis loops. These results aim to foresee the possible integration of synthetic melanin layers as a novel capacitor in organic polymer based devices. Cellulose Hydrolysis by a New Porous Coordination Polymer Decorated with Sulfonic Acid Functional Groups A MIL-101-based porous coordination polymer (PCP) containing sulfonic acid groups is synthesized. The sulfonic groups are exposed on the pore surface and act as strong Brnsted acid sites. This solid acid PCP catalytically hydrolyzes cellulose into mono- and disaccharides and shows high durability in the catalytic reaction. Hybrid Nanoalloy: Nanofibers Fabricated by Self-Assembling Dendrimers Mediate In Situ CdSe Quantum Dots and Their Metallization with Discrete Gold Nanoparticles 2

Advanced Materials Advanced Materials A simple one-step procedure for 1D structures: Directed self-assembly of hybrid materials based on a poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer template and CdSe nanoparticles in situ is an effective nanofabrication tool to form well-defined semiconducting hybrid nanofibers coated with discrete Au nanoparticles (nanoalloy). Such functional nanofibers will offer great potential in various applications, such as biological markers and nanoprobes among others. Nanoscale Semiconductor X on Substrate Y Processes, Devices, and Applications Recent advancements in the integration of nanoscale, single-crystalline semiconductor X on substrate Y (XoY) for use in transistor and sensor applications are presented. XoY is a generic materials framework for enabling the fabrication of various novel devices, without the constraints of the original growth substrates. Two specific XoY process schemes, along with their associated materials, device and applications are presented. In one example, the layer transfer of ultrathin IIIV semiconductors with thicknesses of just a few nanometers on Si substrates is explored for use as energy-efficient electronics, with the fabricated devices exhibiting excellent electrical properties. In the second example, contact printing of nanowire-arrays on thin, bendable substrates for use as artificial electronic-skin is presented. Here, the devices are capable of conformably covering any surface, and providing a real-time, two-dimensional mapping of external stimuli for the realization of smart functional surfaces. This work is an example of the emerging field of translational nanotechnology as it bridges basic science of nanomaterials with practical applications.Recent advancements in the integration of nanoscale semiconductor X on substrate Y (XoY) for use in transistor and sensor applications are presented. XoY is a generic materials framework for enabling the fabrication of various novel devices, without the constraints of the original growth substrates. Two specific XoY schemes based on top-down and bottomup fabrication processes, along with their material, device and application implications are presented. The work is an example of translational nanotechnology as it bridges basic science of nanomaterials with practical applications. Photoinduced Memory with Hybrid Integration of an Organic Fullerene Derivative and an Inorganic Nanogap-Embedded Field-Effect Transistor for Low-Voltage Operation A photoinduced hybrid memory operating with a low voltage is demonstrated by embedding the fullerene derivative, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), into a conventional siliconchannel FET with a nanogap, upon application of both electrical and optical pulses. The nanogap geometry allows high mobility, which is the same as that of conventional silicon and organicinorganic hybrid integration without thermal instability. Solution-Crystallized Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Charge-Acceptor Layers: HighMobility and Low-Threshold-Voltage Operation in Air High-mobility solution-processed organic transistors are developed based on a hybrid of solutioncrystallized air-stable organic semiconductor 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1] benzothiophene (C8BTBT) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) top layers. Charge mobility as high as 6 cm2/Vs is achieved, owing to the almost perfectly periodic crystal packing and efficient charge supply from the acceptor. Clay Gels For the Delivery of Regenerative Microenvironments The sorptive properties of clay are harnessed to provide niches for tissue regeneration. Synthetic smectite clays self-organize into gels under physiological conditions to allow encapsulation of cells and demonstrate remarkable capacity for the localization of biological molecules without the need for complex chemical modifications.

Advanced Materials Advanced Materials Highly Flexible, Printed Alkaline Batteries Based on Mesh-Embedded Electrodes Highly flexible, printed alkaline batteries based on a mesh-embedded architecture are demonstrated. The mesh acts as a support for the electroactive material during flexing. Two cells connected in series and bent to a radius of 0.3 cm are used to power a green light-emitting diode (LED). Co-evaporant Induced Crystalline Donor: Acceptor Blends in Organic Solar Cells A novel method for crystallizing donor:acceptor blend films of small molecules in organic solar cells is developed. This method utilizes a liquid as a non-sticking co-evaporant during vacuum deposition. Striking enhancement in photocurrent generation is achieved in organic solar cells without exception, based on a variety of blend films produced by this method. SuperhydrophobicSuperoleophilic Polythiophene Films with Tunable Wetting and Electrochromism A non-fluorinated polythiophene film with dual superhydrophobic and superoleophilic wetting properties involving 2D assembly of polystyrene (PS) latex particles and electropolymerization is demonstrated. The phenomenon is stable at a wide range of temperatures and pH. It is easily and rapidly reversed with voltage or surfactant coincident with electrochromism. Metamaterials on Paper as a Sensing Platform A paper-based metamaterial (MM) device, which can potentially be utilized for quantitative analysis in biochemical sensing applications is introduced. Proof-of-concept demonstrations are accomplished by patterning micrometer-sized MM resonators on paper substrates and monitoring the resonance shift induced by placing different concentrations of glucose solution on the paper MM.